Role Of Dissimilarity Research Articles

I love you but I hate your politics: The role of political dissimilarity in romantic relationships.

Amid heightened political polarization in the United States, have politics worked their way into the bedroom? An increase in political similarity between romantic partners has consequences not just for romantic relationships but for society as a whole; political homophily increases our political echo chambers and affects future generations. We drew upon 11 data sets with over 4,000 individuals (including more than 500 couples) to test four preregistered research questions about the prevalence, correlates, consequences, and potential buffers of political dissimilarity in modern-day relationships. Across measures of similarity (overall perceptions, partisanship matching, shared political ideology), couples in our sample showed high levels of political similarity (e.g., 23% were cross-partisan, with fewer than 8% composed of one Democrat and one Republican). Examining 18 potential correlates of political dissimilarity, we found little evidence that certain factors predispose people to end up in a politically dissimilar relationship. When considering the potential consequences of political dissimilarity, we found a small association between political dissimilarity and relationship quality in general and in daily life. The effect was evident when examining perceived political dissimilarity (over and above perceptions of overall similarity) and, to a lesser extent, dissimilarity in terms of partisanship and political ideology. Prosocial processes such as appreciation and perspective-taking may moderate these effects. Taken together, these findings speak to the need to further consider the ways in which the sociopolitical context is shaping the formation and maintenance of close relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for I Love You but I Hate Your Politics: The Role of Political Dissimilarity in Romantic Relationships

Supplemental Material for I Love You but I Hate Your Politics: The Role of Political Dissimilarity in Romantic Relationships

Phonetic Dissimilarity and L2 Category Formation in L2 Accommodation.

Many studies of speech accommodation focus on native speakers with different dialects, whereas only a limited number of studies work on L2 speakers' accommodation and discuss theories for second language (L2) accommodation. This paper aimed to fill the theoretical gap by integrating the revised speech learning model (SLM) with the exemplar-based models for L2 speech accommodation. A total of 19 Cantonese-English bilingual speakers completed map tasks with English speakers of Received Pronunciation and General American English in two separate experiments. Their pronunciations of THOUGHT and PATH vowels, and fricatives [z] and [θ] were examined before, during, and after the map tasks. The role of phonetic dissimilarity in L2 accommodation and L2 category formation in the revised SLM (SLM-r) were tested. First, the results suggested that global phonetic dissimilarity cannot predict Hong Kong English (HKE) speakers' accommodation patterns. Instead, the segment-specific phonetic dissimilarity between participants and interlocutors was found to be positively correlated with the participants' degree of accommodation. In addition, HKE speakers who did not form a new L2 category of [z] were found to significantly accommodate toward their interlocutor, suggesting that L2 accommodation might not be constrained by phonological category. An integrated exemplar model for L2 accommodation is proposed to explain these findings.

Plasticity in plant defense and the role of phytochemical dissimilarity in limiting specialist herbivory

Phytochemical diversity is an effective plant defensive attribute, but much more research has focused on genetic and environmental controls of specific defensive compounds than phytochemical diversity per se. Documenting plasticity in phytochemical richness and plant chemical composition as opposed to individual compounds is important for understanding plant defense. This study outlines a multi-site transplant experiment in Cerrado gallery forests in central Brazil, utilizing Piper arboreum (Piperaceae), a prevalent and widespread neotropical shrub. Clones from four distinct populations were planted either at their origin site or in a different forest. Secondary metabolite composition varied between populations initially and then changed after transplanting. Interestingly, clones with chemical profiles that were distinct from the populations where they were introduced experienced reduced specialist chrysomelid herbivory compared to clones that were more chemically similar to the existing P. arboreum populations where they were planted. Specialist Lepidoptera herbivory also declined in clones transplanted to a new forest, but this change could not be ascribed to chemical profiles. In contrast, generalist herbivory was unaffected by chemical dissimilarity and transplanting. This research adds to the expanding body of evidence suggesting that phytochemical diversity is a dynamic trait exerting unique effects on different herbivore guilds.

