Role Of FAD Research Articles

Thermо-induced Irreversible Changes of the Properties of Rats NADPH Oxidase

It is known that FAD is an important cofactor for Nox isoform, as an electron carrier from NADPH to Fe(III) of the heme group then to molecular oxygen reducing it up to О2 [1, 6]. On the other hand, the thermostable Nox is isolated from thermostable microorganisms [5]. However, the role of FAD as a factor in changing the conformation and thermostability of Nox isoform has not yet been determined. The aim of the present work was to determine the corresponding conditions under which the thermostability and production of superoxide radicals are also observed in the absence of NADPH.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide ameliorates hypertensive vascular remodeling via activating short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

AimsFlavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), participates in fatty acid β oxidation as a cofactor, which has been confirmed to enhance SCAD activity and expression. However, the role of FAD on hypertensive vascular remodeling is unclear. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of FAD on vascular remodeling and endothelial homeostasis. Main methodsMorphological examination of vascular remodeling were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Verhoeff's Van Gieson (EVG) staing, Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and Sirius red staining. HUVECs apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry and HUVECs reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DHE-probe. Enzymatic reactions were used to detect SCAD enzyme activity. The protein level was detected by Western Blots, the mRNA level was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Key findingsIn vivo experiments, FAD significantly decreased blood pressure and ameliorated vascular remodeling by increasing SCAD expression, Nitric Oxide (NO) production and reducing ROS production. In vitro experiments, FAD protected against the tBHP induced injury in HUVEC, by increasing the activity of SCAD, increasing the elimination of free fatty acid (FFA), scavenging ROS, reducing apoptotic rate, thereby improving endothelial cell function. SignificanceFAD has a new possibility for preventing and treating hypertensive vascular remodeling.

Aerobic growth of and activities of NADH oxidase and NADH peroxidase in lactic acid bacteria

Aerobic growth of 22 strains of lactic acid bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus was investigated. Most strains grew well under aerobic conditions in parallel with an increase in the growth yield. Homofermentatives and heterofermentatives produced acetic acid under aerobic conditions with a decrease in lactic acid or ethanol in the culture medium. NADH oxidase and NADH peroxidase activities were detected in a wide variety of the bacteria. Most strains showed the activity of NADH oxidase that produced water, and some strains showed the activity of NADH oxidase that produced hydrogen peroxide. L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii NRIC 1053 and L. fermentum H3 and Y6 accumulated hydrogen peroxide in the culture medium, and these strains grew poorly under aerobic conditions, which might have been due to hydrogen peroxide toxicity. The hydrogen peroxide was eliminated by the addition of catalase to the culture medium. The activities of NADH oxidase and NADH peroxidase were enhanced by the addition of FAD to the reaction mixture. A possible role of FAD in the reaction was discussed.