Role Of Command Research Articles

Sympathetically induced renal vasoconstriction during stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region in rats

Central command, which is a neural drive originating in the brain during exercise, regulates the sympathetic nervous system and evokes cardiovascular responses to exercise. To examine the role of the central command on sympathetic regulation of renal circulation, we compared responses in renal cortical blood flow and vascular conductance to electrical stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) for 30 s in decerebrate and paralyzed rats between renal nerves that were intact ( n = 8) and denervated ( n = 8). In rats with renal nerves intact, stimulation of the MLR at 40 μA current intensity significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased renal cortical blood flow (− 17 ± 5%, means ± S.E.M.) and vascular conductance (− 43 ± 4%) and the decrease in renal vascular conductance was dependent on current intensity (between 20 and 60 μA). In renal denervated rats, in contrast, there were no significant changes in either renal cortical blood flow or vascular conductance during stimulation at all current intensities. In a subset of rats ( n = 8), the response in renal sympathetic nerve activity to 30 s stimulation of the MLR was investigated. Stimulation of the MLR significantly increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (+ 57 ± 14% at 40 μA) and the response was dependent on current intensity (between 20 and 60 μA). These data provide evidence that central command induces renal vasoconstriction by increasing sympathetic activity, depending on central command intensity.

火事場における指揮権について : 江戸時代の京都の消防の研究(その1)

This work intends to disclose the ordering system for actual firefighting in Kyoto city under the Tokugawa regime (Tokugawa era). In this paper, it will be clarified who was acted as the command in chief in fire extinguishing performance at the firing location. In conclusion, the role of command in chief was used to be performed by Kyoto machibugyosho (magistrate of Kyoto) supported by Kyoto shoshidai (governor of Kyoto and its neighboring districts) for fire extinguishing team consisting of both of feudal lord group and citizen group.

Role of central command in carotid baroreflex resetting in humans during static exercise.

The purpose of the experiments was to examine the role of central command in the exercise-induced resetting of the carotid baroreflex. Eight subjects performed 30 % maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) static knee extension and flexion with manipulation of central command (CC) by patellar tendon vibration (PTV). The same subjects also performed static knee extension and flexion exercise without PTV at a force development that elicited the same ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) as those observed during exercise with PTV in order to assess involvement of the exercise pressor reflex. Carotid baroreflex (CBR) function curves were modelled from the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to rapid changes in neck pressure and suction during steady state static exercise. Knee extension exercise with PTV (decreased CC activation) reset the CBR-HR and CBR-MAP to a lower operating pressure (P < 0.05) and knee flexion exercise with PTV (increased CC activation) reset the CBR-HR and CBR-MAP to a higher operating pressure (P < 0.05). Comparison between knee extension and flexion exercise at the same RPE with and without PTV found no difference in the resetting of the CBR-HR function curves (P > 0.05) suggesting the response was determined primarily by CC activation. However, the CBR-MAP function curves were reset to operating pressures determined by both exercise pressor reflex (EPR) and central command activation. Thus the physiological response to exercise requires CC activation to reset the carotid-cardiac reflex but requires either CC or EPR to reset the carotid-vasomotor reflex.

‘Bureaucracy‐lite’ and Continuities in Managerial Work

This paper questions three frequently asserted, interrelated claims about developments in management: that centralized, regulated bureaucratic organizations characterized by hierarchy and rules are inevitably giving way to decentralized and empowered post‐bureaucratic organizations characterized by internal networks and an internal market; that, as a consequence, the traditional managerial role of command and control is being superseded by one of facilitation and coordination; and that, in turn, managerial work as routine administration of work processes is being supplanted by the ‘new managerial work’ of non‐routine leadership and entrepreneurship. It is argued that these claims often rest on caricatures of bureaucracy and network organization and are neither new nor well supported by evidence. Against these claims, the paper adduces case‐study evidence which shows that, despite claims about ‘decentralization’ and ‘empowerment’, organizational change may entail not a radical shift to network organization, but more limited change to a different form of bureaucracy in which hierarchy and rules have been retained but in an attenuated and sharper form –‘bureaucracy‐lite’. Consequently, managerial roles continue to be defined in terms of individual responsibility and vertical accountability for an organizational sub‐unit, and managerial work continues to be preoccupied with monitoring and maintaining work processes, routine direction and control of staff and processing information in order to deal with the ambiguities inherent in the dimensions of managerial ‘responsibility’.

