Role Of Goals Research Articles

A - 46 Relationship between Working Memory and Externalizing Behaviors in Children from a Clinical Population: an Exploration of the Role of Expressive Language

Abstract Objective Externalizing behaviors affect children’s functioning in different domains. Previous studies revealed the impact of working memory, mainly through its role in goal keeping, goal-related search, and response selection. This study explored the role of expressive language in the relationship between working memory and externalizing behaviors in children. Method The data were collected from 50 children at a private practice agency (male: 76%; Age M = 4.16, SD = 1.13). All participants were diagnosed with at least one neurodevelopmental disorder. Their index score on the Externalizing Problems from Behavior Assessment System for Children, 3rd Edition, index score on the Working Memory from Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th Edition, and expressive language subscale score from Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 3rd Edition were collected. A mediation analysis was performed. Results The mediation analysis results showed a significant indirect effect (B = −0.081, 95% CI [−0.172, −0.015]) of working memory on externalizing behaviors through expressive language. It suggested that poorer working memory was associated with less expressive language, which then resulted in more externalizing behaviors. The direct effect between working memory and externalizing behavior was statistically significant (B = −0.331, p < 0.001), indicating that expressive language only partially mediated the relationship between working memory and externalizing behaviors. Conclusions The study provided empirical support for the mediating effect of expresive langaguge on the relationship between working memory and externaizing behaviors in children from a clinical population. It informs that the use of evidence-based interventions on expressive langauge skills might potentially help address externalizing behaviors in children.

Dinamismo e identificación de participantes en la construcción discursiva de la nación estadounidense

This article analyzes the linguistic choices used in political discourse to represent social actors and their role in the construction of national storylines. We focus on Donald Trump’s and Joseph Biden’s inaugural speeches as a critical exploratory context. The analytical approach involves contrasting their choices for assigning dynamism to socialactors through transitivity roles and for identifying participants through direct, indirect, and pronominal strategies. Our findings show that Trump assigns Actor + Goal roles that construe citizens as agents impinging on material reality, while Biden assigns them Actor – Goal roles that represent citizens as participants in happenings. Trump’s identification of participants shows a higher proportion of indirect strategies linked with possessivequalification, whereas Biden stands out for his frequent use of the singular first person. The findings suggest connections between the strategies identified and the construction of national identities and storylines, both permeated by political leaders’ ideological orientations.

Event structure, force dynamics and verb semantics

This article presents a cognitive model of event structure that can be used to explain several features of the semantics of verbs. The model consists of four basic components: agent, patient, force vector and result vector. Each component is described in terms of the theory of conceptual spaces. The force vector is the cause of the result vector. Unlike other event models both the cause and the effect are included in the representation of a single event.The model is used for two central topics. Firstly, to provide a force dynamic representation of causation. Secondly, to give a unified analysis of Aktionsart in terms of different forms of vectors, using force diagrams that are extensions of those used by Croft and others. It is then shown that the event model can be used to derive a variety of semantic features of verbs. In particular, I analyze manner-result complementarity, the ambiguity of the passive participle, and the role of goals (telicity).

The Role of Attitudes in Work Behavior

The relationship between work attitudes such as satisfaction and commitment and behaviors such as task effort, citizenship behavior, absenteeism, job search, and turnover is a perennial focus of organizational research. Over time we have learned a great deal about why, how, and when attitudes predict work behavior, but new questions and theories continue to proliferate. With this review, we aim to synthesize existing organizational literature on attitudes and behavior, focusing on how the field can be organized using principles from Ajzen & Kruglanski's (2019) theory of reasoned goal pursuit. The accumulated evidence answers longstanding questions while simultaneously raising new ones related to the link between general attitudes and specific behavior; the proximal effect of intentions; the role of goals, social contexts, and behavioral control; and the dynamic processes among attitudes, environments, and behavior. We also suggest applications of our organizing framework to enhance future work attitudes and behavior research.

