Role Of Grains Research Articles

Effect of vapor pressure of grains in formation of planetesimals through the accretion disc

The role of grains in evolution of accretion disc is an important issue in astrophysics. In this paper, we study the effect of vapor pressure of grains in the dead zones of protoplanetary discs. Our study is limited to some particular observed cases in which evaporation of grains would be important and their vapor gas are constrained to an approximately isolated case. Here, we use the Einstein model to investigate the thermodynamics of vapor pressure. The results show that there is a critical temperature as a function of oscillation frequency and binding energy of particles. For temperatures greater than this critical value, the system goes into unstable mode. We show that the dead zone of the disc may reach to enough conditions to condense via instability caused by vapor pressure of grains. This mechanism may play an important role in the formation of planetesimals through protoplanetary disc.

Identification and Expression Analyses of Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase Genes in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme in nitrogen (N) assimilation, particularly during seed development. Three cytosolic GS isoforms (HvGS1) were identified in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Golden Promise). Quantitation of gene expression, localization and response to N supply revealed that each gene plays a non-redundant role in different tissues and during development. Localization of HvGS1_1 in vascular cells of different tissues, combined with its abundance in the stem and its response to changes in N supply, indicate that it is important in N transport and remobilization. HvGS1_1 is located on chromosome 6H at 72.54 cM, close to the marker HVM074 which is associated with a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for grain protein content (GPC). HvGS1_1 may be a potential candidate gene to manipulate barley GPC. HvGS1_2 mRNA was localized to the leaf mesophyll cells, in the cortex and pericycle of roots, and was the dominant HvGS1 isoform in these tissues. HvGS1_2 expression increased in leaves with an increasing supply of N, suggesting its role in the primary assimilation of N. HvGS1_3 was specifically and predominantly localized in the grain, being highly expressed throughout grain development. HvGS1_3 expression increased specifically in the roots of plants grown on high NH(+)4, suggesting that it has a primary role in grain N assimilation and also in the protection against ammonium toxicity in roots. The expression of HvGS1 genes is directly correlated with protein and enzymatic activity, indicating that transcriptional regulation is of prime importance in the control of GS activity in barley.

GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR HEAT TOLERANCE TRAITS IN SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present investigation was undertaken with the objective to identify the extent of genetic diversity for traits related to heat tolerance among 25 currently available spring wheat genotypes under late sowing condition during the cropping season 2009-2010. All genotypes were distributed into five clusters showing considerable genetic divergence for most of the heat tolerant traits under study. The role of grain filling rate and biomass production in both the vectors had the highest contribution to genetic divergence. The positive values of both the vectors for flag leaf senescence, ground coverage, spikes number, 1000-grain weight, grain yield (g m-2) and harvest index indicating high contribution of these traits towards the divergence among 25 genotypes of wheat. Three pair of clusters, viz. I & II, I & III and I & V can be considered for obtaining more heterotic progeny as the genetic distance between these clusters were larger. Considering yield performances, cluster distance and cluster mean the genotype G-22 from cluster I and genotype G-14 from cluster IV may be considered better parents for further breeding of heat tolerance as they showed maximum divergence and high degree of tolerance to heat under late sowing condition. Moreover, the genotype G-22 could be exploited for direct release as a heat tolerant variety after testing under wider range of environments.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v25i2.18663

Ultrafine-grained pure Ti recycled by equal channel angular pressing with high strength and good ductility

Machining chips of commercially pure Ti (ASTM grade 2) were consolidated into full density by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) with an average grain size as low as 0.8μm, yield strength up to 650MPa, and ductility of ∼16%. Effect of recycling condition on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in terms of ECAP temperature, number of passes and chemical composition. Using electron backscatter diffraction it is evident that continuous dynamic recrystallization (however, which is purely a phenomenological terminology) plays a significant role in grain (with misorientation ≥15°) formation, whilst benefitting from high stacking fault energy, this continuous conversion of subgrain (<15°) into grain can be essentially considered as an extended recovery with a substantial presence of low angle grain boundaries in the recycled Ti. The Hall–Petch relationship is adapted to explain the strengthening of the recycled Ti. Additionally, using scanning electron microscopy fractography, the ductility was analyzed by a modified Griffith criterion. Last, superior energy efficiency of ECAP reduces environmental impact when comparing to conventional melting/casting. ECAP develops an innovative solid-state process for improving the recycling value of waste Ti.

