Role Of Diplomacy Research Articles

“Twists and Turns”: Chief Leabua Jonathan and Cross-Border Collaborations with South Africa, 1965–1976/7

Chief Leabua Jonathan’s term as prime minister of Lesotho (then Basutoland) began in 1965, the year before the nation’s independence from Britain. During his tenure, he remained one of the few regional leaders whose leadership until the end of his term in 1976/7 was marked by a pattern of inconsistency and contradiction towards apartheid South Africa. This article attempts to illuminate the nexus between his relationship with South Africa and the consequences thereof. Furthermore, it discusses how the mid-1960s and late 1970s became a crucial period for his leadership. His prime ministership and the “twists and turns” in his foreign policy vis-à-vis South Africa are discussed. Here the diplomatic role he played within the ambit of “small states theory” and his country’s foreign policy is investigated. The article shows how under Jonathan, state politics and regional cross-border struggles and collaborations led to disputes regarding the sovereignty of Lesotho.

The Art of Diplomacy in Modern Military Conflicts

The article reflects the process of forming a new world order in the context of the Global Hybrid War unleashed by the United States and NATO and the active use of its tools against the victims of aggression. The role of diplomacy in managing the processes of escalation and containment of modern military confl icts is shown. The author draws attention to the increasing threat of a global thermonuclear confl ict, the probability of which increases in the context of the use by Western countries of a proxy war strategy, which opens the way to large-scale aggression, including against nuclear states. The article highlights the urgent need to review the Russian strategy of nuclear deterrence in order to adapt it to the realities of our time.

Nexus between India and Bangladesh in the Liberation War of Bangladesh: Consequences of International Agreement

The support of India and the Soviet Union was very important in the liberation war of Bangladesh, 1971 and the then East Pakistan witnessed a brutal struggle for independence. Amidst the liberation war a triangle web of international alliances and strategic moves attempt to create hegemony in this region. However, it is very urgent to understand the background of why and how India was active, and its attitude was positive in the liberation war of Bangladesh. The present study will investigate these research questions through secondary sources. This present study is qualitative in nature and historical events were explained leveraging the decision making and games theory as theoretical framework. The historic Indo-Soviet Treaty had an immediate impact on the decisive battle between India and Pakistan in the eastern war theater. This paper deals with the explanation for establishing a treaty that was signed between the Soviet Union and India. A focus has been made on the reasons for India's diplomatic role in the liberation war of Bangladesh. This paper also highlights that the friendship treaty between these two countries was not signed to help and aid East Pakistan, but its background prevailed in the 1954 SEATO treaty and aftermath in 1955 Bandung conference that made close friendship ties with USSR and India. Geopolitics, history and international politics played a vital role in signing the treaty that created a nexus between India and Bangladesh during liberation war of Bangladesh.

Networks between Ireland and the Irish American Diaspora during the Northern Ireland Peace Process

Abstract This article explores the complex relationship between the network of actors in the United States and Ireland who sought to influence American foreign policy in the Northern Ireland peace process. These networks operated in civil society, representing numerous Irish American organizations linking corporate and church leaders and the media to members of the Irish American diaspora in government to influence the United States’ diplomacy. These Irish American groups and individuals interested in influencing events in Northern Ireland were linked with a wide array of governmental and non-governmental actors in Ireland. Often, Americans were quite deferential to leaders and groups in Ireland and Northern Ireland who sought to mobilize the Irish diaspora in the United States for their cause. Thus, the United States’ role in Ireland and Northern Ireland was not that of a hegemonic power but one of an empathetic actor responding to developments and cues provided by various actors in the Irish context. Transatlantic networking, made more possible due to technological changes in communication and transportation, facilitated increased exchanges of ideas, agents, and information. These networks allowed groups across the Atlantic to elicit support for local groups in Northern Ireland and mobilize the US government to play a political and diplomatic role in the conflict and peace process. Ultimately, the majority of Irish Americans moved from supporting the nationalist/republican side in the early years of the Troubles to becoming strong supporters of the peace process in the 1990s.