The interplay between spatiotemporal overlap and morphology as determinants of microstructure suggests no ‘perfect fit’ in a bat-flower network

Plant–pollinator interactions in diverse tropical communities are often predicted by a combination of ecological variables, yet the interaction drivers between flower-visiting bats and plants at the community level are poorly understood. We assembled a network between Neotropical bats and flowering plants to describe its macrostructure and to test the role of neutral and niche variables in predicting microstructure. We found a moderately generalized network with internally nested modules comprising functionally similar plant and bat species. Modules grouped bats and plants with matching degrees of specialization but had considerable overlap in species morphologies and several inter-module interactions. The spatiotemporal overlap between species, closely followed by morphology, and not abundance, were the best predictors of microstructure, with functional groups of bats also interacting more frequently with plants in certain vegetation types (e.g., frugivores within forests) and seasons (e.g., long-snouted nectarivores in the dry season). Therefore, flower-visiting bats appear to have species-specific niche spaces delimited not only by their ability to exploit certain flower types but also by preferred foraging habitats and the timing of resource availability. The prominent role of resource dissimilarity across vegetation types and seasons likely reflects the heterogeneity of Neotropical savannas, and further research in biomes beyond the Cerrado is needed to better understand the complexity of this system.

The role of L1-L2 dissimilarity in L2 segment learning - Implications from the acquisition of English post-alveolar fricatives by Mandarin and Mandarin/Wu speakers.

This study examines how the concept of L1-L2 dissimilarity should be addressed from a two-way perspective in L2 segment learning, and how it relates to the learning outcomes. We achieved this by investigating the productions of the post-alveolar fricatives /ʃ, ʒ/ by Mandarin and Mandarin/Wu speakers, which were subsequently assessed by native English listeners. In the first experiment, we analyzed the spectral moments of /ʃ, ʒ/ produced by Mandarin monolingual and Mandarin/Wu bilingual speakers to find out how the two groups of speakers pronounced the target segments. In the second experiment, native English listeners were tasked with rating the accentedness of the Mandarin- and Mandarin/Wu-accented /ʃ, ʒ/. Results showed native English listeners scored Mandarin/Wu-accented /ʃ/ as having no accent and Mandarin-accented /ʒ/ as having a heavy accent, indicating that English natives perceived the 'native vs. nonnative' segment dissimilarity differently from Chinese learners of English, and that the L1-L2 dissimilarity perceived from both sides may work together in defining the L2 segment learning outcomes.

How representative are social partners in Europe? The role of dissimilarity

AbstractSocial partners (trade unions and employers' associations [EA]) and their representativeness can shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners' representativeness, it is important to consider both affiliation rates and dissimilarity measures. The latter concerns the extent to which affiliated and non‐affiliated firms or workers are distributed similarly across relevant dimensions, including firm size. In our analysis of the European Company Survey, we find that affiliation density and dissimilarity measures correlate positively across countries, particularly in the case of EA in which we focus. This result also holds across EA when we use more detailed, firm population data for Portugal. We conclude that higher affiliation densities do not necessarily correspond to more representative social partners as they can involve greater dissimilarity between affiliated and non‐affiliated firms.

Similarity and Dissimilarity in Perceptual Organization: On the Complexity of the Gestalt Principle of Similarity.

The main purpose of this work is to explore the Gestalt principle of similarity and to demonstrate that the use of this term alone is not sufficient to understand the dynamics of grouping fully and correctly. More generally, this work aims to show that the Gestalt principle of similarity alone is not sufficient for a full understanding of perceptual organization occurring both in the classical and mostly in the new phenomena here presented. Limits and incompleteness of the similarity principle have suggested the basic, more general and stronger role of dissimilarity in perceptual grouping under a large variety of conditions. Dissimilarity was shown as a basic principle of figure–ground segregation, as a tool useful to create at will new groups and visual objects within patterns where they are totally invisible, as an attribute that is able to accentuate different shape components within the same object, as a way to distort shapes and create visual illusions, but also to reduce or annul them and, finally, to decompose, ungroup and reshape single objects. The results demonstrated the necessity to introduce a principle of dissimilarity that is complementary to similarity as already studied by Gestalt psychologists.