Deep Roots are Pivotal for Regulating Post‐Anthesis Leaf Senescence in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

AbstractRoot activity plays a dominant role in grain filling in cereal crops. However, the importance of deep roots for regulating post‐anthesis leaf senescence is not clearly understood in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we used 32P tracing to estimate the difference in wheat root activity at soil depths of 30 and 70 cm and the root restriction method to investigate the effects of vertical distribution of deep roots on leaf senescence, with non‐restricted plants as controls. Recovery of radioactive 32P indicated that deep roots had significantly higher activity than upper roots in wheat. Root restriction at a soil depth of 50 cm caused significant decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) at 16 days after anthesis and thereafter resulting in an increase in malondialdehyde. As a result, chlorophyll levels and net photosynthesis decreased. Ultimately, the root‐restricted wheat produced a significantly lower grain yield than the non‐restricted controls. These data suggest that deep roots are pivotal for regulating plant senescence, duration of grain filling, and yield formation.

A study of phase transition behaviors of chalcogenide layers using in situ alternative-current impedance spectroscopy

Electrical properties of chalcogenide thin films, both pristine Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and cerium-doped GST, were investigated by in situ alternative-current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. With the aid of brick-layer model and nano-grain composite model, the roles of grain and grain-boundary on the phase transition of chalcogenides were distinguished and the dominance of grain boundary was observed. Tangent loss behaviors deduced by impedance analysis revealed alien-element doping alters the interfacial polarization and delays the phase-transition rate of GST. Analytical results also illustrated that the in situ AC impedance spectroscopy can be an alternative tool for characterizing the phase-change kinetics of chalcogenides thin films with nano-scale grain sizes.

Wholegrains: Emerging Concepts, Controversies and Alternatives

Intake of wholegrain foods has been associated in large prospective cohort studies with decreased rates of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. Multiple mechanisms for the protectiveness of wholegrain foods have been reported. Health authorities in western countries recommend wholegrains as one of the major food sources in a healthy diet, otherwise rich in vegetables, legumes and low-fat dairy. However, the existing evidence for the intake of wholegrains is highly subject to confounding. Many of the results seen in the prospective cohort studies have not been borne out in randomised controlled trials or good-quality meta-analyses. The recommended intake of wholegrains suggested in some countries is well above what there is evidence for. Products labelled wholegrain have variable quantities of the intact grain and differ widely in their effect on blood glucose. Excessive quantities may add to glycaemic load, and anti-nutrients in wholegrains may have adverse health consequences. With the rate of diabetes and obesity increasing, some researchers have questioned the role of grains as part of a healthy diet. Palaeolithic diets, those that are more in keeping with our evolutionary legacy, contain no grains or dairy, but are rich in vegetables, meat, fish and eggs, with the inclusion of some tubers. Smaller trials in animals and humans comparing a palaeolithic diet to a grain-based diet show improved metabolic profiles in the former.

Structure, Composition and Diversity of Horticulture Trees and Agricultural Crops Productivity under Traditional Agri-Horticulture System in Mid Hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Productivity of agricultural crops under traditional agri-hortculture system alongwith structure, composition and diversity of fruit trees and shrub species in mid hill situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India between 1000 to 2000 m asl during summer and winter seasons on northern and southern aspect were studied. The tree density, composition and diversity in the system varied depending upon aspect, landholding and requirements of the farmers. A total of 12 fruit tree species were recorded in agri-horticulture system; of which 4 trees were common in northern and southern aspect and 6 trees were only noticed in northern aspect while 2 in the southern. The apple tree (Malus domestica) was recorded to be dominant fruit tree species with highest IVI values on both northern and southern aspect with prime preference by the farmers for high additional economic return in agri-horticulture system. Among the shrubs, the 6 shrub species were recorded on the northern aspect whereas there number was 16 on southern aspect. The agricultural crop diversity was higher on the northern aspect in summer and winter season. The average annual productivity of grain under agri-horticulture system recorded 1106 kg·ha–1·year–1 on northern aspect and 1122 kg·ha–1·year–1 on southern with a reduction of 34.56% and 38.29% compared to the sole agriculture crops. The aspect and season also played significantly role in grain, straw and biological productivity of agricultural crops present in agri-horticulture and sole cropping systems. In general there was reduction in yield of agricultural crops under fruit trees but this reduction is supplemented by fruit production which support and sustain the rural community of this hilly region.

