Role In Triggering Research Articles

Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture, a Case Study of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan

Climate change raises the risk on food security, alters the cropping pattern, and secondly, it also plays the triggering role to widen inequality. The South Asian region is home to nearly half of the poor and malnourished population of the world. In South Asia — Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan encounter similar climate induced changes though they differ in their socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions. The physiological population densities (farming population per unit of agricultural land) suggest that these countries belong to the threat zone in terms of climate change impact on agriculture. It has been obvious that any unfavorable climatic conditions mean poor agricultural growth which will have serious ramification on the countries’ economies. Poverty induces poverty; because of the rudimentary technologies used in agriculture, more manpower is needed for farming thus encouraging couples to increase family manpower to invest on farming, which might lead to overpopulation. This paper evaluates how climate change has direct impact on the agricultural development and broader economic growth in the global context and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). Paper unveils the climate change induced challenges in agriculture with the empirical evidence, elaborates the consequences to the farmers livelihood and food security. Based on secondary information, this paper provides climate change risk scenario and recommends few coping strategies to minimize the climate change impact in farming systems and pathway for the future research.

A Case Report of Pediatric Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19 Association

Introduction: As COVID-19 spreads rapidly all over the world and nations struggle to control it, the novel presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its possible triggering role for other diseases in pediatrics concern clinicians in frontlines. Case Presentation: We describe a 10-year-old child diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and concurrent Kawasaki disease. He presented with prolonged fever and conjunctivitis. His initial echocardiogram showed coronary artery dilation in RCA. He was treated with IVIG and aspirin as per guidelines and discharged 48 hours after the completion of IVIG and diminishing fever. His follow-up echocardiogram showed improvement in a two weeks’ interval while he was quarantined in the meantime and showed no respiratory complications. Conclusions: In conclusion, we think that there might be a correlation between COVID-19 infection and hyperinflammatory conditions, like Kawasaki disease. Further investigations are needed to enlighten the complications caused by COVID-19 infection, especially in pediatrics. In addition, we emphasize follow-up visits (in person or long-distance) in pediatrics presenting with inflammatory symptoms.

Food for mood: Experimentally induced negative affect triggers loss of control over eating in adolescents with low inhibitory control.

Loss of control over eating (LOC) is common among adolescents and is associated with negative developmental outcomes. Low self-regulation, and specifically low inhibitory control, is increasingly emphasized as an underlying factor in LOC. However, the specific context in which these capacities fail remains unclear. The affect regulation model proposes that negative affect may trigger LOC; however, research has mostly assessed trait negative affect using questionnaires, whereas measuring state negative affect is needed to determine its triggering role. Therefore, this study examined the interaction between inhibitory control and state negative affect in predicting LOC among adolescents using an experimental mood-induction design. Participants were 50 adolescents (10-18 years; 76% girls) from the general community. Participants first reported on their self-regulatory and inhibitory control capacities. They were then assigned to a sad or neutral mood-induction (using a film clip), followed by a multi-item food buffet from which they could eat as much as they liked. Finally, participants reported on their experience of loss of control while eating. Inhibitory control (but not self-regulation in general) interacted with the mood-induction to predict LOC. Adolescents with low inhibitory control experienced significantly more LOC, but only in the sad mood condition. The experience of negative affect appears to be an important trigger for LOC in adolescents with low inhibitory control. With a view to prevention and early intervention of LOC, inhibitory control training may be most effective in contexts where adolescents experience high levels of negative affect.

Cloud–cloud collisions and triggered star formation

AbstractStar formation is a fundamental process for galactic evolution. One issue over the last several decades has been determining whether star formation is induced by external triggers or self-regulated in a closed system. The role of an external trigger, which can effectively collect mass in a small volume, has attracted particular attention in connection with the formation of massive stellar clusters, which in extreme cases may lead to starbursts. Recent observations have revealed massive cluster formation triggered by cloud–cloud collisions in nearby interacting galaxies, including the Magellanic system and the Antennae Galaxies as well as almost all well-known high-mass star-forming regions in the Milky Way, such as RCW 120, M 20, M 42, NGC 6334, etc. Theoretical efforts are going into the foundation for the mass compression that causes massive cluster/star formation. Here, we review the recent progress on cloud–cloud collisions and the triggered star-cluster formation, and discuss future prospects for this area of study.