The Italian Naval High Command and the Mediterranean crisis, January‐October 1935

This essay examines the role of Fascist Italy's Naval High Command during the months that preceded the Italian assault on Ethiopia in October 1935. It examines the internal political relationship between the Naval Chief‐of‐Staff, Admiral Domenico Cavagnari, Benito Mussolini and the other leaders of the Fascist armed forces as the plan to attack Ethiopia evolved. It demonstrates how Mussolini's expansionist agenda, of which the conquest of Ethiopia marked merely the initial stage, compelled the naval staff (in early 1935 contemplating a future conflict against France and Yugoslavia) to change operational policy and plan for a war against the Royal Navy. Accordingly, Cavagnari, faced with incomplete naval building programmes and serious all round fleet deficiencies, repeatedly warned the dictator, amid rising Anglo‐Italian tension, that Italy would lose any war against Britain. Ultimately, this essay challenges the view that the Italian Navy and Air Force constituted any serious threat to Britain's imperial defence capability.

Role of the feedforward command and reafferent information in the coordination of a passing prehension task.

The performances of a deafferented patient and five control subjects have been studied during a self-driven passing task in which one hand has to grasp an object transported by the other hand and in a unimanual reach-to-grasp task. The kinematics of the reach and grasp components and the scaling of the grip aperture recorded for the self-driven passing task were very similar in controls and the deafferented subject (GL). In contrast, for the unimanual task when vision was absent, GL's coordination between reaching and grasping was delayed in space and time compared with the control subjects. In addition, frequent reopening of the grip was observed in GL during the final closure phase of the unimanual prehension task. These results support the notion that afferent proprioceptive information resulting from the reaching movement - which seemed to be used to coordinate reaching and grasping commands in the unimanual task - is no longer necessary in the self-induced passing task. Finally, for the externally driven passing task, when the object was passively transported by the experimenter, the coordination was consistently modified in all subjects; grip aperture onset was delayed, thus asserting a specific contribution of the central command or feedforward mechanisms into the anticipation of the grasp onset observed in the self-driven passing task. The origin and nature of the information necessary for building up the feedforward mechanisms remains to be elucidated.

The role of central command in ventilatory control during static exercise.

The role of central command in the respiratory response to 15 min of rhythmic-static (isometric) exercise was studied in humans. Voluntary exercise (VE) was compared with electrically induced exercise (EE) at three different work intensities, i.e. 5%, 15% and 25% of maximal voluntary contraction. A group of 12 volunteers participated in the study and each of them performed six sessions. A session consisted of at least 5 min rest, 15 min rhythmic-static single leg exercise (4 s contraction/12 s relaxation) and at least 5 min recovery. Force, minute ventilation (VE) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. In EE, both VE and VO2 increased continuously during the entire exercise period after an initial rapid increase at all three work intensities. Correlation between VE and VO2 was highly significant during EE. During all three work intensities of VE, VE and VO2 achieved a steady-state after the initial increase. During VE, VE did not correlate as closely with VO2 as during EE. All these findings indicate that central command was not imperative for an adequate ventilatory response to exercise within all three work intensities investigated. Without the influence of central command, correlation between VE and VO2 was even better than during VE.

New Trends in TTC Ground System Electronics

The role of Telemetry Tracking and Command (TTC) system in a satellite mission and new trends in TTC ground system electronics is discussed. Advancements like phased array, multiple target electronic scanning antenna systems, very low noise cryogenically cooled parametric amplifiers, HEMTS are seen in the front end. Polarisation diversity loops, loops of higher order ASB, AFC features SPD modes, rate memories, and predicted doppler etc which aid better performance under noise, high dynamic conditions with minimum acquisition time are some of the improvements/facilities identified in the receiver. In the tracking area, advancements made are like higher tones, hybrid systems, PN codes, spread spectrum techniques, DRAVID, BINOR codes, PRARE and DORIS types of techniques are discussed. Different error reduction and security features incorporated in the telecommand function like, higher margins, maximum polling, CRC checks, scrambling-descrambling, authorisation of guarded commands, automated expert systems an...

