Role Of Family Research Articles

The YTH domain-containing protein family: Emerging players in immunomodulation and tumour immunotherapy targets.

The modification of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a pivotal role in tumor by altering both innate and adaptive immune systems through various pathways, including the regulation of messenger RNA. The YTH domain protein family, acting as "readers" of m6A modifications, affects RNA splicing, stability, and immunogenicity, thereby playing essential roles in immune regulation and antitumor immunity. Despite their significance, the impact of the YTH domain protein family on tumor initiation and progression, as well as their involvement in tumor immune regulation and therapy, remains underexplored and lacks comprehensive review. This review introduces the molecular characteristics of the YTH domain protein family and their physiological and pathological roles in biological behavior, emphasizing their mechanisms in regulating immune responses and antitumor immunity. Additionally, the review discusses the roles of the YTH domain protein family in immune-related diseases and tumor resistance, highlighting that abnormal expression or dysfunction of YTH proteins is closely linked to tumor resistance. This review provides an in-depth understanding of the YTH domain protein family in immune regulation and antitumor immunity, suggesting new strategies and directions for immunotherapy of related diseases. These insights not only deepen our comprehension of m6A modifications and YTH protein functions but also pave the way for future research and clinical applications.

Impact of Sleeping Needs & Patterns of Firefighters on Their Home Life

Abstract Date Presented 03/23/24 Firefighters experience a lack of sleep, which affects family roles, routines, and leisure activities. This presentation will give information on the sleeping patterns of firefighters and the impact it can have on aspects of home life. Primary Author and Speaker: Neidy Garza

HUBUNGAN PERAN KELUARGA DAN TINGKAT STRES TERHADAP KADAR GULA DARAH PADA LANSIA DENGAN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE II

Elderly is an unavoidable aging process that will decrease body function. One is the decline in adapting to stress on the environment or illness suffered. This study aims to determine the relationship between the role of the family and the level of stress on blood sugar levels in elderly patients Diabetes mellitus in Puskesmas Bunten Barat Ketapang. This research uses observational analytic design with cross sectional approach. Population of all elderly Diabetes mellitus type 2 and elderly family. The sample size of 30 respondents was taken by simple random sampling technique. Independent variable in this research is family role and stress level. Dependent variable is blood sugar level. The data collection instrument used the family role questionnaire, the DDS (Diabet Distress Scale) questionnaire and the blood sugar glucose observation sheet. Data were analyzed with Exact Fisher test with significance level α = 0,05. The result showed almost half (43,3%) family role enough, almost half (43,3%) heavy stress respondent level, most (63,3%) abnormal sugar level. Exact Fisher test results obtained ρ = 0.001 <α for the relationship of family roles and blood sugar levels means there is a relationship role of the family with blood sugar levels. The relationship of stress level and blood sugar levels obtained ρ = 0,000 <α means there is a relationship between stress levels with blood sugar levels. Family role is expected in caring for family members, especially the sick including elderly. It is expected that families play a role in diabetes care and is expected for the elderly can control the stress they are experiencing problems faced

The Role of Family in the Development and Treatment of Pediatric OCD

The Role of Family in the Development and Treatment of Pediatric OCD

Quality of Life of Post-Stroke Patients in Aceh, Indonesia

Introduction: The quality of life of stroke survivors is a major concern for healthcare providers due to the physical, psychological, and social issues caused by stroke. This study aims to identify the quality of life of post-stroke patients undergoing outpatient treatment at the neurology clinic of the General Hospital of South Aceh Regency, Indonesia. Methods: This research uses a cross-sectional study design with a sample of 120 respondents. All post-stroke patients undergoing treatment at the clinic were included in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews at the specialized stroke clinic from January to March 2024. The research instrument used was the Indonesian version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life (SS-QoL) questionnaire, which has been validated. The reliability test of the SS-QoL resulted in a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.920. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive approach, including frequency distribution, percentage, standard deviation, and SS-QoL scale score distribution. Results: The study found that the majority of stroke patients' quality of life was in the good category, amounting to 77.5%. The quality of life domain indicated that personality was the worst dimension (mean=3.13, SD=0.762), while family role, social role, mood, and energy were the best domains (mean=4.13, SD=0.766). Conclusion: The quality of life of stroke patients undergoing outpatient treatment at the Neurology Clinic of South Aceh General Hospital is predominantly in the good category. Interventions focusing on personality aspects need to be enhanced to further improve patients' quality of life.