Diplomatic webs: the influential figures shaping U.S. policy in Israel, Qatar, and Iraq

Abstract Purpose This study examines the Twitter/X networks of U.S. ambassadors in Israel, Iraq, and Qatar from 2017 to 2024, aiming to assess how digital diplomacy is conducted through these platforms. Utilizing Sprinklr, we gathered 586,736 mentions involving the ambassadors’ Twitter handles, with a focus on evaluating the influence and communication strategies within these networks. Design/methodology/approach We analyzed a random sample of 30,000 tweets from the collected data using network analysis techniques. This approach enabled the examination of centrality metrics within the ambassadors’ digital networks, providing insights into the influence patterns and communicative interactions via Gephi. Findings The analysis revealed a significant influence of state actors and established political elites who predominantly engage in unidirectional communication, despite the platforms’ capabilities for interactive and reciprocal dialogues. We identified elected officials and specific non-governmental organizations as key actors shaping the diplomatic narratives, highlighting the diverse yet controlled actor interplay in digital diplomacy. Practical implications This research underscores the need for strategic adjustments in digital diplomacy practices to enhance interaction and inclusivity. Our work provides policymakers with insights into leveraging digital platforms for more effective and dynamic diplomatic exchanges. Social implications The study illuminates the role of digital platforms as critical venues for shaping diplomatic narratives by both state and non-state actors. Notably, our findings highlight the use of hashtags in advancing human rights movements and in discussions surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, demonstrating hashtags’ impact on global and regional advocacy efforts. Originality/value This research offers a unique perspective on the integration of traditional diplomatic roles with contemporary digital strategies, particularly highlighting the constraints and potentials within Middle Eastern contexts. We suggest ways to enhance the inclusivity and effectiveness of diplomatic engagements through improved social media utilization, thereby contributing to the evolving field of international relations and public diplomacy.

The Role of Diplomacy in the Transition from Look East to Act East Policy: A Comparative Study

Abstract: The pivotal role of diplomacy in the transition from India’s Look East Policy to the Act East Policy offers a comparative study of the two strategic frameworks. The Look East Policy, initiated in the early 1990s, marked India’s proactive engagement with Southeast Asia to enhance economic and strategic ties. In 2014, the policy evolved into the Act East Policy, reflecting a more dynamic and assertive approach to the region. This study delves into the historical background of both policies, highlighting the factors that necessitated this strategic shift. Through an in-depth analysis of diplomatic strategies, this paper compares the approaches used during the Look East and Act East periods. Specific case studies of diplomatic engagements with key Southeast Asian nations and regional organizations, such as ASEAN, illustrate the changes and continuities in India’s foreign policy. The study also examines India’s role in regional and multilateral forums, assessing how its participation and influence have evolved. Economic diplomacy is a crucial aspect of this analysis, focusing on trade agreements, investment flows, and economic partnerships that have shaped India’s relations with Southeast Asia. Additionally, the paper investigates the role of security and strategic diplomacy in addressing India’s interests in the region. Cultural diplomacy, encompassing people-to-people exchanges, educational collaborations, and cultural events, is explored to understand its impact on strengthening India’s ties with Southeast Asia. The overall impact of diplomatic efforts under both policies is evaluated, providing insights into India’s foreign relations, regional influence, and strategic goals. This paper suggests potential future directions for India’s diplomatic strategies within the context of the Act East Policy, considering current geopolitical and economic trends. This comprehensive study aims to contribute to the understanding of India’s evolving diplomatic landscape and its implications for regional and global politics. Keywords: Look East Policy, Act East Policy, Indian foreign policy, Multilateral Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Security and Strategic Diplomacy.

Diplomacy and MNE strategy: how international relations can influence international business

PurposeThis study, a perspective piece, aims to argue that one particular slice of political institutional operations – the conduct of international relations – offers a clue to the possible risks that businesses face from geopolitics.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the various facets of international relations and diplomacy, including the processes and arenas, to show the relevance of statecraft for firms looking to minimize political risk.FindingsBy understanding the role of diplomacy and statecraft as a process, firms can better prepare themselves for events that have far-reaching ramifications. This is very different than minimizing risk from inherent geopolitical tensions and allows for a more flexible approach to understanding risk levels in the global arena.Originality/valueInternational business scholarship has focused on institutions and their effects on firms and has recently begun to re-examine the role of geopolitics and political risk on firm performance and decisions. However, the current literature continues to have a superficial understanding of institutional processes and their impact on business, especially when it comes to the daily workings of political institutions.

