Role Of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Research Articles

Characteristics of Hepatobiliary Fascioliasis and the Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Management: A Single Center Experience

BackgroundHepatobiliary fascioliasis has two phases, each requiring specific management approaches. Triclabendazole has been widely effective in treating the two phases of clinical fascioliasis and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in biliary phase. We aimed to characterize presentations of hepatobiliary fascioliasis and highlight the role of ERCP in management. SubjectsAnd Methods: This retrospective cohort includes patients diagnosed with clinical hepatobiliary fascioliasis between January 2013 and December 2022. Demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory and radiological investigations, treatment, and endoscopy reports were collected from the records of 62 participants. Patients were divided into two groups: acute hepatic and chronic biliary phases. ResultsThirty-six patients were in the biliary phase, and 26 were in the hepatic phase. All patients were from rural areas, and females were predominant (76%). Hypereosinophilia was detected in 92% of acute cases and 58% of chronic biliary cases. In chronic biliary cases, the levels of liver biochemicals, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and bilirubin, were higher at levels of 189±76, 127±47, 268±77, and 2.4±0.7 respectively, compared to acute hepatic cases, 35.6±8.2, 32.7±4.3, 69.2±45.45, and 0.58±0.01. The corresponding p-values were 0.003, 0.001, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively. Triclabendazole effectively cured 93.5% of patients and was used in combination with ERCP in biliary phase cases where the fluke was extracted from the biliary system in 34 patients (94.4%). Three patients (8.8%) were diagnosed with post-ERCP pancreatitis. None of the patients experienced bleeding, perforation, or required biliary stenting. ConclusionClinical fascioliasis could manifest in acute hepatic or chronic biliary phases. Hypereosinophilia was more evident in the hepatic phases, while ALT, AST, GGT, and bilirubin were higher in the biliary phase. Triclabendazole is effective in the hepatic phase and when combined with ERCP in the biliary phase. ERCP is highly effective for relieving obstruction and treating biliary fascioliasis.

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the treatment of hepatic cystic Echinococcus in a high HIV prevalence population: a retrospective cohort study

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the treatment of hepatic cystic <i>Echinococcus</i> in a high HIV prevalence population: a retrospective cohort study

Endoscopic features of low-phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis syndrome: A retrospective cohort study

Background and objectiveLPAC (low phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis) syndrome is a rare genetic form of cholelithiasis. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is often used to remove gallstones in the bile duct. No published data is available on the role of ERCP in LPAC syndrome. Patients and methodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we included patients diagnosed with LPAC syndrome in a single tertiary referral center between 2009 and 2021. Our aim was to assess the frequency, indications, modalities, results, and complications of ERCP, as well as predictive factors for ERCP, in LPAC syndrome. Independent factors associated with ERCP occurrence were identified using a multivariable Cox regression analysis. ResultsERCP was required in 31.2 % of the 269 patients included for analysis. Among patients who required ERCPs, 78.6 % had the procedure before diagnosis (i.e., starting UDCA). Most common indications were choledocholithiasis (53.6 %) and acute cholangitis (29.5 %). Post ERCP pancreatitis, perforation and bleeding rates were 7.2 %, 2.6 %, and 1.3 %, respectively. Age and history of cholelithiasis in first-degree relatives were associated with a higher risk of ERCP (Hazard-ratio [HR]=1.30 [95 %confidence-interval [CI] 1.04–1.62] and HR=1.88 [95 %CI 1.15–3.07] respectively). Female gender and UDCA intake ≥ 1 year were associated with a lower risk of ERCP (HR=0.49 [95 %CI 0.29–0.82] and HR=0.44 [95 %CI 0.22–0.90] respectively). Median follow-up was 10.8 years. ConclusionOne-third of patients with LPAC syndrome undergo sphincterotomy. However, most procedures are performed before diagnosis and UDCA is associated with a lower risk of endoscopic procedure. Earlier diagnosis and treatment with UDCA may further reduce the need for ERCP in patients with LPAC syndrome.

ERCP management of acute cholangitis caused by rupture of Echinococcus hepaticus into the biliary tract.

Hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) rupture into the biliary tract, one of the most common and refractory complications, is treated by laparotomy to remove hydatid lesions. The aim of this article was to investigate the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the treatment of this particular disease. This was is a retrospective analysis of 40 patients with HCE ruptured into the biliary tract in our hospital from September 2014 to October 2019. They were divided into two groups, ERCP group (group A, n = 14) and conventional surgery group (group B, n = 26). Group A was treated with ERCP first to control infection and improve the general condition before undergoing laparotomy at an optional stage while group B was treated with laparotomy directly. First, the infection parameters and liver, kidney and coagulation functions of group A patients before and after ERCP were compared to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Second, the intraoperative and post-operative parameters during the laparotomy of group A were compared with group B to evaluate the impact of ERCP treatment on laparotomy. White blood cell, NE%, platelet, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, Total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase (ALT), ALT and Cr in group A significantly improved by ERCP (P < 0.05); during laparotomy, the bleeding amount and hospital stay in group A were better (P < 0.05); moreover, concerning the post-operative complications, the incidence of acute renal failure and coagulation dysfunction in group A was significantly less (P < 0.05). ERCP, which not only quickly and effectively controls infection and improves the patient's systemic condition but also provides good support for subsequent radical surgery, enjoys good prospects for clinical application.

A retrospective analysis of outcome of endoscopic management in choledocholithiasis in a tertiary care centre

Background: The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as a therapeutic intervention for choledocholithiasis is long established. Endoscopic therapy involves stone extraction using conventional methods after performing endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy. The objective of this study was to determine the outcome of patients with choledocholithiasis being treated in our setup.Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at T.N.M.C. and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai from January 2017 to October 2017. All patients with choledocholithiasis proven radiologically were admitted. All patients underwent elective endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In patients in whom ERCP failed, open surgical clearance of the common bile duct was done.Results: A total of 50 cases of choledocholithiasis were admitted during the study period. Age distribution in our study was from 27 years to 81 years of which, 46% were males and 54% were females. Successful clearance of CBD with balloon sweep, dormia basket, CBD stenting or sphincterotomy alone was done in 38 patients (76%). Nine patients (18%) required repeat ERCP/ more than one sitting for clearance of CBD. Most of the patients had stone size of &gt;10 mm (8 out of 9 patients i.e. 88.89%). Three patients were referred for surgical intervention due to non-retrieval of calculus. All these patients had stone size &gt;15 mm (100%).Conclusions: In our study 94% patients eventually achieved successful clearance with ERCP. Also, the size of the stone was an independent risk factor that affected the outcome of ERCP.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Children: Feasibility, Success, and Safety with Standard Adult Endoscopes and Accessories.

PurposeThe role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the pediatric population was not well defined until recently. Our aim was to determine the feasibility, outcomes, and safety of ERCP in a local pediatric population, particularly using standard adult endoscopes and accessories.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Pediatric patients (aged <16 years) who underwent ERCP from January 2015 to December 2020 were included in the study. Data, including patient demographics, indications for the procedure, technical details, and associated complications, were collected from the internal database and patient records maintained at the hospital.ResultsThe study included 62 patients who underwent a total of 98 ERCP procedures. All the procedures were performed by adult gastroenterologists using standard adult endoscopes and accessories. The mean age was 11.01±3.47 years. Pancreatic diseases were the major indications for most of the procedures (n=81, 82.7%), with chronic pancreatitis being the most common. Seventeen procedures (17.3%) were carried out for biliary diseases. Overall cannulation and technical success rates were 87.8% and 85.7%, respectively. Stent placement was the most common therapeutic intervention (n=66; 67.4%). Post-ERCP pancreatitis was the most common complication, occurring in eight patients (8.2%).ConclusionERCP can be successfully and safely performed in pediatric populations using standard adult endoscopes and accessories with complications similar to those of adults. Adult ERCP services can be offered to most pediatric patients without additional costs of pediatric endoscopes and accessories.

The Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in the Management of Biliary Complication Post-Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy considers a golden surgery for gallbladder removal nowadays, and it carries some complications like biliary injuries, which can manage successfully by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. AIM: To estimate the role of endoscopic management of bile duct injury (BDI) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENT AND METHODS: A prospective study conducted at Al-Sader Medical City, Najaf City, Iraq, during the period between September 2018 and December 2020, included 44 patients complicated by the biliary injury resulting in a persistent biliary leak and/or jaundice after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and evaluated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). RESULTS: Findings revealed that 25% of cases had complete BDI, only one managed by plastic stent placement, the other 10 referred for open surgical constructions, 61% had partial injury associated with the biliary leak, all managed by sphincterotomy and plastic stent placement through ERCP, almost 7% had a partial clipping of bile duct all managed with sphincterotomy, balloon dilatation/stone extraction, and plastic stent placement, 5% had slipped clips of cystic duct stump, are managed with sphincterotomy and plastic stent placement. Moreover, only one patient, 2%, had distal common bile duct stone with bile leak, managed by sphincterotomy and stone extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a gold standard therapeutic option for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis, is associated with an increased risk of biliary injury due to many factors. ERCP is a safe means of diagnosing the cause of bile leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It also offers definitive treatment in most cases by endoscopic sphincterotomy and plastic stent placement.

Spectrum of periampullary lesions and the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in their diagnosis

Context The periampullary area is a hot spot for neoplasia and lesions arising there often obstruct the biliopancreatic stream, so drainage and tissue diagnosis of any suspicious lesion are very important. Aims The aims were to estimate the frequency of different types of periampullary lesions, and assess the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy and brush cytology taken by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Patients and methods A prospective study conducted at Assiut University Hospital over a period of 1 year starting from June 2017. The authors enrolled patients presented with clinical and radiological suspicion of periampullary lesions indicating ERCP. Physical, laboratory, and imaging data were recorded and data of ERCP examination as well as results of endoscopic biopsies were studied and compared with the final diagnosis after definitive surgical intervention and/or sufficient follow-up. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20, IBM. Results During the 1 year, periampullary lesions represented 18.8% of all cases who underwent ERCP (154 out of 818), including 25 cases with distal common bile duct (CBD) stone/s, 40 inflammatory, 15 benign, and 74 malignant lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of grasp biopsy were 67.5 and 70% when any dysplasia was regarded as a malignant lesion and they were 54 and 90% when only high-grade dysplasia was considered malignant. Sensitivity and specificity of brush cytology was 33 and 100%. Conclusion Periampullary area has a high potentiality for neoplastic changes and ERCP-guided biopsy has a reasonable diagnostic yield.

Gallstone pancreatitis: general clinical approach and the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Gallstones account for majority of acute pancreatitis in the Western world. Increase in number and smaller size of the stones increases the risk for biliary pancreatitis. In addition to features of acute pancreatitis, these patients also have cholestatic clinical picture. Fluid therapy and enteral nutrition are vital components in management of any case of acute pancreatitis. During initial evaluation, a right upper quadrant ultrasonogram is particularly important. On a case-bycase basis, further advanced imaging studies such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasound may be warranted. Acute management also involves monitoring for local and systemic complications. Patients are triaged based on predictors of ongoing biliary obstruction in order to identify who would need endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Index cholecystectomy is safe and recommended, with exception of cases with significant local and systemic complications where delayed cholecystectomy may be safer.

Role of ERCP in Diagnosis and Treatment of Type I Mirizzi Syndrome: A Case Series with Review of Literature

Background/aim: Mirizzi syndrome is a rare condition complicating long-standing gallstones disease. The aim of this study is to define, through a 17 year-experience, the role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and the treatment of Mirizzi syndrome type I according to Csendes classification. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study including patients diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome type I, between 2002 and 2019 was conducted in the department of digestive endoscopy of our university hospital. Data collected included demographic, clinical, biological and imaging findings. Endoscopic characteristics and procedures used for treatment were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Type I Mirizzi syndrome was diagnosed during ERCP in 0,48% of patients with gallstone disease, the median age was 55.5 (46-69.5) without gender difference. 50% of our cases were diagnosed before surgery. Endoscopic therapeutic procedures included biliary decompression techniques using nasal bile drainage or plastic stents, balloon sweeping after selective catheterization of cystic duct and large balloon papillary dilation with double cannulation. The success rate of endoscopic management was 66,6%. Surgical treatment was performed at the same time as laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with lithiasic gall bladder. Conclusions: Mirizzi syndrome remains a fascinating and rare condition complicating gallstone disease with no uniform guidelines to date. Our study emphasizes the role of ERCP as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in the management of type I Mirizzi syndrome.