Aspirin alleviates denervation-induced muscle atrophy via regulating the Sirt1/PGC-1α axis and STAT3 signaling.

BackgroundOur prior studies have shown that inflammation may play an important triggering role during the process of denervated muscle atrophy. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin exhibits the effect of anti-inflammatory factors. This study will investigate the protective effect of aspirin on denervated muscle atrophy and the underlying mechanism.MethodsMouse models of denervated muscle atrophy were established. The protective effect of aspirin (20 mg/kg/d, i.p.) on denervated muscle atrophy was analyzed using the wet weight ratio of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA). The levels of inflammatory factors were detected using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sirtuins1 (SIRT1)/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Co-Activator 1α (PGC-1α) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway and the muscle fiber type related proteins in TA muscle after denervation were analyzed by western blot assay.ResultsIntraperitoneal injection of aspirin (20 mg/kg/d) effectively alleviated denervation-induced muscle atrophy. This mainly manifested as follows: The wet weight ratio of TA muscle and muscle fiber CSA of mice treated with aspirin were significantly greater compared with mice treated with normal saline. The level of myosin heavy chain (MHC) increased, and the levels of muscle specific E3 ubiquitin ligase Muscle-specific RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) were decreased. Mitochondrial vacuolation and autophagy were inhibited, as evidenced by reduced level of autophagy related proteins PINK1, BNIP3, LC3B and Atg7 in mice treated with aspirin compared with mice treated with saline. In addition, aspirin treatment inhibited the slow-to-fast twitch muscle fiber conversion, which were related with triggering the expression of Sirt1 and PGC-1α. Moreover, aspirin reduced the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased the activation of STAT3 signaling pathway.ConclusionsThis is the first study to find that aspirin can alleviate denervation-induced muscle atrophy and inhibit the type I-to-type II muscle fiber conversion and mitophagy possibly through regulating the STAT3 inflammatory signaling pathway and Sirt1/PGC-1α signal axis. This study expands our knowledge regarding the pharmacological function of aspirin and provides a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of denervated muscle atrophy.

Follow-Up of Advanced Parkinson's Disease Patients after Clinical or Surgical Emergencies: A Practical Approach.

Background Patients with advanced stage Parkinson's disease (PD) typically present with a myriad of motor and nonmotor symptoms in addition to comorbidities and, as a consequence, polypharmacy. Objective To analyze a series of cases of advanced PD in which a clinical or surgical emergency played a trigger role in the irreversible progression of landmarks of the course of the disease. Methods Data were collected during a 13-month observational period of a cohort of 230 PD patients, in 751 medical appointments. We included a total of 13 (5.65% of the total number) patients with advanced PD defined by Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stage ≥3 who presented with various clinical and surgical complications which, with the contribution of drug interventions, led to significant worsening of patients' overall clinical condition. Results Hip fractures and infections were the most common complications identified. As part of this scenario, most patients presented with delirium, often requiring treatment with dopamine receptor blocking agents and/or had dopaminergic treatment withdrawn. Upon reassessment after 3 months, all patients remained bed or wheel chair bound (H&Y 5) and presented significant worsening of their UPDRS part III score of at least 10 points (mean 51.5 ± 3.3; paired t-test two-tailed p < 0.0001 compared to baseline). The mean dose of levodopa at baseline was 907.7 ± 149.8 mg (600–1200) and significantly higher (paired t-test two-tailed p < 0.0001) on follow-up, 1061.5 ± 175.8 mg (700–1300). Conclusion Clinical and surgical emergencies are major determinants for a progression of PD to more advanced stages.