The Role of Diplomacy through Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Geopolitics in the Pacific War

The Role of Diplomacy through Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Geopolitics in the Pacific War

Georgia-EU Cooperation in the Field of Culture in Multilateral and Bilateral International Format

In the realm of international relations, the significance of culture and soft power is steadily growing, particularly in the establishment of diplomatic ties and the fostering of cooperation among nations. As Georgia progresses in its integration into the European Union—a political and economic endeavor given the union's nature—its motto of "unity in diversity" exemplifies the European commitment to peace, citizen well-being, and the celebration of cultural diversity. The European Union stands as a prominent example of effective soft power utilization in international relations, with culture representing one of its most intricate integration domains. In the context of Georgia's deepening ties with the EU, a thorough examination of European and developed countries' cultural pathways and experiences becomes imperative. This analysis is essential for Georgia to chart a coherent, unified, and effective cultural policy, both domestically and on the global stage. Following the European Commission's recommendation on November 8, 2023, Georgia was granted the EU candidate status by the European Council on December 14, officially becoming part of the EU's enlargement policy. Consequently, it becomes even more pertinent for Georgia to scrutinize and understand the EU's cultural policy, a cornerstone of its foreign relations strategy. The influence of cultural policy on the EU-Eastern Partnership relations emerges as the significant force shaping their development. Cultural cooperation serves as a linchpin, fostering mutual understanding, identity preservation, and the cultivation of shared values. The analysis of progress and challenges within Georgia-EU cooperation, both bilaterally and multilaterally, offers insight into how cultural relations are cultivated within the Eastern Partnership framework. The EU cultural policy, operationalized through various mechanisms like association agreements and support packages, prioritizes democracy, human rights, and cultural cooperation, adapting to the unique circumstances of each partner country. Examining the EU's cultural policy within the Eastern Partnership context underscores culture's pivotal role in diplomacy, cooperation, and economic development. Establishing an effective vision centered on cultural cooperation is crucial for Georgia's engagement with the EU, positioning it as a cornerstone of the partnership's success. Keywords: EU cultural policy, soft power, European integration, European perspective.

The Role of Think Tanks in the Foreign Affairs Work of the Taiwan Authorities

“Public diplomacy” in Taiwan is led by the Taiwan authorities and joined by multiple actors. Due to the Taiwan authorities’ limited international engagement, they seek assistance from think tanks in expanding “public diplomacy”, as a complement to their “diplomatic” efforts or as a substitute when their intervention is deemed inappropriate. In this case, think tanks assume an active “diplomatic role”. Their main functions are to provide policy advice and decision-making counsel to the Taiwan authorities; cooperate with the Taiwan authorities in “Track II diplomacy”; disseminate Taiwan’s values and build a network of cooperative relations. Their fundamental purpose is to enhance Taiwan’s international influence through exchanges and dialogues, to tilt the international public opinion towards Taiwan, and ultimately to build a network of “diplomatic” relations.

Public diplomacy of authoritarianism: Strategic use of Suzanne Mubarak

AbstractA leader's wife can be a key player in consolidating his authoritarianism through her public diplomacy activities. Taking the example of Egypt's former First Lady, Suzanne Mubarak (1981–2011), this article demonstrates how her role in public diplomacy framed her as a “modern” woman with a mission of “modernizing” women or the country's whole population. The modernization model adopted in these frames presumes the need for agents to transform “traditional” societies into “modern” societies and the need for agents to build more networks of collaboration with the “West.” The second section of the article focuses on political instrumentality, showing how former President Hosni Mubarak attempted to look good, to look democratic, and to look useful to his allies. This process was partly organized by Mrs. Mubarak herself, who used her public diplomacy roles as opportunities and resources to build a personality cult drawn on glorifying herself and aggrandizing her activities.

Biden's Speech at Jordan's King Visit for Immediate Ceasefire : A Critical Discourse Analysis of US Perspective on Israel-Palestine War

The study is the investigation of Biden's speech delivered at Jordan's King Abdullah II visit amid the Israel-Palestine war for an immediate ceasefire. The study aims to explore the US perspective on the Israel-Palestine war through Biden's speech. Purposive sampling of US President Biden's recent speech delivered on February 13th, 2024, is done to investigate the contemporary perspective of the US on the Israel-Palestine war using Fairclough's three-dimensional model. Findings revealed that, at the description level, values of words and grammar through contrastive schemes represent specific ideologies associated with Hamas and Israel. At the interpretation level, text and context indicate Hamas as the only one responsible for the chaos and Israel as the bearer of circumstances. At the explanation phase, the speech seems normative as the US projects its diplomatic role as a global power in sustaining peace and seems to support Israel due to shared cultural values.