The clinical significance of immunological contact urticaria to processed grains

Contact urticaria, is characterized by an urticarial wheal-and-flare reaction at the site of contact by an allergen. Immunological contact urticaria, while less common than non-immunological contact urticaria, has more potentially serious consequences, and therefore, its recognition and treatment is important. Immunological contact urticaria is a type I hypersensitivity reaction. Potential complications include organ system involvement other than skin and even anaphylaxis and death. A vast majority of immunological contact urticaria is work-related. We will discuss the definition of immunological contact urticaria, the mechanism of the contact urticarial reaction, contact urticaria in the occupational setting, and the role of grains in contact urticaria. Testing and treatment are also briefly discussed.

豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系

Winter wheat is one of the major food crops in the Loess Plateau,where low rainfall during the wheat growing season and poor soil fertility restrict the growth and development of the crop.An important research goal is to identify ways of increasing both the amount of water stored in the soil profile and the soil nutrient content during the summer fallow season.Attaining this goal could result in significant improvements in wheat yield.Legumes have an especially high nitrogen concentration due to atmospheric nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in root nodules.The incorporation of legumes into the soil can increase soil fertility.However it is not known if the inclusion of a legume in a crop rotation could increase wheat yield or the soil nutrient content in a dryland area.To answer this question,a field experiment was conducted between 2008 and 2009 at Changwu,Shaanxi Province,China.The experiment used a completely randomized block design with four crop rotations(mung bean-winter wheat,local bean-winter wheat,soybean-winter wheat,and fallow-winter wheat).Nitrogen fertilizer was applied to all treatments at the rate of 108 kg/hm2.The local bean-winter wheat treatment had no significant effect on wheat yields in 2008—2009.However in 2009—2010,the local bean-winter wheat treatment increased wheat yields by 23.4% compared to the control(fallow-winter wheat treatment).In contrast,the mung bean-winter wheat treatment reduced wheat yields by 19.2% in 2008—2009 and by 4.4% in 2009—2010.The soybean-winter wheat treatment had no significant effect on wheat yields during either cropping season.Comparison of the four treatments showed that the wheat dry weight,nitrogen accumulation,and phosphorus accumulation were highest in the local bean-winter wheat treatment.The local bean-winter wheat treatment increased the wheat dry weight by 35.1% compared to the control,the nitrogen accumulation increased by 128.8%,and the phosphorous accumulation increased by 140%.In contrast,the soybean-winter wheat treatment reduced the wheat dry weight by 26.7% and the nitrogen accumulation by 44.2%.The mung bean-winter wheat treatment reduced the wheat dry weight by 17.0% and the nitrogen accumulation by 24.4%.The phosphorus accumulation of wheat was not significantly affected by either the soybean-winter wheat treatment or the mung bean-winter wheat treatment.In contrast to nitrogen and phosphorus,the potassium accumulation of wheat decreased as the plants matured.The decline in the potassium accumulation varied among the rotations.The post-anthesis potassium loss in the local bean-winter wheat treatment was 3.8 kg/hm2.In comparison,the potassium loss in the soybean-winter wheat treatment was 12.6 kg/hm2.The potassium loss in the mung bean-winter wheat treatment was 5.5 kg/hm2.The percentage of grain potassium to translocated potassium in the local bean-winter wheat treatment was 81.0%.This amount was higher than that of the control.In comparison,the percentage of grain potassium to translocated potassium was 52.9% in the soybean-winter wheat treatment and 66.8% in the mung bean-winter wheat treatment.This indicated that pre-anthesis dry matter and nutrient accumulation played an important role in grain yields formation.However,post-anthesis dry matter and nutrient accumulation was the main reason for the differences in wheat grain yields among the four rotation systems.The reason for the increased yields in the local bean-wheat treatment was that more dry matter,nitrogen and phosphorous were accumulated during the post-anthesis stage and less potassium was lost.

