Ideal Role Research Articles

Political realism and the relationship between ideal and non-ideal theory

ABSTRACT When interest in political realism started to resurge a few years ago, it was not uncommon to interpret realist political theory as a form of non-ideal theorising. This reading has been subjected to extensive criticism. First, realists have argued that political realism cannot be interpreted as merely a form of applied political theory. Second, realists have explained that political realism can defend a role for unfeasible normative prescriptions in political theory. I explain that these developments, besides allowing us to reject interpretations of political realism as a form of non-ideal theory, have given us reason to think of political realism as a form of ideal theory. Yet, when ideal theory enters the picture, a series of methodological questions arise regarding the proper use of ideals. In this paper, I clarify how the relationship between ideal and non-ideal theory ought to be conceptualised in realist political theory. I examine the two major interpretations of the role of ideals that have been provided so far – the target and benchmark interpretations – and I show that neither is compatible with some of the fundamental theoretical commitments of realist political theory. This both allows me to point out the requirements that an interpretation of the relationship between ideal and non-ideal theory must meet to be defined as properly realist and allows me to emphasise the strengths of the realist approach. Accordingly, I propose a new interpretation of the role of ideals, one consistent with realist theoretical commitments: I suggest that realist political ideals ought to be interpreted as models.

Examining Idiosyncratic Deals in an International Context

In today’s business world, expatriates play a strategic role by assisting organizations with control and coordination of global operations, as well as in knowledge transfer between headquarters and subsidiaries. However, in the absence of emotional and instrumental support from Host Country Nationals (HCNs), expatriate adjustment and assignment success can be a challenge. So far, scholars have highlighted some organizational factors, e.g., compensation and job design, that can influence HCNs’ attitudes and behaviors towards expatriates. This work weaves research on expatriates with the literature on idiosyncratic deals (i-deals; employee-employer negotiated personalized employment arrangements) to further enrich this discussion. Theory developed in this work discusses how HCNs’ perceptions of availability of i-deals to expatriates and/or themselves can impact HCNs’ organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) towards expatriates. These OCBs are known to impact expatriate adjustment. Moreover, this work identifies factors that can make some i-deals of expatriates more prominent to HCNs, and in turn influence HCN reactions. In doing so, this theoretical work also stimulates research on i-deal-related employee outcomes, which till now has ignored the context of expatriates (and hence the mobility of the i-dealer), as well as research on the juxtaposition of HR practices and i-deals. This work also contributes to the strategic human resource management (HRM) research by elucidating the role of i-deals in explaining variance in employee perceptions and reactions to HR practices.

Peran Gender Kontemporer di Indonesia - Perubahan dan Keberlanjutan: Studi Pustaka

This study aims to find out the way gender socialization affects the young people’s perception on men and women roles. This paper uses state-supported gender roles in the Soeharto era as a benchmark for gender ideology today. The government of Soeharto marked a pivotal moment in the development of the expected roles of men and women both in the public and private areas. The aims of this paper are: (1) to explore whether gender roles in Indonesia have shifted from the Soeharto era to the present, (2) to examine what messages are conveyed by TV, schools and social media as agents of socialization, and (3) to look at young people's perceptions of "ideal roles” for men and women. The data from this paper are from journal articles, books and dissertations written in English taken from Proquest database by using the specific key words. Article searches were also conducted on the internet with the same keywords, both in English and in Indonesian. This literature review shows that inspite of various progress in the educational and political sectors, contemporary gender roles in Indonesia are relatively the same as traditional gender roles in the Suharto’s era. Young people, both men and some women, consider jobs in the public area and leadership positions as male domains. On the other hand, domestic work is considered as women's work, even though women work full time outside the house. The discrepancy between social expectations and the reality of everyday life often causes the double burden and the stress among women.

Density functional theory study of the hydrogen evolution reaction in haeckelite boron nitride quantum dots

To satisfy arising energy needs and to handle the forthcoming worldwide climate transformation, the major research attention has been drawn to environmentally friendly, renewable and abundant energy resources. Hydrogen plays an ideal and significant role is such resources, due to its non-carbon based energy and production through clean energy. In this work, we have explored catalytic activity of a newly predicted haeckelite boron nitride quantum dot (haeck-BNQD), constructed from the infinite BN sheet, for its utilization in hydrogen production. Density functional theory calculations are employed to investigate geometry optimization, electronic and adsorption mechanism of haeck-BNQD using Gaussian16 package, employing the hybrid B3LYP and wB97XD functionals, along with 6–31G(d,p) basis set. A number of physical quantities such as HOMO/LUMO energies, density of states, hydrogen atom adsorption energies, Mulliken populations, Gibbs free energy, work functions, overpotentials, etc., have been computed and analysed in the context of the catalytic performance of haeck-BNQD for the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER). Based on our calculations, we predict that the best catalytic performance will be obtained for H adsorption on top of the squares or the octagons of haeck-BNQD. We hope that our prediction of most active catalytic sites on haeck-BNQD for HER will be put to test in future experiments.