The Role of the MiR-181 Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due to the high mortality rate in HCC patients, discovering and developing novel systemic treatment options for HCC is a vital unmet medical need. Among the numerous molecular alterations in HCCs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been increasingly recognised to play critical roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. We and others have recently revealed that members of the microRNA-181 (miR-181) family were up-regulated in some, though not all, human cirrhotic and HCC tissues-this up-regulation induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocytes and tumour cells, promoting HCC progression. MiR-181s play crucial roles in governing the fate and function of various cells, such as endothelial cells, immune cells, and tumour cells. Previous reviews have extensively covered these aspects in detail. This review aims to give some insights into miR-181s, their targets and roles in modulating signal transduction pathways, factors regulating miR-181 expression and function, and their roles in HCC.

FAMILY INVOLVEMENT AND TRUANCY RATE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF RWANDA A CASE OFBUGESERA DISTRICT

Background: The study intended to analyze the family involvement and truancy rate in primary schools of Bugesera District, Rwanda. The specific objectives of this study were: to identify the roles of family on truancy rate in primary schools of Bugesera District, to determine the level of students truancy rate in primary schools in Bugesera District Rwanda, to establish the relationship between family involvement and truancy rate in primary schools of Bugesera District Rwanda. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey design because the study sought to gain insight or perception into a phenomenon as a way of providing basic information in an area of study. The study target population comprised of 686 in total including 108 teachers, 18 head teachers, 200 parents and 360 students of 18 primary schools in Bugesera district. Methods and Materials:The researcher selected respondents pupils using simple random sampling. The researcher used simple random sampling to select the schools hence 7 schools were sampled. Stratified random sampling was used to categorize the sampled schools according to their zones and size. At school levels, 38 the teachers and 7 head teachers were purposively sampled, 130 pupils and 72 parents were selected using stratified random sampling. The formula used to determine the sample size of the respondents was Robert and Morgan table for sample size determination where the sample size was 247 respondents. The researcher used the questionnaire and interview to take data. The interview was used for head teachers and teachers, and questionnaires for parents and students. Data were analysed into tables and graphs applying descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages and mean) by statistical tools such SPSS Version 2.0 was used for data analysis. Results:As shown by the findings, 52% of students and 80.5% of parents confirmed that the family played a distinctive role in minimizing the level of truancy, even though there were some parents/ guardians who did not do follow-up to their children that is why some students were truant others were absent without reasons. Determining the level of truancy rate in primary schools, it was indicated by 36.85% of students and 72.3% of the parents that the level of truancy rate was moderate the number of truant pupils was not high in primary schools of Bugesera due to the facts that the age of primary students varied between 6 and 14 that the pupils were still little to indulge themselves into the temptations even though there was some students who were truant due to lack of school materials and family conflict reasons. The findings showed that there was a negative correlation between family involvement and truancy rate which was -0.242 of Spearman correlation coefficient which meant that when the family actively involved in the pupils education, the level of truancy went down due to the parents/ guardians guidance, pupils follow-up for pupils performance and positive discipline. The researcher recommended that the concerned stakeholders in education should work together to ensure pupils attend school regularly. Conclusion:The researcher suggested other researchers should carry out studies related to the family involvement and truancy rate in secondary schools, on the absenteeism and attendance rate.

Work-Family Life Course Trajectories and Women's Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Defamilization Policies in 15 European Territories.

This study employs multichannel sequence analysis of data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe to explore variations in the association between work-family life trajectories and women's mental health across European cohorts born between 1924 and 1965 within different policy contexts. It finds that trajectories characterized by prolonged employment and delayed familial commitments are generally associated with increased depressive symptoms. Notably, the strength of this association varies significantly across cohorts and is notably moderated by defamilization policies. These policies, which aim to reduce dependency on family for managing social risks, buffer mental health challenges in traditional family roles but are less effective for women in trajectories with delayed family formation. This investigation highlights the nuanced ways in which historical and cultural contexts alongside policy environments shape mental health outcomes at various life stages, offering valuable insights into our understanding of health disparities across the life course, with an emphasis on exposure to changing institutions.