ЦЕЛЕВЫЕ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ КАК ФАКТОРЫ СМЫСЛООБРАЗОВАНИЯ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ РУССКОЙ И КИТАЙСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

The article is about studying the relationship between persons’ goals in the key life spheres and their sense of meaningfulness in the life. A comparative study of the influence of targeted determinants on the level of meaningfulness of life was conducted using a survey method on a sample of 143 native Russian speakers and 150 native Chinese speakers, with an average age of 27.41 ± 7.40 years. The authors developed statistically significant models predicting the level of life meaningfulness (correct prediction coefficient in the Russian sample – 82.3%, in the Chinese sample – 66%). The study revealed similarities, such as life involvement and readiness for change, which are related to how individuals interact with their environment. Additionally, differences were found, such as the role of goals in specific life spheres and the assessment of opportunities for their realization, as well as family values, which reflect cultural particularities in the two samples.

Категоризация как универсальный процесс: роль категорий в перцептивных процессах и формировании действий

This article is intended to highlight the existing theoretical concepts and empirical data on the role played by different levels of categories in the processes of perception and formation of actions with a person. In this context, we consider several topics, such as: the superiority of base-level categories, the phenomenon of incidental findings, the effects of compatibility and orientation, the role of goals in actions regarding categorization of objects, and some other topics. One of the key examples of the influence of categorization on other cognitive processes is the effect of the superiority of categories of the base level: when deciding whether a given stimulus belongs to a certain category, the answer is faster if the category belongs to the base level compared to superordinate and subordinate. One of the main areas of study of the effect of the advantages of categories of the basic level is the study of the role of this effect in perceptual tasks. One of these tasks is the visual search - the search for target stimuli among distractors. One of these is a guided search - directing attention to certain objects. There are modifications of the visual search - search collection and hybrid search. The belonging of an object to a certain category affects the efficiency of the visual search, as well as the occurrence of perceptual errors. Another important area of study of categorization is to elucidate the relationship between categorization and affordances - perceived possible actions with other objects. Most of these studies focus on the role of categorization in generating compatibility and orientation effects. Finally, this comprehensive study of the relationship between categorization, perception, and affordances mostly occurs as “gaze behavior” in relation to the action that creates clarity in visible objects.

Collective mental time travel: Current research and future directions.

In this chapter, we will provide a review on the emerging psychological literature on collective mental time travel (MTT). Our review will focus on the cognitive aspects of remembering the collective past and imagining the collective future. We will explore factors such as specificity, phenomenal characteristics, content, and valence. We will also include brief overviews of cultural and social psychological research that is relevant to the topic of collective MTT. In these overviews, we will examine the research on narratives, collective continuity, collective angst, and human action. Three main themes will emerge from these discussions: the connection between collective past and future thinking, the differences between collective past and future thinking, and the role of goals, perceived agency, and collective action. We will integrate the findings of cognitive, cultural, and social psychological work through these three themes and offer ways to move collective MTT research forward.

Exploring expanded interdisciplinary roles in goals of care conversations in a national goals of care initiative: A qualitative approach

Background: The United States Veterans Health Administration National Center for Ethics in Health Care implemented the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Initiative throughout the Veterans Health Administration health care system in 2017. This policy encourages goals of care conversations, referring to conversations about patient’s treatment and end-of-life wishes for life-sustaining treatments, among Veterans with serious illnesses. A key component of the initiative is expanding interdisciplinary provider roles in having goals of care conversations. Aim: Use organizational role theory to explore medical center experiences with expanding interdisciplinary roles in the implementation of a goals of care initiative. Design: A qualitative thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. Setting/participants: Initial participants were recruited using purposive sampling of local medical center champions. Snowball sampling identified additional participants. Participants included thirty-one interdisciplinary providers from 12 geographically diverse initiative pilot and spread medical centers. Results: Five themes were identified. Expanding provider roles in goals of care conversations (1) involves organizational culture change; (2) is influenced by medical center leadership; (3) is supported by provider role readiness; (4) benefits from cross-disciplinary role agreement; and (5) can “overwhelm” providers. Conclusions: Organizational role theory is a helpful framework for exploring interdisciplinary roles in a goals of care initiative. Support and recognition of provider role expansion in goals of care conversations was important for the adoption of a goals of care initiative. Actionable strategies, including multi-level leadership support and the use of interdisciplinary champions, facilitate role change and have potential to strengthen uptake of a goals of care initiative.