The Role of Schools in Early Marriage Education and Reproductive Health Rights (Case Study: Students in Wonosobo District)

The role of schools is an important factor in shaping human civilization. The phenomenon of the high number of high school marriages in Wonosobo with all the social changes that surround it, until 2019 marriages under the age of 19 (nineteen) years there were 430 cases including marriage dispensation. The Merried By Accident (MBA) case dominates all of these cases. The focus of this research is the analysis of the role of school in child marriage and women's reproductive rights, two things that influence each other and whether women's reproductive health rights include the right to abortion and to refuse pregnancy which often occurs in society. This study uses qualitative research by conducting in-depth interviews and discussion group forums which are analyzed and described using a symbolic interactionism approach. The results of the study found that there was a shift in the meaning of marriage for high school children, the high number of cases of child marriage was dominated by changes in social behavior and adolescent relationships, so that pregnancy before marriage led to dropping out of school. Women's reproductive health rights are especially not ready to give birth, take care of children so that the life cycle after giving birth to children does not get serious attention, and it is not uncommon for domestic violence (KDRT) to be a way out to solve problems that cause divorce at a young age. The role of schools has not shown significant results because there is almost no curriculum in schools that requires provisions about marriage. The ideal school role is in the form of providing early marriage education and reproductive health, having an effective school fee subsidy, providing regular health services, and motivating students in the spirit of learning at school.

Understanding megacities. An argument on the role of democratic ideals

According to the popular view, megacities are troubled polities and unlikely places for the realisation of democratic ideals. This article challenges the popular view and points out the relevance of the democratic ideals employed in such an assessment. It argues that concerns regarding the undemocratic character of megacities are rooted in either constitutional or radical democratic ideals, but that neither of these ideals is suitable for the assessment of megacities. As a result, this article offers a conceptual adjustment. It argues that to identify the challenges to and opportunities for democratic governance in megacities, we should investigate whether megacities promote their inhabitants' political agency, with respect to their equality. This perspective provides a more comprehensive view of megacities’ political organisation, clarifies the nature of existing obstacles, and offers a feasible path for democratic reforms in this context.

Defining Supervision Preferences and Roles Within a New Subspecialty: Pediatric Hospital Medicine.

To describe supervision preferences among pediatric hospitalists, Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) fellows, and senior residents (SRs), and to better define the ideal role of a PHM fellow. We conducted a cross-sectional survey study at 6 institutions nationwide. We developed 3 complementary surveys, one for each population (hospitalists, fellows, SRs). We calculated univariate descriptive and bivariate statistics for categorical variables using Chi-square tests with the Rao-Scott correction to account for clustering by institution. Survey respondents included 106 of 200 hospitalists (53%), all 20 fellows (100%), and 149 of 380 SRs (39%). Most hospitalists and all fellows preferred the supervising hospitalist to have 3+ years of experience or be fellowship-trained. Nearly all fellows preferred the attending round in-person providing progressive independence; while hospitalists and SRs desired greater attending presence on rounds. Hospitalists and fellows wanted more frequent communication when the attending does not round with the team, and more hospitalists desired at least 2 points of contact regardless of attending presence on rounds. Fifty-five percent of SRs reported experiencing much less/less autonomy when on with a fellow than when supervised by a hospitalist only. Regarding the fellow's role, most participants agreed SRs should lead rounds and contact the fellow first with questions. The majority agreed teaching should be a shared responsibility but lacked consensus about how to provide feedback. Study results reveal preferences about supervising fellows in this new subspecialty. Hospitalists, fellows, and SRs may have differing opinions regarding workflow, communication, and teaching, impacting team leadership and autonomy.

Gender stereotyping and its impact on perceived emotional leadership in the hospitality industry: A mixed-methods study

Gender stereotyping has brought enormous challenges to organizational human resource management, and scholars and practitioners have devoted efforts to weaken or even eliminate the negative effects of masculine stereotypes on female workers. However, feminine stereotypes are not well understood, and the opportunity for femininity as a leadership trait in certain fields begs further empirical examination. For that reason, this study breaks down the single gender-leadership stereotype of masculinity, extending the gender-emotion stereotype of femininity to explore androgynous cues for employees’ perceived emotional leadership (PEL) in hospitality. By conducting three studies—two Implicit Association Tests with 124 participants and a study with 466 participants—we verified the effect of gender stereotypes on hospitality leadership traits and emotional traits. The findings show that employees with different ideal gender roles of leadership (IGRL) have different degrees of PEL and employees with androgynous IGRL have higher PEL. Overall, this study suggests the necessity of androgynous leadership role and androgynous management styles in hospitality workplaces.