Genomic characterization of bZIP gene family and patterns of gene regulation on Cercospora beticola Sacc resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important sugar crops, accounting for nearly 30% of the world's annual sugar production. And it is mainly distributed in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern regions of China. However, Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is the most serious and destructive foliar disease during the cultivation of sugar beet. In plants, the bZIP gene family is one of important family of transcription factors that regulate many biological processes, including cell and tissue differentiation, pathogen defense, light response, and abiotic stress signaling. Although the bZIP gene family has been mentioned in previous studies as playing a crucial role in plant defense against diseases, there has been no comprehensive study or functional analysis of the bZIP gene family in sugar beet with respect to biotic stresses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of bZIP family genes (BvbZIPs) in sugar beet to investigate their phylogenetic relationships, gene structure and chromosomal localization. At the same time, we observed the stomatal and cell ultrastructure of sugar beet leaf surface during the period of infestation by Cercospora beticola Sacc (C. beticola). And identified the genes with significant differential expression in the bZIP gene family of sugar beet by qRT-PCR. Finally we determined the concentrations of SA and JA and verified the associated genes by qRT-PCR. The results showed that 48 genes were identified and gene expression analysis indicated that 6 BvbZIPs were significantly differential expressed in C. beticola infection. It is speculated that these BvbZIPs are candidate genes for regulating the response of sugar beet to CLS infection. Meanwhile, the observation stomata of sugar beet leaves infected with C. beticola revealed that there were also differences in the surface stomata of the leaves at different periods of infection. In addition, we further confirmed that the protein encoded by the SA signaling pathway-related gene BVRB_9g222570 in high-resistant varieties was PR1, which is closely related to systemic acquired resistance. One of the protein interaction modes of JA signal transduction pathway is the response of MYC2 transcription factor caused by JAZ protein degradation, and there is a molecular interaction between JA signal transduction pathway and auxin. Despite previous reports on abiotic stresses in sugar beet, this study provides very useful information for further research on the role of the sugar beet bZIP gene family in sugar beet through experiments. The above research findings can promote the development of sugar beet disease resistance breeding.

Connecting the Dots between GmPERK-1 and Enhanced Grain Weight in Glycine max

Large and distinct families of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play elemental roles in many fundamental processes of plants. The proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinase (PERK) family is one of the most pivotal classes of RLKs. To date, there have been no comprehensive or published studies conducted on the PERK gene family in Glycine max. This research aimed to characterize the role of the PERK gene family in cultivated soybean using a systematic array of bioinformatic and experimental approaches. We identified 16 PERK members in G. max through local BLASTp, using PERK members from Arabidopsis thaliana as a query. Tissue expression of genes, predicted via tissue specific expression analysis from the soybean database “SoyBase”, revealed that these PERK genes exhibit differentiated expression patterns in various plant organs. The gene structure was predicted via Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS). Phylogeny was demonstrated through an evolutionary tree employing the neighbor-joining method. Subcellular localization of proteins was identified via “Softberry” and cis-acting elements were identified through PlantCARE. The KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP)) marker was developed for the GmPERK-1-C and GmPERK-1-T allele, targeting position 167 nt in the CDS region. Genotyping results indicated that GmPERK-1 exhibits promising potential for utilization in molecular breeding programs for soybean to increase crop yield. Collectively, our findings indicate that G. max accessions harboring the GmPERK-1-C allele exhibit significantly higher thousand grain weight compared to accessions carrying the GmPERK-1-T allele. This research enhances the understanding of the molecular roles of PERK genes in G. max, providing valuable insights for the utilization of favorable genetic variations in soybean molecular breeding programs.

Work drains them, family heals them: How and when interpersonal conflicts at work drive unsafe behavior in the high-risk industry?