How to Incorporate Anti-Racism Into Psychiatric Practice

How to Incorporate Anti-Racism Into Psychiatric Practice

The role of goal and meaning in life for older adults facing interpersonal stress

Interpersonal stressful events (ISE) have been shown to be potent predictors of major depressive symptoms among older adults. This study examines the relationships between recent ISE and depressive symptoms in late life and explores whether having coping cognitive resource (e.g. finding meaning and goal in life) can buffer the effects of ISE on depressive symptoms for older adults. We utilized a sample of residents in Florida retirement communities (N = 588) who participated in a long-term-panel study using yearly assessments for six years. Additionally, we modeled within-person differences in ISE and depressive symptoms simultaneously with multilevel modeling. Then, we tested the moderating effect of coping resource (i.e. meaning in life and goal in life) in the association between ISE and depressive symptoms. We found that the mean level of ISE is associated with higher depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. In addition, higher levels of within-person meaning and goal buffered the negative effect of ISE on depressive symptoms for older adults. Similarly, within-person meaning and goal also attenuated the negative effect of ISE on life satisfaction.

The Role of Goals and Needs in the Authentic Self in Work and Family Domains

Despite an abundance of empirical research, scholars have noted a lack of theory to undergird work-family studies and have called for a greater focus on theory to truly advance understanding of the work-family interface (Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, & Brinley, 2005; Matthews, Wayne, & McKersie, 2016). As such, the current symposium brings together four empirical papers – three quantitative and one qualitative – that are well-grounded in motivation and identity theories to shed new light on the work-family interface. The culmination of these papers provide insights into how one’s identity (i.e., possible self, relational self) and motivation traits (i.e., regulatory focus, need satisfaction) can influence work and family – both domain-specific and personal life outcomes (i.e., well-being). Thus, this symposium offers a richer view of how the authentic self and motivated behavior can influence the work and family domains. The symposium will conclude with comments and discussion by prolific work-family scholar, Jeff Greenhaus, who will share his perspective on how these papers grounded in their theories and methodological designs, foster better understanding of the work-family interface. Mom, Dad, Employee?: The Transition Back to Work as a New Parent Presenter: Shannon Cheng; Rice U. Presenter: Brook Lu; Rice U. Presenter: Eden King; Rice U. “Who Am I Without Work?” How Relationship Aspirations Threaten the Work Devoted Self Presenter: Carrie Oelberger; U. of Minnesota Fluctuations in Conflict and Enrichment and Changes in Cynicism: The Impact of Regulatory Focus Presenter: Wayne S. Crawford; U. of Texas At Arlington Presenter: Nicolina Leeann Weaver; U. of Texas At Arlington Self-Determination Theory: How Being Your Authentic Self Influences Work and Family Outcomes Presenter: Marla White; UT Arlington Presenter: Julie Holliday Wayne; Wake Forest U. Presenter: Wendy J. Casper; U. of Texas At Arlington Presenter: Russell A. Matthews; U. of Alabama Presenter: Heather Odle-Dusseau; Gettysburg College

The role of goals and outcomes in young children's memory for actions.

Four- to six-year-old children participated in three experiments designed to investigate action features that may contribute to the self-enactment effect and help clarify contradictory findings in the literature. Although activity is important in young children's learning and development, preschoolers' memory for self-actions is often found to be no better than memory for another person's actions. In the few studies in which the self-enactment effect has been found for this age group, the actions included as test materials differ markedly from those in the studies in which no differences occur. Specifically, the actions in studies finding the effect are goal-directed and enable outcomes whereas the actions in studies that don't find the effect have no instrumental goals, other than to perform the action, and often do not enable outcomes external to the action carried out. In Experiment 1 source memory and in Experiment 2 free recall were better for children's own actions than those of the experimenter when children participated in actions that produced outcomes in a game-like context. Findings from these two studies suggested that action outcomes were particularly important in these self-enactment effects which were then verified in Experiment 3. Our results support the role of self-directed actions for learning in early childhood classrooms, but highlight the contribution of goal-based activities that lead to instrumental and enabling outcomes in that learning.

Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life: The Role of Goals and Situational Factors.