Optimizing The Role Of The Indonesian National Army In Addressing The Crime Of Terrorism

The role of the Indonesian National Army ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia “ TNI ”) in countering terrorism is part of the strategy to combat terrorism. With the escalation of the threat of terrorism which not only threatens national security, but also state sovereignty, the involvement of the TNI is a necessity in order to defend the country from threats or terrorist attacks. This study describes the urgency of the TNI's involvement in efforts to overcome acts of terrorism that threaten state sovereignty, and how the ideal role of the TNI in efforts to combat criminal acts of terrorism is described. The method used in this research is normative legal research, using a statutory approach ( statu te approach ) and a conceptual approach ( conceptual approach ). The results of this study indicate that there is a need for regulations that clarify the main tasks and functions of the TNI in combating terrorism. The proposed efforts to involve the TNI in counter-terrorism include aspects of enforcement and prevention. In the aspect of prosecution, the technical involvement of the TNI in counter-terrorism operations is at the back, when the Anti-Terror Detachment 88 is in a condition beyond over capacity and the gradation of threats that endangers the sovereignty of the state. In the prevention function, the role of the TNI is more focused on the effective use of intelligence forces in supporting the prevention of criminal acts of terrorism. Technically, the role of the TNI that must be carried out is early warning, early prevention, and prosecution and restoration of an area as a result of acts of terrorism.

Meningkatkan Kualitas Manajemen Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Melalui Sumber Daya Manusia di Era Pandemi

The goal of this paper is to discover the obstacles that prohibit Islamic educational institutions from improving the quality of their human resources and how to overcome them. Data was gathered and analyzed from a variety of sources, including novels and scholarly papers. This qualitative approach was carried out using descriptive and argumentative analysis. The study's findings show that improving the quality of human resources in Islamic educational institutions includes developing and improving the evaluation system, improving educational facilities, developing and procuring teaching materials, and training teachers and education personnel in order to achieve the government's goals, vision, and mission. Following up on the findings of this study, one of the issues that Islamic educational institutions must address is the production of dedicated and committed people resources who comprehend science and technology. To address these demands, Islamic educational institutions must refresh their roles in order to play an ideal role in attaining academic excellence, industrial relevance, new knowledge contribution, and empowerment.

The Ideal Form of Justice Collaborator's Role

This research aims to find out the ideal role of justice collaborators in disclosing corruption cases. This research is empirical law research. This research's primary and secondary data are categorized according to the data type before being analyzed using qualitative methods, i.e., analyzing data related to the problem being studied, then selecting based on logical thinking to avoid errors in the data analysis process. The findings show that the ideal form of the role of justice collaborator depends largely on how far the commitment of the apparatus in providing legal protection to the, how firm the willingness of law enforcement agencies and rule-makers to make a clear, firm, and the complete rule of law regarding justice collaborators. In addition, a clear article should be added to the Corruption Criminal Case about the reward for justice collaborators.

“I just had to pay the money and be supportive”: A qualitative exploration of the male-partner role in contraceptive decision-making in Salt Lake City, Utah family planning clinics

ObjectivesPeers and intimate partners can influence contraceptive decision-making and use. We aimed to explore the male-partner role in contraceptive decision-making, and describe ideal male-partner roles and how they relate to contraceptive use, specifically uptake of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Study designWe used a phenomenological approach to explore cis-hetero partner involvement in contraceptive decision-making and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 cisgender women and 30 cisgender men in heterosexual relationships who presented to Salt Lake City family planning clinics. Participants, stratified by sex assigned at birth and current contraceptive method (LARC vs non-LARC), described the male-partner's role in the most recent contraceptive decision and discussed how ideal-partner involvement could look in contraceptive decision-making. We iteratively developed a codebook and identified dominant themes using a constant content and comparative analysis. ResultsWe did not identify thematic differences by LARC vs non-LARC users. Participants universally considered that contraceptive responsibility falls on women. At the time of the interviews, both men and women indicated a strong desire to prevent pregnancy, and felt that men's actual contributions to decision-making were limited. Themes around gendered-differences of contraceptive knowledge, responsibility and risk, and sexual priorities emerged, as well as inadequate knowledge and contraception options for men. In analyzing discussion around ideal partner support, participants suggested emotional, financial, and logistical support options and placed high importance on interpersonal communication. ConclusionsThe decision to use a method of LARC did not influence sentiments around male-partner involvement or stated desire for partner involvement. Limited contraceptive knowledge and male options restrict the contraceptive decision-making role and contraceptive engagement for men, although participants suggested other supportive options. ImplicationsThis work suggests the desire of both men and women for men to participate in contraceptive decision-making, but their role remains limited. Future interventions focused on comprehensive contraceptive education and modeling of communication strategies for men are tangible steps to support men in this role.