Unsafe behaviors in high-risk industries are widely recognized as a major hazard, however, limited attention has been given to how and when interpersonal dynamics within organizations lead to the emergence of unsafe behavior by workers. Drawing from the theory of conservation of resources, this study examines the relationship between interpersonal conflict (between supervisors and coworkers) and unsafe behavior. A comprehensive theoretical framework is developed that demonstrates the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating role of family–work enrichment in the relationship between interpersonal conflict at work and unsafe behavior. Through an analysis of multi-wave data from 249 frontline miners in Chinese coal mines, a direct positive relationship is found between interpersonal conflicts with one’s supervisor and employees’ unsafe behavior. Emotional exhaustion was also found to play a mediating role in the relationship between interpersonal conflict with supervisors and coworkers and unsafe behavior. Meanwhile, family–work enrichment was found to buffer the positive relationship between interpersonal conflict and emotional exhaustion. These results support the existence of moderated mediation effects, with interpersonal conflict having an indirect effect on unsafe behavior through emotional exhaustion being present only in employees with a low level of family–work enrichment. The theoretical model demonstrates how and when interpersonal conflict drives unsafe behavior and provides guidance and practical implications for high-risk industries.

The Role of Muslim Families in Children's Education on Environmental Ethics

This study examines the role of Muslim families in children's education regarding environmental ethics. It aims to understand how Muslim parents' integration of Islamic values such as amanah, caliphate, and tawhid can effectively instill awareness and pro-environmental behavior in children. This research explores various parenting methods, including stories from the Qur'an and Hadith, practical activities like gardening and recycling, and discussions and reflections on environmental issues using the literature review method. The findings reveal that children educated with this approach exhibit high ecological awareness and proactive behavior in ecological conservation. However, challenges such as lack of knowledge and resources and differences in cultural and geographical contexts affect the effectiveness of this education. The study concludes that there is a need for support from formal education institutions and communities to strengthen environmental education at home. With the right approach and adequate support, environmental education based on Islamic values has excellent potential to form a generation that cares about the environment. This research provides important insights for developing holistic environmental education programs rooted in religious values.

Perspectives on Spare Embryos amongst IVF users: An Exploratory Study from a Selected District of the Southern Indian State of Karnataka.

Perspectives of IVF users on their spare embryos is a less explored subject in the Indian context despite the country's population and abundance of IVF clinics. We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews in a selected district of the Indian state of Karnataka. Seven individuals were recruited independently of any assistance from an IVF clinic. The interviews explored participants' knowledge and perception of the spare embryos using a set of guiding questions exploring the theme of the informed consent process, views on research, preferences for embryo donation, the role of family and the dynamics of decision-making, amongst other things. The interviews were qualitatively analysed using Corbin and Strauss's grounded theory approach. Our findings reveal that the participants do not learn about the prospects of spare embryos from the very start of their IVF journeys, and they may not be informed about the various options available to decide the fate of the spare embryos. Irrespective of their views on research and moral perceptions of embryos, participants expressed a sense of responsibility and ownership towards their embryos and a general reluctance to donate them. Our findings have implications for guiding future inquiries on this subject, which can better the informed consent process and unravel the role of ownership in the ethics of spare embryos in the Indian context.

Neuroprotective potential for mitigating ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage.

Reperfusion following cerebral ischemia causes both structural and functional damage to brain tissue and could aggravate a patient's condition; this phenomenon is known as cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Current studies have elucidated the neuroprotective role of the sirtuin protein family (Sirtuins) in modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the potential of utilizing it as a novel intervention target to influence the prognosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury requires additional exploration. In this review, the origin and research progress of Sirtuins are summarized, suggesting the involvement of Sirtuins in diverse mechanisms that affect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, including inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier damage, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy. The therapeutic avenues related to Sirtuins that may improve the prognosis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were also investigated by modulating Sirtuins expression and affecting representative pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B signaling, oxidative stress mediated by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and the forkhead box O. This review also summarizes the potential of endogenous substances, such as RNA and hormones, drugs, dietary supplements, and emerging therapies that regulate Sirtuins expression. This review also reveals that regulating Sirtuins mitigates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury when combined with other risk factors. While Sirtuins show promise as a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, most recent studies are based on rodent models with circadian rhythms that are distinct from those of humans, potentially influencing the efficacy of Sirtuins-targeting drug therapies. Overall, this review provides new insights into the role of Sirtuins in the pathology and treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Comprehensive analysis of pepper (Capsicum annuum) RAV genes family and functional identification of CaRAV1 under chilling stress