This study addresses three questions: How often and how consistently do predictors for emotion regulation choice occur in daily life? What predicts emotion regulation choice in daily life? How do predictors for emotion regulation choice interact in daily life? We examined emotion regulation goals (i.e., prohedonic and social goals), situational factors (i.e., perceived control, expected reoccurrence, and emotional intensity), and emotion regulation strategies (i.e., active coping, distraction, rumination, cognitive reappraisal, and expressive suppression) in negative emotion events. A total of 110 individuals (65% female) participated in an experience sampling study and received beeps, five times a day over the course of 9 days. We used a random intercept model to estimate our results. Emotion regulation goals and situational factors vary strongly in different events within the same person. Emotion regulation strategies, effective in changing the emotional experience, are crucial for prohedonic goals, whereas expressive suppression is important for social goals. Perceived control was positively associated with putatively adaptive strategies. Emotional intensity and expected reoccurrence were negatively associated with putatively adaptive strategies. Emotional intensity was positively associated with putatively maladaptive strategies. Emotion regulation strategies were not associated with the interaction of emotion regulation goals and situational factors. We conclude that emotion regulation goals and situational factors are extremely context-dependent, suggesting that they should be treated as states. Emotion regulation goals appear to have a functional association with strategies for prohedonic and social goals. The associations between situational factors and strategies in daily life appear to be largely different from the results found in the laboratory, emphasizing the importance of experience sampling studies.

The study of the problem of life goal in the history of philosophy

This article examines the formation and development of the concepts of purpose and life purpose as a philosophical category at different stages of development of philosophical thinking. The article provides a comparative analysis of the approaches and views of philosophers of different periods on the nature, structure, role of goals and life goals in the process of activity, as well as the importance of life goals in human life.

The role of goals and goal barriers in predicting the outcomes of intentional actions in the contexts of narrative text

ABSTRACTPredictions about human behaviour can be influenced by the presence and status of goals. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an active goal and barriers to that goal on predictions about outcomes experienced by agents. Participants read stories describing characters with goals. The extent that there were barriers to those goals was varied. Participants predicted what happens next in the story, both prior to and after barrier removal. There was support for a goal barrier hypothesis, where the conditions for predicting goal completion involved removing conditions that prevent a goal being achieved (Experiments 1 and 2). At the same time, unachieved goals were more accessible to working memory than completed goals, regardless of a barrier (Experiment 3). These results suggest that participants deliberately decided when it was appropriate to use goal information to predict outcomes of intentional actions conducted by the agents in the stories.

Antecedent Volition and Spatial Effects: Can Multiple Goal Pursuit Mitigate Distance Decay?

The estimation of choice models that explicitly incorporate economic agents’ goal-related information has yet to receive focused attention from practitioners. Despite recent advances on spatial analysis in stated preference studies, there is still no evidence on how spatial effects interact with goal pursuit. In this study we propose a modelling framework to analyse how goal pursuit influences choices and query whether pursuit of important goals makes individuals less distance-sensitive. We estimate a hybrid choice model with latent variables to investigate the role of goals and distance on preferences for recreational site attributes. We use data from a choice experiment involving selection among different sites in Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park (Italy). Our results show that goal pursuit has a significant effect on site choice probability and that distance disutility is decreased when individuals visit recreational sites due to pursuit of important goals. This result indicates that willingness to pay inferences concerning spatially distributed activities depend crucially on the spatial distribution of motivations for participation.

What do we want? Examining the motivating role of goals in social movement mobilization

The main purpose of any social movement organization is to achieve the goals of its followers. Little is known, however, about what type of goals disadvantaged group members strive to reach and which of those may motivate them to join a social movement organization. Using a door-to-door survey (N = 351), we investigated the mobilizing effects of goals among inhabitants of the North of the Netherlands that are adversely affected by gas-extraction induced earthquakes. We distinguished between collective (e.g., reduce gas extraction) versus individual goals (e.g., financial compensation), and outcome versus means goals (e.g., influence policy-makers). Moreover, we examined how perceptions of shared opinions with other affected citizens versus with people who are not negatively affected by gas extraction motivate the inhabitants to join a movement and attach importance to different goals. Our results indicate the existence of two pathways for potential mobilization: the first one through the perceptions of shared grievances, which can motivate people to join the movement and pursue collective solutions; and a second one through the perceptions of deprivation, which can motivate people to exert influence on power holders by joining a movement. Individual outcome goals were important but did not motivate disadvantaged citizens to join a social movement organization. We discuss the role of goals as a link between individual level and meso level factors for movement mobilization and collective action.