Health-Related Quality of Life Improvements in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Derived from a Digital Therapeutic Plus Tele-Health Coaching Intervention: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a systemic autoimmune disease with no known cure, remains poorly understood and patients suffer from many gaps in care. Recent work has suggested that dietary and other lifestyle factors play an important role in triggering and propagating SLE in some susceptible individuals. However, the magnitude of influence of these triggers, how to identify pertinent triggers in individual patients, and whether removing these triggers confers clinical benefit is unknown.ObjectiveTo demonstrate that a digital therapeutic intervention, utilizing a mobile app that allows self-tracking of dietary, environmental, and lifestyle triggers, paired with telehealth coaching, added to usual care, improves quality of life in patients with SLE compared with usual care alone.MethodsIn this randomized controlled pilot study, adults with SLE were assigned to a 16-week digital therapeutic intervention plus usual care or usual care alone. Primary outcome measures were changes from baseline to 16 weeks on 3 validated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) tools: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), and Lupus Quality of Life (LupusQoL).ResultsA total of 50 patients were randomized (23 control, 27 intervention). In per-protocol analysis, the intervention group achieved significantly greater improvement than the control group in 9 of 11 domains: FACIT-F (34% absolute improvement for the intervention group vs –1% for the control group, P<.001), BPI-SF-Pain Interference (25% vs 0%, P=.02), LupusQoL-Planning (17% vs 0%, P=.004), LupusQoL-Pain (13% vs 0%, P=.004), LupusQoL-Emotional Health (21% vs 4%, P=.02), and LupusQoL-Fatigue (38% vs 13%, P<.001) were significant when controlling for multiple comparisons; BPI-SF-Pain Severity (13% vs –6%, P=.049), LupusQoL-Physical Health (17% vs 3%, P=.049), and LupusQoL-Burden to Others (33% vs 4%, P=.04) were significant at an unadjusted 5% significance level.ConclusionsA digital therapeutic intervention that pairs self-tracking with telehealth coaching to identify and remove dietary, environmental, and lifestyle symptom triggers resulted in statistically significant, clinically meaningful improvements in HRQoL when added to usual care in patients with SLE.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03426384; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03426384

Le rôle des déclencheurs biographiques dans les changements alimentaires : trajectoires indiennes

Cet article explore les trajectoires alimentaires végétariennes et non-végétariennes, de personnes vivant en Inde, en s’ancrant dans une micro sociologie des rapports à l’alimentation et des transitions biographiques. Ces trajectoires alimentaires, « en continuité » ou « en rupture », dépendent de rapports à l’alimentation (plaisir serein, santé anxieux, social) et de déclencheurs biographiques. En marge des approches classiques qui considèrent l’alimentation comme déterminée par la caste ou la classe sociale, voire le sexe, cette grille de lecture s’intéresse aux motifs invoqués par les individus qui mentionnent des évènements, tels une rencontre, une rupture amoureuse, la perte d’un emploi, une maladie, l’implication dans un parti politique, l’âge. Autant de déclencheurs qui modifient les rapports à l’alimentation, au corps et aux autres individus. Les changements opérés dans les trajectoires alimentaires sont liés principalement à l’environnement social (au travers de déclencheurs dits « exogènes » à la personne) et au changements d’étape dans le cycle de vie (dits « processuels »). Les récurrences dans ces récits renseignent sur la manière dont la société régule un parcours de vie et les nouvelles façons collectives d’envisager la position sociale ou un parcours, de plus en plus biographique. En effet – et bien que ces trajectoires soient organisées selon des modèles végétarien et non-végétarien – les nouveaux statuts « eggetarian » (mangeur.se d’oeuf) ou « pescetarian » (mangeur.se de poisson) émergent telles de nouvelles identités possibles dans la société indienne.