BackgroundDespite its known significance in plant abiotic stress responses, the role of the RAV gene family in the response of Capsicum annuum to chilling stress remains largely unexplored.ResultsIn this study, we identified and characterized six members of the CaRAV gene subfamily in pepper plants through genome-wide analysis. Subsequently, the CaRAV subfamily was classified into four branches based on homology with Arabidopsis thaliana, each exhibiting relatively conserved domains within the branch. We discovered that light response elements accounted for the majority of CaRAVs, whereas low-temperature response elements were specific to the NGA gene subfamily. After pepper plants were subjected to chilling stress, qRT‒PCR analysis revealed that CaRAV1, CaRAV2 and CaNGA1 were significantly induced in response to chilling stress, indicating that CaRAVs play a role in the response to chilling stress. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vectors, we targeted key members of the CaRAV gene family. Under normal growth conditions, the MDA content and SOD enzyme activity of the silenced plants were slightly greater than those of the control plants, and the REC activity was significantly greater than that of the control plants. The levels of MDA and electrolyte leakage were greater in the silenced plants after they were exposed to chilling stress, and the POD and CAT enzyme activities were significantly lower than those in the control, which was particularly evident under repeated chilling stress. In addition, the relative expression of CaPOD and CaCAT was greater in V2 plants upon repeated chilling stress, especially CaCAT was significantly greater in V2 plants than in the other two silenced plants, with 3.29 and 1.10 increases within 12 and 24 h. These findings suggest that CaRAV1 and CaNGA1 positively regulate the response to chilling stress.ConclusionsSilencing of key members of the CaRAV gene family results in increased susceptibility to chilling damage and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in plants, particularly under repeated chilling stress. This study provides valuable information for understanding the classification and putative functions of RAV transcription factors in pepper plants.

THE CORRELATION OF LEVEL KNOWLEDGE AND ELDERLY HYPERTENSION DIET ADHERENCE IN NGANJUK REGENCY

Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the non-communicable diseases caused by lifestyle. One prevention so that complications do not occur is to change lifestyle, food intake and routine blood pressure control. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of level knowledge and elderly hypertension diet adherence in Nganjuk Regency This research design used was correlative with a cross-sectional approach. The population was 28 hypertension elderly people who actively participated in the elderly Posyandu of Cepoko Village the sample all of 28 people as taken by total sampling. The independent variable is the level of knowledge in hypertension, the dependent variable was Elderly Hypertension Diet Adherence. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires. The data was analysed by Spearmen Rank Correlation test with an alpha of 0.05. The results of the study found that 67.86% of respondents including compliant and 32.14% non- adherence, following the hypertension diet and the results of the calculation of SPSS 25 significance value of 0.000, meaning was Ho rejected. The conclusion of this study was there are The Correlation of Level Knowledge and Elderly Hypertension diet adherence In Nganjuk Regency For this reason, it is hoped that the increasing role of families, cadres and nurses providing health education through interesting information such as using audiovisual such as social media content will be very capable of influencing knowledge that ultimately changes behaviour and compliance with something. Keywordslevel of knowledge, diet adherence, elderly hypertension

SLC14A1 and TGF-β signaling: a feedback loop driving EMT and colorectal cancer metachronous liver metastasis

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) metachronous liver metastasis is a significant clinical challenge, largely attributable to the late detection and the intricate molecular mechanisms that remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of Solute Carrier Family 14 Member 1 (SLC14A1) in the pathogenesis and progression of CRC metachronous liver metastasis.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive analysis of CRC patient data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GSE40967 databases, focusing on the differential expression of genes associated with non-metachronous liver metastasis and metachronous liver metastasis. Functional assays, both in vitro and in vivo, were performed to assess the biological impact of SLC14A1 modulation in CRC cells. Gene set enrichment analysis, molecular assays and immunohistochemical analyses on clinical specimens were employed to unravel the underlying mechanisms through which SLC14A1 exerts its effects.ResultsSLC14A1 was identified as a differentially expressed gene, with its overexpression significantly correlating with poor relapse-free and overall survival. Mechanistically, elevated SLC14A1 levels enhanced CRC cell invasiveness and migratory abilities, corroborated by upregulated TGF-β/Smad signaling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. SLC14A1 interacted with TβRII and stabilized TβRII protein, impeding its Smurf1-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation, amplifying TGF-β/Smad signaling. Furthermore, TGF-β1 reciprocally elevated SLC14A1 mRNA expression, with Snail identified as a transcriptional regulator, binding downstream of SLC14A1’s transcription start site, establishing a positive feedback loop. Clinically, SLC14A1, phosphorylated Smad2, and Snail were markedly upregulated in CRC patients with metachronous liver metastasis, underscoring their potential as prognostic markers.ConclusionsOur findings unveil SLC14A1 as a critical regulator in CRC metachronous liver metastasis, providing novel insights into the molecular crosstalk between SLC14A1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling. These discoveries not only enhance our understanding of CRC metachronous liver metastasis pathogenesis, but also highlight SLC14A1 as a promising target for therapeutic intervention and predictive marker.