Pimping inhibition: Anodal tDCS enhances stop-signal reaction time.

The stop-signal task (SST) is assumed to reliably measure response inhibition; specifically, in this task participants sometimes have to withhold a response according to the onset of a sudden cue. The response-stopping process is estimated by a stochastic model that delivers the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT; Verbruggen & Logan, 2009), that is, the latency to inhibit prepotent responses. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) plays a key role in goal directed cognitive control in general and particularly an increased activation has been associated with better SST performance (that is with shorter SSRT). We stimulated the rDLPFC in a prepost design via transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS). A 9 cm2 anode was always positioned over the rDLPFC while the 35 cm2 cathode was placed over the left deltoid. We contrasted an anodal stimulation condition (that is assumed to enhance neural processing) with sham stimulation and expected an increase in inhibitory functions after anodal tDCS, as evidenced by a decrease in SSRT. In a sample of N = 56 healthy adults, we found a significant Time × tDCS-Condition interaction in the expected direction. Control analysis confirmed that the statistically significant decrease in SSRT after anodal tDCS was not due to generally faster reaction times. These results confirm the role of the rDLPFC for cognitive inhibition processes and further suggest that inhibition is not a fixed resource but depends on the current state of the PFC. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

THE FIT BETWEEN EMPLOYEE ROLES AND MARKET DYNAMISM: AN ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT Purpose: Exploring the fit of employee roles and market dynamism, related to performance. Originality/value: In ecology the term ‘fit’ is used for the relation between organisms and their environment. Similarly, we conceptualized the relation between employee roles and markets: the employee-market connection, which may enhance SME’s strategic fit and performance. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical research was conducted at 48 SMEs with 221 respondents from the manufacturing industry (53%) and the service industry (47%) and applied a mixed model analysis. Findings: The employee role-mix is moderated by market dynamism: when market dynamism increases, the impact on performance of internal process roles decreases and the impact of rational goal roles increases. The results enrich the resource-based view with the employee-market-connection: the system is resilient, the roles adapt. A fit between market dynamism and employee roles is positively related to performance.

Canadian hospital nurses' roles in communication and decision-making about goals of care: An interpretive description of critical incidents

BackgroundNurses in acute medical units are uniquely positioned to support goals of care communication. Further understanding of nurse and physician perceptions about hospital nurses' actual and possible roles was required to improve goals of care communication. ObjectiveTo critically examine nurse and physician perceptions of the nurse's role in communication with seriously ill patients and their families. DesignWe focus on the qualitative component of a mixed method study. We employed an interpretive descriptive approach informed by Flanagan's critical incident technique. SettingsParticipants were recruited from the acute medical units at three tertiary care hospitals in three Canadian provinces. ParticipantsThirty participants provided interviews (10 from each site): 12 nurses, 9 staff physicians and 9 medical resident physicians. MethodsParticipants' described “critical incidents” they considered as “excellent” or “poor” or “usual” practice. Interviews, were audiotaped and transcribed. Team-based analysis used constant comparison and triangulation to identify healthcare team members' roles in goals of care communication. ResultsWe identified two major themes from 120 critical incidents: 1) the ambiguous nature of the nurse's role in formal, physician-led, decision-making communication, and 2) embedded in care serious illness communication. Physicians understood nurses' supportive role in relation to their own communication practices that culminated in decisions about care; nurses' reported their roles were determined by unit routines, physician practices and preferences, and their self-confidence in supporting decision-making. Nurses described their unique role in facilitating informal and spontaneous communication with patients and families that was critical background work to physician-led goals of care communication. ConclusionsNurses and physicians had different understandings, practices and beliefs about goals of care communication The value of nurses embedded in care work is key to supporting the interprofessional team's work during formal goals of care communication.