The diet composition of the social vole at the beginning stage of colonization of a zonal plain in a clayey semidesert of the Trans-Volga region

The botanical composition and the ratio of various plants in the diet of Microtus socialisPall. were determined by microhistological cuticular-coprological analysis of undigested remains. Microtus socialis disappeared from the zonal plain of the Volga-Ural interfluve in the early 1970s and appeared again in 2009. The role of grains in their nutrition became more important, and the ratio of wormwoods sharply decreased. The feeding patterns observed are caused by the long-term absence of these massive phytophages and reflect significant changes in the habitat over the last 40 years.

Prediction of internal stresses during growth of first- and second-generation twins in Mg and Mg alloys

The present work is dedicated to the development of a mean-field continuum mechanics method capable of predicting internal stresses in parent and twin phases during first- and second-generation twinning. For that purpose, a generalized Tanaka–Mori scheme in heterogeneous elastic media with plastic incompatibilities is developed. The work is applied to the case of first- and second-generation twinning in hexagonal close packed magnesium. In the case of first-generation twinning, the model is capable of predicting the trends in the development of back-stresses within the twin domain. A parametric study is performed to explain the roles of grain and twin shape and of relative volume twin volume fractions on the magnitude and directions of the back-stresses. In addition, applying the methodology to the case of second-generation twinning allows identification, in exact agreement with experimental observations, of the most likely second-generation twin variants to grow in a primary twin domain.

Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice

Sink strength plays an important role in grain filling of cereals but how it is related to the pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves is not clear. This study investigated if and how an increase in NSC reserves could enhance sink strength, and consequently improve grain filling of later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to the earlier flowering superior spikelets) for rice varieties with large panicles. Two “super” rice varieties (the recently bred high-yielding rice) and two New Plant Type (NPT, named in IRRI for the extra-large panicle) rice lines were compared with two elite inbred varieties under field-grown conditions. Three nitrogen (N) treatments, applied at the stages of panicle initiation, spikelet differentiation or both, were adopted with no N application during the mid-season as control. Both super rice and NPT rice showed a greater yield capacity as a result of a larger panicle than the elite inbred rice. However, a lower percentage of filled grains limited the realization of higher yield potential in super rice and especially in NPT rice, due to their lower grain filling rate and the smaller grain weight of their inferior spikelets. The low grain filling rate and small grain weight of inferior spikelets are mainly attributed to a poor sink strength as a result of small sink size (small number of endosperm cells) and low sink activity, e.g. low activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The amounts of NSC in the stem and NSC per spikelet at the heading time are significantly and positively correlated with sink strength (number of endosperm cells and activities of SuSase and AGPase), grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets. Nitrogen application at the spikelet differentiation stage significantly increased, whereas N application at the panicle initiation or at both panicle initiation and spikelet differentiation stages, significantly reduced, NSC per spikelet at the heading time, sink strength, grain filling rate, and grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice. The results suggest that pre-anthesis NSC reserves in the stem are closely associated with the sink strength during grain filling of rice, and N application at the spikelet differentiation stage would be a good practice to increase pre-anthesis NSC reserves, and consequently to enhance sink strength for rice varieties with large panicles, such as super rice varieties.

Comparison of carbon fluxes, growth and productivity of a winter wheat crop in three contrasting growing seasons

Three winter wheat growing seasons were compared in order to analyse crop development, CO 2 fluxes and inter-annual variability in productivity. Crop development monitoring, leaf scale measurements and continuous eddy-covariance measurements were conducted in a production crop at the Lonzée experimental site in Belgium. The 3 years were characterised by similar soil proprieties (same site), similar management (sowing, harvesting, plant protection and nitrogen application, adhering to regional standards), and the use of recommended cultivars (the most productive ones for this region). The comparison of carbon fluxes, growth and productivity in the three growing seasons highlighted mechanisms affected by meteorological conditions and, in some cases, modulated by a cultivar effect. In particular, it was shown that (a) precociousness or lateness in stage development was triggered mainly by cumulated temperature during winter and early spring; (b) early development in one season could explain the larger ecosystem net carbon sequestration that year, but had no impact on grain yield; (c) low grain yield in one season was the result of a complex mechanism including drought in early spring, which hindered flag leaf development, and moist conditions in late spring, which restrained radiation and favoured the development of fungal diseases. In all cases, it was found that grain yield could not be related to gross primary productivity or net ecosystem exchange, suggesting that reallocation and translocation processes play a substantial role in grain filling.