Functionally dissimilar neighbours increase tree water use efficiency through enhancement of leaf phosphorus concentration

Abstract Water use efficiency (WUE) is central to the global cycles of water and carbon. However, whether increasing tree diversity in forests can increase WUE remains poorly understood because the variation in WUE may result from multiple mechanisms acting concurrently. Disentangling their relative importance represents a major challenge. Here, we conducted a forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China to assess the effects of neighbouring tree diversity on the foliar WUE of Cunninghamia lanceolata, a widespread tree plantation species in China. We measured foliar δ13C as a proxy for the change in intrinsic WUE. To disentangle the relative importance of water and nutrient‐mediated mechanisms in altering WUE, we determined foliar nutrient concentrations and foliar δ18O. Foliar δ18O was used as a surrogate for stomatal conductance and is known to be related to plant water use. Foliar WUE of focal trees increased with specific root length and leaf nitrogen content dissimilarities between focal trees and neighbours. The positive neighbourhood dissimilarity effect on foliar WUE was stronger under a more shaded neighbourhood. Foliar P concentration increased with neighbourhood specific root length dissimilarity. However, neither neighbourhood trait dissimilarities nor species richness significantly affect foliar δ18O. Results from structural equation model suggested that neighbourhood dissimilarity in specific root length indirectly enhanced foliar WUE and tree growth of focal trees via increasing foliar P concentration. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate the potential role of neighbourhood trait dissimilarity in modulating tree WUE in species‐rich communities. Our finding implies that the functional diversity of tree species at the local neighbourhood level has a fundamental ability to control water and nutrient cycles in forests.

Trickle‐down effect of organizational trust on co‐worker trust: The moderating role of cultural dissimilarity and relationship length

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has accelerated trends of globalization and digitalization, making geographically dispersed teams a common practice in firms. Despite benefits derived from the members' diversity, such teams are also prone to trust deficiency. Advancing prior research, this study focuses on links between multiple referents of trust. We draw on halo and priming effects to suggest that employees' trust toward their organization could trickle‐down to trust in their co‐workers. Moreover, we highlight the moderating role of cultural dissimilarity and relationship length. Analyzing 317 relationships between Turkish employees and their co‐workers of Turkish and German cultural background, we present evidence for a trickle‐down effect of organizational trust on trust in co‐workers. We also find that the trickle‐down effect of trust is stronger when cultural dissimilarity is high than when it is low, suggesting that trust in the organizations may outweigh cultural barriers that could hamper trust between co‐workers.

How Representative are Social Partners in Europe? The Role of Dissimilarity

Social partners (trade unions and employers' associations) shape labour institutions and economic and social outcomes in many countries. In this paper, we argue that, when examining social partners' representativeness, it is important to consider both affiliation and dissimilarity measures. The latter concerns the extent to which affiliated and non- affiliated firms or workers are distributed similarly across relevant dimensions, including firm size. In our analysis of European Company Survey data, we find that affiliation and dissimilarity measures correlate positively across countries, particularly in the case of employers' associations. This result also holds across employers' associations when we use firm population data for Portugal. Overall, we conclude that higher affiliation rates do not necessarily equate to more representative social partners as they can involve greater dissimilarity between affiliated and non-affiliated firms.

Tree species mixing causes a shift in fine‐root soil exploitation strategies across European forests

Abstract Mixed‐species forests have often been shown to enhance above‐ground ecosystem properties and processes. Despite the significance of fine roots for tree and ecosystem functioning, the role of tree species diversity for below‐ground processes driven by fine roots remains largely unknown. Previously, an underyielding of fine‐root biomass (FRB) in tree mixtures across four major European forest types has been reported. To explain this phenomenon, we tested here the effect of tree species mixing on fine‐root traits related to soil exploitation efficiency, including biotic feedbacks from ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcM), and assessed the role of root trait dissimilarity. We analysed morphological and chemical traits as well as ectomycorrhizal colonisation intensity of absorptive fine roots (i.e. first three most distal orders) in soil samples from 315 mixed and mono‐specific tree neighbourhoods in mainly mature, semi‐natural forest stands across Europe. Additionally, we quantified mycorrhizal abundance and diversity in soil samples from the same stands. At the community level, fine roots in tree mixtures were characterised by higher specific root lengths and root nitrogen concentrations, lower diameters and root tissue densities indicating a faster resource acquisition strategy compared to mono‐specific stands. The higher root EcM colonisation intensity and soil EcM diversity in mixtures compared to mono‐specific stands may further provide evidence for positive biotic feedbacks. Moreover, the diversity of fine‐root traits influenced FRB, as mixtures characterised by a higher trait dissimilarity were linked to a lower reduction in FRB. At the level of phylogenetic groups, thin‐rooted angiosperm species showed stronger responses to mixing than thick‐rooted gymnosperms, especially in terms of root morphology and EcM colonisation, indicating different strategies of response to tree mixing. Our results indicate that a lower FRB can reflect a shift in soil resource acquisition strategies, rather than a lower performance of trees in mixtures. They show that several non‐exclusive mechanisms can simultaneously explain negative net effects of mixing on FRB. This study sheds new light on the importance of using integrative approaches including both above‐ and below‐ground biomass and traits to study diversity effects on plant productivity. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

The Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in Thailand

aim of this research is to investigate the influence of HR perception of the employees on the HR perceptions of managers in the pharmacy business in Another aim of the study is to analyze the mediating role of employee demographic dissimilarity among the relationship of HR perception of the employees and HR perceptions of managers. HR managers and their employees are respondent of the research and PLS-SEM was employed for the validity and hypotheses testing. results uphold that the HR perception of the employees has positive nexus with the HR perceptions of managers in the pharmacy business in outcomes also revealed that employee demographic dissimilarity mediates among the nexus of HR perception of the employees and HR perceptions of managers. These outputs of the article suggested and guided to the regulation making authorities that they should increases their emphasis on the HR practices of both employee and managers that enhance their performance for the organization. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in SRP. 2020; 11(1): 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 Web Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=85555 [Access: March 28, 2021]. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in SRP. 2020; 11(1): 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in SRP. (2020), [cited March 28, 2021]; 11(1): 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 Harvard Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop (2020) Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in SRP, 11 (1), 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 Turabian Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. 2020. Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (1), 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 Chicago Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. The Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop. The Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.1 (2020), 472-480. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Suwita Prugsaapotn, Ratirath Na Songkhla, Panida Ninaroon, Narongrid Asavaroungpipop (2020) Impact of Human Resource Perception of Employees on the Human Resource Perception of Managers in the Pharmacy Companies in Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (1), 472-480. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.59

Family functioning and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: The role of dissimilarity in illness representations and school support.

This study analyzed the impact of dissimilarities in illness perceptions between parents and adolescents, school support, and family functioning on quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A total of 100 adolescents diagnosed with T1D for at least 1 year and a primary caregiver participated in the study (N=200). Adolescents answered the Diabetes Quality of Life and the School Support Questionnaire, and parents answered the general functioning subscale of the Family Assessment Device. Both answered the Brief-Illness Perception Questionnaire, regarding the adolescents' diabetes. The interception effect of dissimilarities regarding identity and concerns perceptions toward diabetes, between parents and adolescents, and school support in the relationship between family functioning and quality of life was significant and explained 27% and 32% of the variance, respectively. The results showed a negative relationship between family functioning and quality of life when school support was low and dissimilarities in identity and concerns perceptions were high. Therefore, to increase quality of life of adolescents with T1D, intervention programs should include family, teachers, school staff, and peers to improve their knowledge of diabetes and support to adolescents.

Scientific representation and dissimilarity

In this essay, I examine the role of dissimilarity in scientific representation. After briefly reviewing some of the philosophical literature which places a strong emphasis on the role of similarity, I turn to examine some work from Carroll and Borges which demonstrates that perfect similarity is not valuable in the representational use of maps. Expanding on this insight, I go on to argue that this shows that dissimilarity is an important part of the representational use of maps—a point I then extend to the case of scientific representation. Relying on some work from Latour, I argue that dissimilarity plays an essential role in representational practice, by providing novel forms of manipulation and use which affords the achievement of various epistemic and nonepistemic aims. After showing how this point connects to some other literature on scientific representation, I discuss some examples of the value of dissimilarity in the use of representational vehicles. Overall, I argue that to understand scientific representation, we will need to consider more than just similarity. We will need to explore dissimilarities as well.

Supervisor Workplace Incivility: An Experimental Investigation of the Role of Cultural Dissimilarity

The current study sought to better understand differences in perceptions of incivility, to determine whether culture plays a role in the attributions made in perceiving uncivil behavior, to assess ...