NUCLEAR THREAT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Purpose: to analyze the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemy for the world community and for the Ukrainian community in particular. Methods: comparative legal analysis, cognitive-analytical, data collection systems, etc. Results: some sectors of the economy have been identified, at which in Ukraine should be paid attention to in today’s conditions; the main conclusions on nuclear safety are presented. Discussion: the necessity of a systematic approach to nuclear safety in the conditions of coronary crisis is substantiated. When the world announces an unprecedented pandemic and the onset of a global economic crisis, a sober and timely approach to all aspects of life in the Ukrainian community is needed. Against the background of unemployment around the world and in Ukraine in particular, it is necessary to pay special attention to the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine. Here, the distance will be maintained between employees, and earnings will be stable. It is only necessary to set up small processing plants near the fields and gardens. The development is quite possible by accelerating of procurement and processing in agricultural service cooperation. It is emphasized that the Middle East controversy, North Korean nuclear weapons, the US-Iran conflict, the Sino-US trade and economic wars and other problems have only fueled tensions. Therefore, the coronavirus played only the role of a simple trigger of re-globalization. The analysis of the current political situation leads to the need to control the illicit trafficking of nuclear and other radioactive materials and to increase criminal liability in order to prevent incidents related to nuclear safety.

Thermoelectric and Thermoelectrokinetic Effects in Colloid Systems that Simulate Biological Liquids of Living Organisms

Thermo- and thermoelectrokinetic emf and conductivity are experimentally determined for aqueous solutions the properties and composition of which are similar to human blood (Ringer solution, serum albumin, and Ringer solution with serum albumin). Effect of colloid particles contained in aqueous solutions of inorganic electrolytes on thermo-emf is analyzed. The experimental results show that the coefficient of thermo-emf of liquids based on the Ringer solution noticeably depends on temperature and amounts to significant levels at temperatures of human body. The results indicate that the effects under study may play an important role in triggering of thermoregulation of living organisms.

S3143 Impact of Barrett’s Esophagus on Inpatient Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Atrial Fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic change of the distal esophageal lining resulting from chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Previous studies have suggested that GERD plays a pivotal role in triggering and promoting atrial fibrillation (Afib) through various mechanisms. This study aimed to exam the impact of BE on the outcomes of patients hospitalized with Afib. METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used to identify patients admitted for Afib with BE in 2010–2014. The primary outcomes were hospital mortality, length of stay, disposition status and total hospital charges. Secondary outcomes measured include acute stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and acute heart failure. Propensity score matching and multivariate analysis were used. RESULTS: 11,953 patients admitted for Afib with BE were identified from NIS. The average age of patients having Afib with BE was 72.8 years old, 60.8% were male and 87.1% were Caucasian. Compared to Afib patients without BE, Afib with BE patients had a significantly greater prevalence of concomitant dyslipidemia, aortic atherosclerosis, prior PCI, tobacco use, chronic liver disease (CLD) and chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the Elixhauser comorbidity index score, CHA2DS2-VASC Score between the two groups. After adjusting for possible confounders, patients with Afib and BE had less incidence of acute heart failure (aOR 0.72, P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.59–0.87), less hospital mortality (aOR 0.63, P < 0.01, 95% CI 0.46–0.87), and were more likely to have routine disposition (aOR 1.30, P < 0.0001, 95% CI 1.23–1.38). No significant difference in acute stroke/TIA events, length of stay, and total hospital charges were seen between the two groups.Table 1.: Baseline characteristics for patients admitted for Atrial fibrillation (Afib) with vs. without Barrett's esophagus from 2010 to 2014Table 2.: Selected variables for patients admitted for Atrial fibrillation (Afib) with vs. without Barrett's esophagus from 2010 to 2014Figure 1.: Afib, Arial fibrillarion.CONCLUSION: Despite patients with Afib and BE having greater prevalence of concomitant dyslipidemia, aortic atherosclerosis, prior PCI, tobacco use, CLD and CPD, hospitalized patients develop less acute stroke/TIA and acute heart failure leading to favorable hospital outcomes. This can suggest that the autonomic activity and local inflammatory responses seen with GERD are hindered by these metaplastic changes in BE. Furthermore, administration of proton pump inhibitors may alter pathophysiologic mechanisms that trigger and maintain Afib, and possibly induce conversion to a normal rhythm as discussed in prior literature.