Skeletal muscle metaboreceptor exercise responses are attenuated in heart failure.

Resting sympathetic nervous system activity is increased in heart failure. Whether sympathetic nervous system responses during exercise are increased is controversial. Furthermore, the role of muscle metaboreceptors and central command in regulating sympathetic outflow has been largely unexplored. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, peroneal nerve) was measured in nine heart failure subjects and eight age-matched control subjects during static exercise (30% maximal voluntary contraction) for 2 minutes and during a period of posthandgrip regional circulatory arrest. This maneuver isolates the metaboreceptor contribution to sympathetic nervous system responses. MSNA responses were similar during static exercise in the two groups. During posthandgrip regional circulatory arrest we observed a marked attenuation in MSNA responses in the heart failure subjects (15% increase in heart failure versus 57% increase in control subjects). A cold pressor test demonstrated a normal MSNA response to a potent nonspecific stimulus in the heart failure subjects (heart failure subjects, 141% increase; control subjects, 215% increase; NS). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in five separate heart failure subjects and five control subjects suggested that the attenuated metaboreceptor response in heart failure was not due to reduced H+ production. Skeletal muscle metaboreceptor responses are impaired in heart failure. Because MSNA responses during static exercise are similar in the two groups, mechanisms aside from metaboreceptor stimulation must be important in increasing sympathetic nervous system activity.

Long-Range Bombing Aviation

Aleksandr Evgen'evich Golovanov (1904-75) was a Chief Marshal of Aviation. During World War II, he served as Commander of Long-Range Aviation (ADD). His memoirs, the opening chapters of which are published here, tell of the important contribution long-range bombing aviation made to the victory over Fascist Germany and of the role of the High Command in solving the problems of AAD during the war.

Crisis management: The role of command, control and communications

Crisis management: The role of command, control and communications

Department of the Army Regulations and Policies for Hearing Conservation

Authority for the implementation of hearing conservation programs within the Department of the Army is established in Army Regulation 40-5, “Preventive Medicine.” This regulation directs all Army installations to institute and administer active hearing conservation programs subject to frequent inspection and review. In addition, Department of the Army Circular 40-2 places command emphasis on all phases of the program. Guidance and policies for the conduct of hearing conservation programs are set forth in Technical Bulletin (Medical) 251, “Noise and Conservation of Hearing.” TB MED 251 specifies (1) noise exposure criteria more stringent than those of OSHA, (2) noise hazard evaluation methodology, (3) engineering noise control techniques, (4) personnel protective measures, (5) administrative and clinical procedures for audiometric evaluations, (6) organization of health education program, and (7) the role of command, medical, and supervisory personnel in the conduct of the program. Although these policies are prescribed primarily for occupational noise exposure, there is overlap into nonoccupational activities of personnel. Additional Army documents provide noise emission standards for the procurement of Army equipment.

Effects of altering ventricular rate on blood flow distribution in conscious dogs.

Effects of altering ventricular rate on blood flow distribution in conscious dogs.

The Role of Motor Programming, Command, and Standard in the Central Control of Skilled Movement

Central control of skilled movement was investigated in a tapping task under total reduction of peripheral feedback with a nerve compression block. Practice conditions including no practice, tapping with normal feedback with either hand, or writing were manipulated prior to application of the block and were given in random order over 8 experimental trials to 48 Ss, followed by 6 further training trials. 2 control groups (12 and 11 Ss) were trained with constant practice conditions. Learning was dependent on constant practice conditions throughout the trial series. Findings were discussed in terms of central closed-loop systems, i.e., motor programming, or standards-programming units. The utilization of these units involves different strategies. Ss were classified as α or β according to their ability to utilize these units.