Thermoelastic γ–α′-martensitic transformations in FeNiCoAlTa aging single crystals

anomalously high superelasticity (of the order of 13%) caused by the γ–α′ MT under loading, good plasticity, and high damping ability in the polycrystalline state. High strength with anomalously high superelasticity of these alloys is reached due to precipitation of disperse γ′-phase particles [5]. Hardening of the γ-phase by disperse particles leads to the suppression of the plastic flow processes during the γ–α′ MT. The disperse γ′ particles undergo no MT, facilitate the accumulation of elastic energy in martensitic crystals, and change the degree of α′-martensite tetragonality; as a result, the volume change ΔVγ–α′ during MT is ≤1%. This is conventionally reached by precipitation of small disperse particles with sizes d < 10 nm [2, 5]. This work presents for the first time results of investigations into the development of thermoelastic γ–α′ MT in Fe – 28% Ni – 17% Co – 11.5% Al – 2.5 % Ta (at.%) single crystals. These investigations are necessary because of the following circumstances. First, single crystals give unique possibility to suppress the development of intermittent decomposition of polycrystals on grain boundaries caused by precipitation of the fragile intermetallic phase. Second, a comparison of data obtained for single and polycrystals of these alloys will allow the role of grains in the development of thermoelastic transformations to be elucidated. Single crystals of the Fe – 28% Ni – 17% Co – 11.5% Al – 2.5% Ta (at.%) alloy were grown from magnesium oxide in crucibles by the Bridgeman method in a helium atmosphere. They were aged at Т = 973 K for t = 0–25 h with subsequent water quenching. Temperatures of the γ–α′ MT were determined from bends of the curve showing the temperature dependence of the electrical resistance. Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence of the electrical resistance ρ(T) for crystals after quenching and aging at Т = 973 K. In the quenched state, no stages characteristic of the MT development are seen in the curve ρ(T) for these alloys, and ρ is independent of the temperature (curve 1 in Fig. 1) [2]. Aging at Т = 973 K for t = 7, 10, 15, and 20 h leads to the occurrence of stages in the curves ρ(T) (curves 2–5 in Fig. 1). According to [2], the temperature at which ρ(T) decreases corresponds to the temperature Ms at which the MT is started during cooling, and the temperature at which the stage of fast decrease of the electrical resistance terminates corresponds to the temperature Mf at which the direct MT is finished. During heating at temperature As at which the inverse MT is started, the fast increase of ρ(T) is observed, and at Т = Af at which the inverse MT is finished, the fast increase of the electrical resistance is terminated. An analysis of curves ρ(T) demonstrates that aging at Т = 973 K for 7 h initiates the thermoelastic MT. The closed loop of changing ρ(T) is observed for the curve ρ(T) with small temperature hysteresis ΔT = Af – Ms = 25 K (Ms = 160 K and Af = 180 K), testifying to the reversibility of the martensitic transition. Aging for t = 10 h causes Ms to increase in

Increased low field magnetoresistance in electron doped system Sr0.4Ba1.6−xLaxFeMoO6

Magnetotransport properties of electron doped polycrystalline system Sr0.4Ba1.6−xLaxFeMoO6 are presented in this paper. We have observed increased low field magnetoresistance values with significant Curie temperature increase in the electron doped system Sr0.4Ba1.6−xLaxFeMoO6. The low field magnetoresistance value (at 1000 Oe) in 20% La3+ doped sample is observed to be 2.17% at 300 K. At 0.64 T and 80 K, the magnetoresistance change measured in this sample is 21.4%. This sample also showed 50 K increase in Curie temperature over the pristine sample. The increased low field magnetoresistance values are associated with modified grain boundary barriers of the system. The results confirm the fact that the modification of grain boundary barriers has enough potential to possess high low field magnetoresistance values even in the systems with lower spin polarization values. The role of grain to grain connectivity is observed to be dominantly determining the low field magnetoresistance values in grain to grain tunnel type magnetoresistance.