The Diplomatic Role of the Non-Aligned Movement in Strengthening Contemporary International Relations

The Diplomatic Role of the Non-Aligned Movement in Strengthening Contemporary International Relations

The Nature and Scope of Diplomatic History

Diplomatic history is a subfield of history that focuses on the interactions and relationships between states and their representatives. It is concerned with the nature of diplomacy and the role it plays in shaping international relations. Diplomatic history also encompasses a wide range of areas including the study of treaties, alliances, war and peace, and the role of diplomacy in shaping the modern world. More so, the discipline looks at the influence of non-state actors, such as individuals, corporations, and NGOs, on the course of diplomatic history. In addition, the scope of diplomatic history is vast and covers a range of historical periods and regions. The field also studies the impact of culture, emotions, and identity on diplomatic interactions. However, the discipline is faced by some challenges and limitations. Some historians argue that diplomatic history is too focused on state actors and official sources, and that it fails to account for the experiences of ordinary people. This paper examines the nature and scope of diplomatic history. It explains the meaning of history, diplomacy and how the concept of diplomatic history evolved and the role of diplomacy in history. It also highlighted the impact of diplomacy on world events. The relationship between diplomatic history and other disciplines was also examined. The paper uses a historical research approach in its analysis.

Defense Economic Diplomacy in Overcoming the Impact of the Israel - Hamas War on Indonesia's Economic Resilience

One of the most real threats from the increasingly heated Hamas-Israel conflict is the soaring world crude oil prices. Geographically, the proximity of the conflict in the Middle East is quite close to oil-producing countries. If the supply or distribution of oil from this area is disrupted. A significant increase in oil prices in a short time can have a tremendous shock effect on the market, the impact of this increase in commodities will spread to the national economy. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis. The process of Israel's annexation of Palestine will be described and analyzed in detail. The Indonesian government, through the first paragraph of the preamble to the 1945 Constitution, has the obligation to realize world peace by creating a new environment free from sovereignty conflicts, and clear and well-defined authority over economic activities that can take the Palestinian economy further towards the path of higher development and growth. Playing a direct diplomatic role by becoming the fifth of four countries currently the main actor in maintaining peace in the Middle East.

A Study of Indonesian Perspectives on the Future of the South China Sea: Navigating the Dynamics of Asymmetric Warfare

This article explores the shifting global dynamics, focusing on the rise of East Asia, particularly China, and its impact on the Asia Pacific region. The South China Sea (SCS) emerges as a critical area with territorial disputes, notably China's assertive claims and the U.S.'s involvement, leading to heightened tensions. Indonesia's strategic position becomes pivotal in navigating these geopolitical shifts. The analysis emphasizes Indonesia's role in promoting a peaceful SCS region through its free and active policy and ASEAN membership. The Kantian Triangle, rooted in Liberalism theory, serves as a conceptual framework, highlighting the importance of democracy, economic interdependence, and international organizations in conflict resolution. Indonesia's engagement in regional organizations, especially ASEAN, is crucial for resolving SCS conflicts. The ASEAN Outlook On The Indo-Pacific (AOIP) reflects a commitment to inclusive cooperation, prioritizing shared interests. The article underscores Indonesia's efforts to balance relations with the U.S. and China through economic cooperation, contributing to regional stability. Indonesia's economic ties with both nations, guided by the principles of the Kantian Triangle, aim to foster cooperation and reduce the potential for conflict in the SCS. In conclusion, Indonesia's strategic positioning and active diplomatic role positions it as a key mediator, contributing to lasting peace in the SCS amidst the competition between major powers.

Digitalni samit Zapadnog Balkana - ka delotvornom upravljanju procesom digitalizacije u regionu