Connection and conflict: influence of the hidden curriculum on veterinary residents' professional identities within the specialty of laboratory animal medicine.

To explore the role of the hidden curriculum in residents' development of professional identity during postgraduate training in laboratory animal medicine. 24 residents enrolled in 1 of 7 laboratory animal medicine training programs in the eastern US. 24 qualitative, semistructured interviews were conducted and recorded. Deidentified transcriptions were analyzed by each author using open and axial coding. Constant comparative methodology was used to develop themes and subthemes. Member checks were performed to verify trustability of the conclusions drawn. 3 themes and their related subthemes emerged from the qualitative analysis: 1) building relationships through competent communication (building rapport, practicing clinical empathy, overcoming language barriers, communicating in the "authorized" way, and navigating email limitations), 2) tension within the process of identity formation (acting as the middleman among stakeholders, overcoming the stigma of the policing role, experiencing a lack of power to impact change, and managing a culture of conditional value of veterinary knowledge), and 3) outlets for tension in identity formation (reliance on residency mates, limitations of venting). Our findings suggest that residents are navigating professional identity formation under challenging circumstances that include conflicting stakeholder needs, conditional value of veterinary knowledge, and lack of power to influence change. Residents have limited outlets for relieving the discord between their ideal professional role and their lived experiences. These results provide an important background for refining curricula and creating effective support systems for residents.

Body image of male college athletes: the role of uniforms and socio-cultural ideals on the perceptions of body image

ABSTRACT This study explored male athletes’ body image perceptions and how sociocultural influences and athletic uniforms may contribute to their perception. An open-ended survey was used to gather information from 75 current and former football athletes. Study results showed that athletes perceive inconsistencies between their own bodies and the ‘ideal’ male body, that sociocultural images and comments from others strongly influence athletes’ perceptions of their bodies, and that football athletic uniforms also affect athletes’ body images. This study contributes to an under-investigated area of research concerning male athletes and body image. The researchers discussed the body image issues male athletes face and offered suggestions for more inclusive athletic uniform marketing and athletic programs.

REBOA utility

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is a tool that can play an important role for the modern-day Trauma Surgeon. Although the concept of aortic balloon occlusion is not new, its use as a rescue device for managing life-threatening traumatic hemorrhage has increased dramatically. The ideal role for resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta continues to evolve. In situations of noncompressible truncal hemorrhage, its use can temporize bleeding while other means of hemorrhage control, including those discussed elsewhere in this supplement, are used. However, it is a tool with potentially significant complications and consequences. Studies examining resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta are ongoing as, despite its ever-increasing adoption, quality evidence to support its clinical use is lacking.

Understanding pharmaceutical care and nurse prescribing in Spain: A grounded theory approach through healthcare professionals' views and expectations.

BackgroundPharmaceutical care has been implemented and regulated differently across Europe with no consensus among countries in relation with professional competencies and especially on nurse prescribing. Demophac Project funded by the European Commission aims to develop a Pan-European Pharmaceutical Care Model with collaboration of 14 partner teams across Europe including Spain where nurse prescribing is starting its implementation at regional level. The aim of the study was to increase understanding of the role of nurses in Pharmaceutical care in Spain after the Nurse Prescribing Regulation approved in 2018 throughout exploring the views and expectations of health professionals involved in the representative settings.Methods and findingsIn depth interviews were conducted in a structure previously agreed by the European Demophac partnership around four topics associated with the Nursing ideal role in pharmaceutical care and the ideal interaction with other healthcare professionals. A grounded-theory approach based on Corbin & Strauss was conducted to interpret collected data from the Spanish most representative settings (primary care, specialized care and residential care for older population). Participants were health professionals involved in pharmaceutical care that accepted to participate (nurses (n = 7), physicians (n = 8) and pharmacists (n = 9)). A pharmaceutical care comprehensive model for the Spanish context considering the recently approved Nurse Prescribing role and the interprofessional collaboration and communication was developed towards facilitating the understanding in such context and the contribution to the unified European Demophac Framework.ConclusionsNurses are primarily responsible for population’s Pharmaceutical Care while other professionals pivot on them to provide quality healthcare on a multidisciplinary level. Nurse prescribing may contribute efficiently to the Spanish Health System though more consensus in terms of nurses’ training nationwide and enhancement in communication among different professionals within healthcare organizations is required to achieve adequate integrated care into practice.