What Is the Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreato-Grahy in the Management of Hepatic Hydatid Disease Complications?

Liver hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease that is endemic in Morocco. Its gravity is essentially due to its complications, such as Intrabiliary rupture. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy in the management of intrabiliary rupture of hydatid disease of the liver. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study in the department of Gastroenterology in the University Hospital Hassan II of Fez over a period of 12 years from March 2005 to October 2017. All patients admitted for hepatic hydatid disease and who received ERCP were included. We analyzed the success rate of catheterization of the common bile duct (CBD), the successful clearance of the bile duct and the complications. Results: 2860 patients had received therapeutic ERCP, 151 patients (5.3%) had hepatic hydatid disease, 112 of which had intrabiliary disruption of hepatic hydatid and 39 patients were admitted for sphincteromy for reversal of the flow after surgery of hydatid cyst. The average age of our patients was 41 years old [12 - 85]. The sex ratio F/H = was 1.12. 74% (N = 112) patients were admitted to a table cholangitis and 26% of cases were operated for KHF fistulized in the bile ducts with persistence of a large biliary flow in post-operative (39 cases). The success of initial catheterization of the commun bile duct was achieved for 138 patients (91%) or obtained secondarily after precut for 13 patients. The evacuation of hydatid membranes was carried out in 51% of them (N = 78); twenty two (14.5%) patients had one or more calculations with or without hydatid membranes. A case of gastrointestinal bleeding post ERCP was observed. All the patients followed evolved well in the long term except for two patients who presented in few months after the first ERCP severe cholangitis which required the use of a second ERCP with successful evacuation of membranes. Conclusion: In our study, endoscopic management of hydatid cyst remains a dominant position, with a very satisfactory success rate and an acceptable rate of morbidity and mortality.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, lights and shadows: Handle with care.

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has dramatically changed in the last years, mainly into that of a therapeutic procedure. The treatment of benign biliary disease, like “difficult” choledocolithiasis, with endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation combined with endoscopic sphinterotomy has proven an effective and safe technique. Moreover, safety in ERCP has improved as well, with the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis and patient-to-patient transmission of infections. The advent of self-expandable metal stenting has radically changed the management of biliopancreatic malignant strictures, while the role for therapy of benign strictures is still controversial. In addition, cholangioscopy (though the direct visualization of the biliopancreatic ductal system) has allowed for characterization of indeterminate biliary strictures and facilitated rescue therapy of large biliary stones deemed removable. Encouraging data from tissue ablation techniques, such as photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency ablation, need to be confirmed by large sample size clinical controlled trials. On the other hand, we have no drug-coated stents yet available to implant and evidence for the use of biodegradable stents is still weak. The competency and privileging of ERCP and endoscopic ultrasonography have been analyzed longer but the switch between the two procedures, at the same time, is becoming ordinary; as such, the endoscopist interested in this field should undergo parallel edification through training plans. Finally, the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy’s statement on non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy is not actually endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology, having many medical-legal implications in some European countries.

Roles of ERCP in the Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer

It has been reported that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is of value in evaluating precise pancreatograms of the pancreatic duct (PD). Recently, institutions have tended to perform magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) for the diagnosis of PD due to post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). In small pancreatic cancer (PC), including PC in situ (PCIS) which is undetectable on cross sectional images, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and MRCP serve important roles in detecting local irregular stenosis of the PD or small cystic lesions. Subsequently, ERCP and associated serial pancreatic juice aspiration cytologic examination (SPACE) obtained by endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) may be useful in the diagnosis of very early-stage PC. Further prospective multicenter studies are required to establish a standard method of SPACE for the early diagnosis of PC.