‘Leaving the red Tories’: Ideology, leaders, and why party members quit

What little research exists on why party members quit has tended to find that exit is driven primarily by political and ideological concerns. This research note builds on this, framing this finding theoretically and arguing that such theory should allow for the role of negative triggers – events that cause people to quit. We focus on the example of changes of leadership. Using data from four Party Members Project surveys, we find that British party members seem to leave parties mainly for political and ideological reasons, and because of disillusionment or disagreement with their leaders. This disillusionment, in turn, is often based on perceived ideological differences. We illustrate this with tweets by Labour members cancelling (or considering cancelling) their membership in the immediate wake of the election of Keir Starmer as party leader in April 2020.

Pro- and anti-arrhythmic effects of TRPM4 inhibition on ventricular fibrillation trigger and substrate mechanisms

Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is a major cause of sudden cardiac death. Purkinje fibers (PF) are known to play an important role in triggering and maintaining VF. Previous studies have highlighted the role of TRPM4 channels in repolarization properties of PFs, but their potential impact on arrhythmogenesis and VF dynamics remains unknown. To investigate the role of TRPM4 channels in Purkinje-mediated trigger and substrate mechanisms. Endocardial optical mapping experiments were performed in sheep perfused left ventricular wedge preparations using a high-resolution CMOS camera. Purkinje-Muscle Junctions (PMJ) were localized through PF stimulation and identification of the breakthrough sites. Arrhythmias were induced either by isoprenaline perfusion (ISO; 1 μM; n = 7) or by endocardial burst pacing (10 Hz; n = 6) and their spatiotemporal dynamics quantified with or without 9-Phenanthrol (9PHE; 45 μM), a known TRPM4 inhibitor. ISO perfusion provoked focal tachy-arrhythmias originating from the PFs confirmed by the co-localization of the exit sites with previously identified PMJs. 9PHE reduced the rate of spontaneous focal activity and activation patterns were no longer correlated to the PMJs. However, following burst pacing, inhibition of TRPM4 led to a higher propensity of VF than ventricular tachycardia (VT). For the induced VT episodes, we observed a significant increase of DF (3.7 ± 0.7 Hz vs. 4.8 ± 0.8 Hz) and a significant decrease of regularity index (0.94 ± 0.05 vs. 0.84 ± 0.07) at the PMJs after 9PHE perfusion, while a significant increase in long lasting rotors was observed ( P = 0.044; for rotor number and P = 0.005; for rotor duration). A significant increase in focal activity (15 ± 2 μpixel/ms vs. 30 ± 9 μpixel/ms) was found during VF episodes. These results suggest that TRPM4 inhibition has anti-arrhythmic effects by preventing VF triggers from PFs, while at the same time increasing the complexity of induced ventricular arrhythmias.

Cyanobacterial biofertilizer’s successful journey from rural technology to commercial enterprise: an Indian perspective

This paper discusses the outcome of a study on the transition of cyanobacterial biofertilizer technology from laboratory to small-scale production to large-scale commercial use. The nitrogen-fixing ability of cyanobacteria helps to reduce the dose of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea) needed, so they are immensely important for paddy crops, especially in Southeast Asian nations, where soil quality is deteriorating and where large groups of farmers cannot afford the use of more costly chemical fertilizers. Inundated water is required for this technology to be effective in paddy crops and is also imperative for good paddy crop; fortunately, this is exactly how paddy is grown on the Indian subcontinent. This study elaborates the whole cyanobacterial biofertilizer technology chain and its development process, the triggering role played by industry partners, and industry’s dissemination of the technology to farmers’ doorsteps.

Effects of the electronic threshold on the performance of the RPC system of the CMS experiment

Resistive Plate Chambers have a very important role for muon triggering both in the barrel and in the endcap regions of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) . In order to optimize their performance, it is of primary importance to tune the electronic threshold of the front-end boards reading the signals from these detectors. In this paper we present the results of a study aimed to evaluate the effects on the RPC efficiency, cluster size and detector intrinsic noise rate, of variations of the electronics threshold voltage.