Abstractly constructed prime spectra

The main purpose of this paper is a wide generalization of one of the results abstract algebraic geometry begins with, namely of the fact that the prime spectrum \({\mathrm {Spec}}(R)\) of a unital commutative ring R is always a spectral (= coherent) topological space. In this generalization, which includes several other known ones, the role of ideals of R is played by elements of an abstract complete lattice L equipped with a binary multiplication with \(xy\leqslant x\wedge y\) for all \(x,y\in L\). In fact when no further conditions on L are required, the resulting space can be and is only shown to be sober, and we discuss further conditions sufficient to make it spectral. This discussion involves establishing various comparison theorems on so-called prime, radical, solvable, and locally solvable elements of L; we also make short additional remarks on semiprime elements. We consider categorical and universal-algebraic applications involving general theory of commutators, and an application to ideals in what we call the commutative world. The cases of groups and of non-commutative rings are briefly considered separately.

Optimizing cancer survivorship in primary care: patient experiences from the Johns Hopkins Primary Care for Cancer Survivors clinic.

PurposeThe optimal delivery of survivorship care, particularly within primary care, remains poorly understood. We established the Johns Hopkins Primary Care for Cancer Survivors (PCCS) clinic in 2015 to address care challenges unique to cancer survivors. To better understand the care from the PCCS clinic, we interviewed patients about their perception of care delivery, survivorship care, and care coordination.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with adult survivors of any cancer type seen in the PCCS clinic. A priori and in vivo coding of verbatim transcripts was part of the thematic analysis.ResultsSeventeen cancer survivors were interviewed (ages 37–78). Themes that emerged were (1) optimal care and (2) the PCCS experience. Subthemes respectively included the ideal role of the primary care provider (1), telehealth/COVID-19 challenges and opportunities (1), patient-derived value from the PCCS clinic (2), and improving the PCCS model (2). Overall, PCCS patients expected and experienced high-quality, comprehensive primary care by providers with cancer survivorship expertise. Patients reported telehealth benefits and challenges for survivorship care during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsPCCS patients perceived receiving high-quality primary care and valued being seen in a primary care–based survivorship clinic. The PCCS clinic can serve as a model of primary care–based cancer survivorship.Implications for Cancer SurvivorsIdeal primary care provider roles and care coordination are important factors for high-quality survivorship care and can be provided by a specialized cancer survivorship clinic in primary care.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11764-022-01166-3.

Kesiapan Generasi Milenial Sebagai Role Model di Era New Normal

<em>In 2020, the year the demographic bonus begins, the millennial generation is in the age range of 20 years to 40 years. This age is a productive age which is predicted to be the backbone of Indonesia's change. However, before achieving the optimization of the demographic bonus which is considered to have a positive impact, Indonesia was first hit by the Covid-19 outbreak with a very fast transmission. Not wanting to linger in uncertainty when the pandemic will end, the Government finally decided to live side by side with Cov19, one of which was by issuing a New Normal policy with the aim of keeping people productive and safe from Covid-19 during the pandemic. Therefore, the community needs a role model that can be used as an ideal role model and example. The millennial generation with all the characteristics and skills they have in this phase is seen as being able to become a role model in facing rapid changes and new orders in society. The approach used is a qualitative approach using literature study methods from books, journals and other sources relevant to the title. The result of this paper is that the productive age of the millennial generation has been in the take off phase, meaning that it can be used as a role model by the community.</em>

Against Naturalism. On Rational Strategies and Role of Idealizations

The article outlines the main hypotheses of the research program "Thinking, consciousness and freedom". The cluster of concepts consciousness-meaningfulness-autonomy-rationality-(in)determinism-subjectivity-idealization is under consideration. The significance of transcendentalist disposition for theories of consciousness striving for maximum consistency with reliable results of modern sciences is substantiated. On the one hand, mutually compatible variants of interpretations of the above-mentioned concepts are analyzed; on the other hand, conceptual constellations leading to the effects of theoretical trivialization of basic forms of human knowledge and self-understanding are revealed. The importance of conjugacy of the phenomenon of rational activity and the processes of (re)establishing autonomy is emphasized. Special attention is paid to the metaphysical presumptions underlying a number of scientific theories, and, accordingly, to the issue of existential and metaphysical self-determination of modern man.