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of iatrogenic bile duct injury after cholecystectomy.

iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a complication with a high morbidity after cholecystectomy. In recent years, endoscopy has acquired a fundamental role in the management of this pathology. a retrospective study of IBDI after open cholecystectomy (OC) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) of patients treated in our center between 1993 and 2017 was performed. Clinical characteristics, type of injury according to the Strasberg-Bismuth classification, diagnosis, repair techniques and follow-up were analyzed. 46 patients were studied and IBDI incidence was 0.48%, 0.61% for LC and 0.24% for OC. A diagnosis was made intraoperatively in 12 cases (26%) and by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 10 (21.7%) cases. The most common IBDI patient characteristics were acute cholecystitis (20/46, 43.5%), previous admission due to biliary pathology (16/46, 43.2%) and ERCP prior to cholecystectomy (7/46, 18.9%). The most frequent types of IBDI were D (17/46, 36.9%) and A (15/46, 32.6%). The most commonly used treatment was primary suture (13/46, 28.3%) followed by ERCP (11/46, 23.9%) with sphincterotomy and/or stents. In addition, ERCP was performed during the immediate postoperative period in 6 (13%) patients with a surgical IBDI repair in order to resolve immediate complications. ERCP is useful in the management of IBDI that is not diagnosed intraoperatively. This procedure facilitates the localization of the injured area of the bile duct, therapeutic maneuvers and successful outcomes in postoperative complications.

Role of Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatography (ERCP) and Intraductal Secretin Test (IDST) in the Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis (CP)

Background: &#x0D; CP may be difficult to diagnose in the early stages when imaging may be normal. An IDST performed at ERCP may further evaluate for CP, with determination of pure pancreatic juice (PPJ) volume and bicarbonate concentration (BC). The optimal collection time for IDST is unknown. We report our experience with the IDST in 447 patients with suspected CP. &#x0D; Experimental Design: &#x0D; IDSTs performed from 2006-2018 were reviewed, with fluid collected at 5-min intervals for 20-60 minutes. Parameters evaluated were PPJ volume, Secretory Flow Rate (SFR), time of peak SFR, maximum BC and time to maximum BC. &#x0D; Results: &#x0D; Maximum BC was reached by 10-min in 59 patients (13.2%); 15-min: 207 patients (46.3%); 20 min: 340 patients (76.1%); 25-min: 384 patients (85.9%); 30-min: 421 patients (94.1%). Peak SFR was reached by 10-min in 92 patients (20.6%); 15-min: 177 patients (39.6%); 20-min: 240 patients (53.7%); 25-min: 284 patients (63.5%); 30-min: 323 patients (72.3%). Final diagnosis (normal vs. CP) for both SFR and BC was determined by 20-min (i.e. in CP pts, either the SFR or BC was low (SFR &lt;3ml/min, BC &lt;105mEq/L) and remained low throughout collection, or normal (&gt;3ml/min and &gt;105mEq/L) within the first 20-min. Further collection did not change the diagnosis. &#x0D; Conclusion: &#x0D; At IDST, a 20-minute collection period is necessary to categorize patients into normal or suspected CP groups. A study in control patients (no suspicion of CP) to validate these data is currently underway.

Endoscopic Pancreato-Biliary Interventions

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) play a critical role in the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant pancreatobiliary diseases. In the last several years, role of ERCP has evolved from just a diagnostic procedure to mostly a therapeutic procedure. It plays a key role in the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures and evaluation of bile leaks. Therapeutic ERCP utilizes various techniques for the extraction of biliary and pancreatic stones, management of bile leaks, and the treatment of malignant and benign strictures. EUS plays a central role in tissue acquisition for diagnostic purposes. Therapeutic applications of EUS have significantly increased in the recent years and include management of pancreatic fluid collections, pancreatic necrosis, drainage of the biliary obstruction, gall bladder drainage, and EUS-assisted ERCP. These procedures have good efficacy and acceptable side effect profile when performed by expert endoscopists at tertiary care medical centers.

Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Guided Brush Cytology in Evaluation of Malignant Biliary Tract Strictures: Experience of a Tertiary Care Teaching Centre in Northern India

Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Guided Brush Cytology in Evaluation of Malignant Biliary Tract Strictures: Experience of a Tertiary Care Teaching Centre in Northern India

The Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in the Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia: 14 Years' Experience.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare destructive inflammatory obliterative cholangiopathy of neonates. Early diagnosis is important in disease management. The aim was to evaluate the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in diagnosing BA in a large cohort. In addition, we evaluated whether parameters such as bile trace, GGT, bilirubin, and laboratory values in combination can be used to develop a risk score that could indicate the referral to specialized centers. All infants with neonatal cholestasis (2000-2014) who presented to our endoscopy unit for suspected BA were included. Demographics, laboratory parameters, ultrasound findings, liver biopsy results, ERCP diagnosis, and surgical outcome were collected. Value and safety of ERCP and risk factors for BA were retrospectively analyzed. We included 251 infants in our cohort (55% males, median age: 53 days). BA was intraoperatively diagnosed in 155 (83.4%) patients and was excluded in 30 (16.2%). Fifty-six cases were not operated due to the ERCP findings. ERCP was successful in 224/251 patients (89.2%) with no procedure-related complications. The operative and endoscopic diagnosis matched in 96.6% of the patients (positive predictive value: 92.2%, negative predictive value: 97.1%). In comparison to cases with excluded BA, the ones with this disease were significantly associated with absence of duodenal bile traces (98.4 vs. 1.6%, p < 0.001), higher bilirubin (p < 0.001, cutoff 7.3 mg/dL), and higher GGT (p < 0.001, cutoff 250 U/L). ERCP is safe and accurate in the hands of experts in diagnosing BA if the cause of cholestasis is unclear. While evaluating the role of ERCP for diagnosing this disease, we found that the secondary parameters GGT > 250 U/L, bilirubin > 7.3 mg/dL (125 μmol/L), and the absence of bile traces are risk factors.

The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in choledochal cysts and/or abnormal pancreatobiliary junction in children.

IntroductionBiliary cysts with an abnormal pancreatobiliary junction are one of the most common pancreatobiliary malformations. The main symptom is cholestasis; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a key role in diagnosis.AimRetrospective evaluation of ERCP performed to diagnose abnormalities of the pancreatobiliary junction.Material and methodsWe retrospectively evaluated ERCP performed to diagnose abnormalities of the pancreatobiliary junction, mainly choledochal cysts, in 112 children between 1990 and 2011.ResultsWe performed 112 examinations of 50 children with abnormal pancreatobiliary junction and choledochal cysts (15 males and 35 females, average age: 5 years, range: 1 month – 15 years). Cysts were associated with a common channel in 37 (74%) cases, were not associated with a common channel in 9 (18%) cases, and in 3 (6%) cases the common channel lacked cysts. We performed endoscopic papilla sphincterotomy on 33 (66%) patients; endoscopic drainage was performed 62 times, including 17 patients without papilla sphincterotomy. In 15 (30%) cases, we only performed sphincterotomy. Extraction of lithiasis was done in 2 (4%) cases. Both ERCP and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) were performed on 13 patients. There was concordance of the choledochal cyst and of the type of cyst in both methods; however, common channels could not be observed by MRCP. There was 1 serious complication (perforation after sphincterotomy) and 11 (9%) mild adverse events.ConclusionsWhen performed at an expert centre, ECRP is a safe and reliable procedure for children with choledochal cysts and/or an abnormal pancreatobiliary junction. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography remains a reasonable alternative because MRCP has a limited ability to diagnose the precise anomalies of the pancreatobiliary junction and has no therapeutic capabilities.

Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in the Diagnosis of Choledocholithiasis

Abstract Introduction. Retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a validated reference method for detection and treatment of choledocholithiasis. It can be performed at any stage of treatment. It allows for differentiation of bile retention causes, assessment of the level of bile ducts dilation, location of the obstruction level and establishment of recommendations for invasive bile ducts tests. Despite varied course of choledocholithiasis, swift detection and removal of stones from bile ducts should be striven for due to a potential risk of life-threatening complications. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of the retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with suspected bile ducts choledocholithiasis. Material and methods. Based on the literature review, the retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnostics of bile ducts choledocholithiasis has been evaluated. Identification of choledocholithiasis, regardless of clinical symptoms, is associated with the decision to remove deposits from bile ducts. ERCP is the method of choice. Conclusions. As studies by numerous authors show, cholelithiasis can be the leading cause of cholangitis and pancreatitis. Diagnostic ERCP with evacuation deposits remains the most recommended diagnostic method in such cases.