Ductility enhancement in ultrafine-grained Fe–Ni–Mn martensitic steel by stress-induced reverse transformation

The effect of large strain deformation on the mechanical properties was investigated in a martensitic Fe–Ni–Mn alloy. After a combined deformation route (cold rolling plus wire drawing), the mechanical properties improved. The tensile strength of alloy in this study reaches to 2540 MPa and total tensile strain to 7% which are much higher than our previous study which after cold rolling and aging tensile strength was 1840 MPa with total tensile strain of 2.8%, although in both cases the improvement are significant for this brittle alloy. The enhancement of ductility after aging might be attributed to the effective role of grain refining down to nanoscale and the formation of austenite during deformation process and stabilization of that austenite in the aged wire. The austenite transforms to ɛ-martensite during tensile testing because of its low stacking fault energy (SFE) and increases the total measured tensile strain more. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images clarified the suggested reason for this ductility enhancement.

The effect of strain on grains and grain boundaries inYBa2Cu3O7−δ coated conductors**Work partially supported by NIST, a US government agency, not subject to US copyright.Certain commercial materials are referred to in this paper to foster understanding.Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nordoes it imply that the materials identified are necessary the best available for thepurpose.

The role of grains and grain boundaries in producing reversiblestrain effects on the transport current critical current density (Jc) ofYBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO)coated conductors that are produced with metal–organic deposition (MOD) was investigated. The strain (ε) dependenceof Jc for full-width coated conductors is compared with that for samples in which the currenttransport was limited to a few or single grain boundaries by cutting narrow tracks with alaser or focused ion beam, as well as with thin films deposited on bicrystallineSrTiO3 substrates by use of pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). Our results show that the dependences ofJc onε for the grains and for the grain boundaries from the two kinds of YBCO samples can beexpressed by the same function, however with a greater effective tensile strain at thegrain boundaries than in the grains. The really striking result is that the grainboundary strain is 5–10 times higher for grain boundaries of in situ PLD grownbicrystals as compared to the aperiodic, meandered, nonplanar grain boundaries thatdevelop in ex situ grown MOD-YBCO in the coated conductor of this study.

Hydroxycinnamates and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities

Hydroxycinnamates are among the most widely distributed plant phenylpropanoids present in the free, conjugated-soluble and insoluble-bound forms. This review will focus on the occurrence, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of ferulic, coumaric, caffeic and sinapic acids and their derivatives. Hydroxycinnamates are found in almost all food groups though they are abundant in cereals, legumes, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and beverages and render antioxidant activity by scavenging hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical anion, several organic radicals, peroxyl radical, peroxinitrite and singlet oxygen, among others. Further, their antioxidant activity as chain breaking antioxidants and reducing agents is also notable. Ferulic acid and its derivatives such as ferulic acid ethyl ester, ferulic acid dehydrodimers, feruloyl glycosides and curcumin have demonstrated potent antioxidant activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Similarly, caffeic acid and some of its derivatives such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester, rosmarinic acid, and chlorogenic acid exhibit antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for caffeic acid whereas p-coumaric acid had the least effect among major hydroxycinnamic acids. The importance of structural effects on the potency of antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamates is discussed. While this review also shows the existence of substantial body of evidences for in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamates, there is a clear gap for in vivo information, particularly for sinapic and p-coumaric acids and their derivatives. The role of grains, fruits, vegetables and red wine in disease risk reduction and health promotion could partly be attributed to their constituent hydroxycinnamates.

The role of crystal misorientations during solid-state nucleation of ferrite in austenite

The role of grain and phase boundary misorientations during nucleation of ferrite in austenite has been investigated. Electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) was performed on a high-purity iron alloy with 20 wt.% Cr and 12 wt.% Ni with austenite and ferrite stable at room temperature in order to identify the crystallographic misorientation between austenite grains and between ferrite and austenite grains. It is observed that the specific orientation relationships between ferrite and austenite play a dominant role during solid-state nucleation of ferrite. Ferrite grains nucleate on grain faces independently of the misorientation between austenite grains, although random high-angle grain boundaries have a slightly higher efficiency. Different types of nucleation mechanisms are found to be active during ferrite formation at grain faces. A slight deformation of the austenite matrix was found to triple the number of ferrite nuclei during isothermal annealing.