You and I have nothing in common: The role of dissimilarity in interpersonal influence

Source characteristics are a key determinant of preferences and choice in the interpersonal influence process. Extant literature documents the positive impact of similarity between oneself and an opinion provider on advice taking, but much less is known about how dissimilarity affects choice. While earlier research assumed that people ignore or discount the opinions of dissimilar others, we argue that dissimilarity can lead to preference and choice contrast. We posit that perceptions of dissimilarity trigger a more general hypothesis of dissimilarity. As a result, a preference contrast is observed, driven by people’s tendency to interpret the provided opinion in a way that confirms their dissimilarity hypothesis. Five studies confirm the emergence of preference and choice contrast due to dissimilarity, and support the proposed mechanism. We discuss the relevance of proper baseline conditions for (dis)similarity research, as well as implications for research within the domain of interpersonal influence.

Leadership expectation gap and LMX quality: ethnic and nationality dissimilarities as moderator

PurposeDemographically similar individuals often believe they are similar, in spite of the differences in values, beliefs and expectations. However, dissimilar dyads experience will encounter more interpersonal difficulties due to misunderstandings, misperceptions and conflicts of interest. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of leadership expectation gap on LMX quality and the moderating role of ethnic and nationality dissimilarity between manager and their superior on the relationship between leadership expectation gap and LMX quality.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a quantitative research design. A purposive sampling survey of 137 lower-to middle-level managers working under the supervision of Malaysian and Japanese superiors in Japanese multi-national corporations was conducted to test the hypotheses of this study.FindingsThe study found the following: leadership expectation gap has a significant and negative effect on LMX quality; and ethnic dissimilarity and nationality dissimilarity moderates the relationship between leadership expectation gap and LMX quality.Practical implicationsThere is a need for a comprehensive training programme for both leaders and followers, towards developing their interpersonal skills on how to work better and more effectively in the workplace. Furthermore, prior to the start of the expatriate assignment, organisations can help expatriate superiors to adapt themselves by providing pre-departure and cross-cultural training.Originality/valueThis paper addresses an important and not so well researched issue. It analyses the moderation effect of ethnic and nationality dissimilarity between manager and their superior on the relationship between leadership expectation gap on LMX quality in the Malaysian context.

Female Japanese quail visually differentiate testosterone-dependent male attractiveness for mating preferences

Biased mating due to female preferences towards certain traits in males is a major mechanism driving sexual selection, and may constitute an important evolutionary force in organisms with sexual reproduction. In birds, although the role of male ornamentation, plumage coloration, genetic dissimilarity, and body size have on mate selection by females have been examined extensively, few studies have clarified exactly how these characteristics affect female mate preferences. Here, we show that testosterone (T)-dependent male attractiveness enhances female preference for males of a polygamous species, the Japanese quail. A significant positive correlation between female mating preference and circulating T in the male was observed. The cheek feathers of attractive males contained higher levels of melanin and were more brightly colored. The ability of females to distinguish attractive males from other males was negated when the light source was covered with a sharp cut filter (cutoff; < 640 nm). When females were maintained under short-day conditions, the expression of retinal red-sensitive opsin decreased dramatically and they became insensitive to male attractiveness. Our results showed that female preference in quail is strongly stimulated by male feather coloration in a T-dependent manner and that female birds develop a keen sense for this coloration due to upregulation of retinal red-sensitive opsin under breeding conditions.

SBNR Identity: The Role of Impersonal God Representations, Individualistic Spirituality, and Dissimilarity With Religious Groups

ABSTRACTWe conducted two studies investigating the extent to which self-identification as Spiritual but not Religious (SBNR) was associated with (H1) the development of idiosyncratic religious beliefs and exposure to religious diversity and/or (H2) negative attitudes toward organized religion and being hurt by members of a religious group. In Study 1, SBNRs scored higher than religious and nonreligious participants on belief in God as an impersonal cosmic force (but not as a personal being) and individualistic spirituality. Although SBNRs had positive attitudes toward religion, they were less positive than those identifying as religious. Exposure to religious diversity and hurt by religious groups were not significant predictors of SBNR. We replicated these results in Study 2 using a multi-item measure of God representations and also found that SBNRs’ attitudes toward religion were predicted by a perceived dissimilarity with religious groups over and above individualism, secular group participation, perceptions of Christianity as too structured, and liberalism.