Peran Keluarga dalam Pencegahan Perilaku Kriminal pada Anak Kajian Kriminologi

Criminal behavior in children is a complex phenomenon and requires serious attention from various parties, including families. Criminology as a science that studies the causes and prevention of crime provides an important foundation in understanding the role of the family in preventing criminal behavior in children. This research aims to examine the role of the family in preventing criminal behavior in children from a criminological perspective. This study uses literature analysis methods to identify factors that influence children's criminal behavior and the role of the family in preventing it. The results of the analysis show that the family has a significant role in shaping children's character and behavior. Harmonious family conditions, open communication, and the formation of strong moral values can be protective factors in preventing children from being involved in criminal behavior. However, there are also risk factors in the family environment that can increase the likelihood that children will be involved in criminal behavior, such as domestic conflict, neglect, and domestic violence. Therefore, the role of the family in preventing criminal behavior in children needs to be strengthened through intervention programs that support the formation of a healthy family environment and support positive child development. This research concludes that to reduce crime rates among children, preventive measures must involve the active role of the family as the smallest unit in society. By understanding the factors that influence children's criminal behavior and the role of families in preventing it, effective intervention strategies can be designed to create a safe environment and support the quality growth of children.

Evolution and stress response potential of the plant splicing factor U1C

Alternative splicing is a crucial process in multicellular eukaryote, facilitated by the assembly of spliceosomal complexes comprising numerous small ribonucleoproteins. At an early stage, U1C is thought to be required for 5′ splice site recognition and base pairing. However, a systematic analysis of the U1C gene family in response to developmental cues and stress conditions has not yet been conducted in plants. This study identified 114 U1C genes in 72 plant species using basic bioinformatics analyses. Phylogenetic analysis was used to compare gene and protein structures, promoter motifs, and tissue- and stress-specific expression levels, revealing their functional commonalities or diversity in response to developmental cues, such as embryonic expression, or stress treatments, including drought and heat. Fluorescence quantitative expression analysis showed that U1C gene expression changed under salt, low temperature, drought, and Cd stress in rice seedlings. However, gene expression in shoots and roots was not consistent under different stress conditions, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism. This research provides foundational insights into the U1C gene family's role in plant development and stress responses, highlighting potential targets for future studies.

Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of growth‑regulating factor (GRF) and GRF‑interacting factor (GIF) gene families in chickpea and pigeonpea

The growth-regulating factor (GRF) and GRF-interacting factor (GIF) families encode plant-specific transcription factors and play vital roles in plant development and stress response processes. Although GRF and GIF genes have been identified in various plant species, there have been no reports of the analysis and identification of the GRF and GIF transcription factor families in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). The present study identified seven CaGRFs, eleven CcGRFs, four CaGIFs, and four CcGIFs. The identified proteins were grouped into eight and three clades for GRFs and GIFs, respectively based on their phylogenetic relationships. A comprehensive in-silico analysis was performed to determine chromosomal location, sub-cellular localization, and types of regulatory elements present in the putative promoter region. Synteny analysis revealed that GRF and GIF genes showed diploid-polyploid topology in pigeonpea, but not in chickpea. Tissue-specific expression data at the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant showed that GRFs and GIFs were strongly expressed in tissues like embryos, pods, and seeds, indicating that GRFs and GIFs play vital roles in plant growth and development. This research characterized GRF and GIF families and hints at their primary roles in the chickpea and pigeonpea growth and developmental process. Our findings provide potential gene resources and vital information on GRF and GIF gene families in chickpea and pigeonpea, which will help further understand the regulatory role of these gene families in plant growth and development.