The digital revolution is leading to structural changes in the system of global relations and shaping a new and different environment in which diplomacy unfolds. Technological innovations have opened up new possibilities that point to one of the fundamental roles of diplomacy in the digital age: "the creation of networks, embracing a range of state and non-state actors focusing on the management of issues that demand resources over which no single participant possesses a monopoly" (Hocking 2006). The changed constellation of global relations promised to present an opportunity to initiate positive economic, political, and social changes in the world. Nevertheless, the digitalization process is characterized by unevenness because it is influenced by broader economic and socio-political factors. That explains why not all regions possess the potential for digital transformation. The global challenge of the digital divide is a reality in many parts of the world. The same applies in the Western Balkans. However, the Western Balkans are trying to reduce the digital gap through regional cooperation in digitalization. This multilateral process was initiated in 2017 through the Berlin process. This led to the establishment of a Digital Summit framework for consultations, negotiations, and deliberation on challenges and perspectives of digitalization and digital transformation. From 2018 to 2023, the Western Balkans Digital Summit was held six times in the capitals of the Western Balkan Six. Within this research, Digital Summit is thoroughly analyzed as a specific case of "multistakeholder summitry" (West 2006) reflecting the crucial role of diplomacy as an activity of the creation of networks that Hocking pointed out. The research question is whether the Western Balkans Digital Summit, as a new dimension of regional cooperation, contributed to a more effective digitization process of regional governance. The empirical research showed positive results. Although the digital gap is still a reality, not only in the Western Balkans but also in all parts of the world, it is smaller compared to the period before the start of the Digital Summit. This is shown by the abolition of roaming charges in the region and the initiation of price reductions in comparison with equivalent services in the European Union. The process of digitalization is accelerated, not only as a result of the Digital Summit process but also a combination of various circumstances. Nevertheless, the regional approach of the multistakeholder summit is a significant contribution to global digitalization governance. The Western Balkans Digital Summit contributed to more effective regional digitalization governance. Consequently, it represents an example of good practice of regional cooperation in global issues, as well as one that preserves continuity and highlights the importance of digital transformation, including each region into global flows.

Prospek Hubungan Maritim Indonesia – Malaysia Pasca Kesepakatan Batas Laut 2023

This article discusses the Indonesia-Malaysia maritime boundary agreement reached in 2023. This paper uses a literature review method to analyze the historical and political context that guided the maritime boundary negotiations between the two countries, particularly highlighting the role of diplomacy and foreign policy in reaching the agreement. Furthermore, it explores the legal aspects of the maritime boundary agreement and its impact on territorial claims, sovereignty and natural resource exploration rights. In the context of international relations, the article discusses how the boundary agreement may affect regional dynamics in Southeast Asia, focusing on the roles of Indonesia and Malaysia as key actors in maritime security and economic development in the region. Comparisons with similar issues in the Asia Pacific region provide a broader perspective on the global implications of this agreement. In addition, this article explores the potential for bilateral collaboration in the areas of security, fisheries surveillance and marine disaster management. Sustainable utilization of natural resources and economic development through maritime cooperation are an important focus, with an emphasis on establishing equitable and sustainable exclusive economic zones. By analyzing all these aspects, this article aims to provide a deep insight into the prospects of maritime relations between Indonesia and Malaysia post the 2023 maritime boundary agreement, as well as provide policy recommendations to strengthen the two countries' cooperation in the maritime field.

Rethinking the Role of Diplomacy in Shaping World Politics

The interconnectivity between politics, anarchy, and diplomacy is a complex and dynamic relationship that shapes the global landscape of governance and international relations. At its core, politics represents the structured exercise of power within a society or among nations. Anarchy, on the other hand, refers to the absence of a central authority or a state of disorder, often challenging traditional political structures. Diplomacy serves as the bridge between these two seemingly opposing forces. In the international arena, diplomacy is the art of negotiating and maintaining peaceful relations among states, even in the absence of a global government. It is a critical tool used by political actors to navigate the complexities of an anarchic system. Diplomacy seeks to establish norms, treaties, and agreements that mitigate the chaos inherent in anarchy and foster stability. Conversely, the influence of politics and power struggles can both enable and hinder diplomatic efforts. Political interests can either promote cooperation through diplomacy or exacerbate conflict when competing powers collide. Anarchy, as a backdrop, magnifies the importance of effective diplomacy in preventing chaos and violence on the global stage. The interplay between politics, anarchy, and diplomacy underscores the necessity of skillful negotiation and strategic alliances in a world where power dynamics are ever-evolving. Understanding this interconnected web is crucial for addressing the challenges and opportunities that define contemporary international relations.

К вопросу о дипломатическом дискурсе современного Китая

The country’s top leaders not only directly influence the internal political process, but also influence the percep-tion and decision-making of leaders of other countries, and play an important role in diplomacy and interna-tional relations. The article is devoted to the characteristics of modern diplomatic discourse in China. The sub-ject of the study is the foreign policy discourse of the PRC, the object is the ideas and concepts of Xi Jinping’s diplomatic speeches. The main views of modern Chinese researchers of political discourse are presented; the speeches of Chinese leader Xi Jinping in 2023 are analyzed. The author concludes that in the practice of inter-national relations, General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the use of traditional philosophical principles in regulating relations with neighboring countries and other countries of the world. The context of the Chinese leader's foreign policy speeches demonstrates their significant role in promoting national diplomacy and shaping the international strategy of China’s interaction with other actors of global development through participation in international programs and the creation of global institutions.