Localised signalling compartments in 2D coupled by a bulk diffusion field: Quorum sensing and synchronous oscillations in the well-mixed limit

We analyse oscillatory instabilities for a coupled partial-ordinary differential equation (PDE-ODE) system modelling the communication between localised spatially segregated dynamically active signalling compartments that are coupled through a passive extracellular bulk diffusion field in a bounded 2D domain. Each signalling compartment is assumed to secrete a chemical into the extracellular medium (bulk region), and it can also sense the concentration of this chemical in the region around its boundary. This feedback from the bulk region, resulting from the entire collection of cells, in turn modifies the intracellular dynamics within each cell. In the limit where the signalling compartments are circular discs with a small common radius ɛ ≪ 1 and where the bulk diffusivity is asymptotically large, a matched asymptotic analysis is used to reduce the dimensionless PDE–ODE system into a nonlinear ODE system with global coupling. For Sel’kov reaction kinetics, this ODE system for the intracellular dynamics and the spatial average of the bulk diffusion field are then used to investigate oscillatory instabilities in the dynamics of the cells that are triggered due to the global coupling. In particular, numerical bifurcation software on the ODEs is used to study the overall effect of coupling defective cells (cells that behave differently from the remaining cells) to a group of identical cells. Moreover, when the number of cells is large, the Kuramoto order parameter is computed to predict the degree of phase synchronisation of the intracellular dynamics. Quorum sensing behaviour, characterised by the onset of collective behaviour in the intracellular dynamics as the number of cells increases above a threshold, is also studied. Our analysis shows that the cell population density plays a dual role of triggering and then quenching synchronous oscillations in the intracellular dynamics.

The physics of the mean and oscillating radial electric field in the L–H transition: the driving nature and turbulent transport suppression mechanism

The low-to-high confinement mode transition (L–H transition) is one of the key elements in achieving a self-sustained burning fusion reaction. Although there is no doubt that the mean and/or oscillating radial electric field plays a role in triggering and sustaining the edge transport barrier, the detailed underlying physics are yet to be unveiled. In this special topic paper, the remarkable progress achieved in recent years is reviewed for two different aspects: (i) the radial electric field driving procedure and (ii) the turbulent transport suppression mechanism. Experimental observations in different devices show possible conflicting natures for these phenomena, which cannot be resolved solely by conventional paradigms. New insights obtained by combining different model concepts successfully reconcile these conflicts.

Impact of trigger factors on clinical profile of migraine patients

Background: Migraine is a primary headache disorder. The study was designed to provide a better understanding of the potential role of triggers in the cause of migraine and their impact on its clinical profile and treatment protocol.Methods: A prospective study was conducted between June 2018 to May 2020 in 323 patients suffering from migraine in out-patient department of neurology. Patients were labelled as migraine on the basis of simplified diagnostic criteria for migraine. A structured questionnaire was used to interview patients about triggers and correlated with various clinical variables.Results: All patients had migraine without aura with males 30 (9.3%) and females 293 (90.7%). Episodic migraine found more than chronic daily headache. Trigger factors were present in 234 (72.4%) and absent in 89 (27.6%) patients. Common triggers were hot climate, emotional stress, lack of sleep and fasting. Common foods to precipitate an attack are tomatoes, cheese and collard greens. Mean duration of headache in patients with trigger factors is 5.67±4.99 years with a significant p value (p&lt;0.02). Mean frequency of headache in trigger positive patients is 15.22±8.28 (days/month). Clinical symptoms significant in trigger positive patients are nausea (p&lt;0.0001) (OR=3.94;95% CI=2.02-7.68),vomiting (p=0.0001) (OR=2.62;95% CI=1.50-4.59), photophobia (p&lt;0.0001) (OR=2.69;95% CI=1.56-4.64), phonophobia (p&lt;0.0001) (OR=5.16; 95% CI=2.54-47), pulsating headache (p=0.006) (OR=2.09; 95% CI=1.22-3.56), unilateral location (p&lt;0.0001) (OR=2.88; 95% CI=1.74-4.77).Conclusions: Triggers are not easily modifiable, and avoiding triggers may not be realistic. Healthy life style like exercise, adequate sleep, stress management and eating regularly may prevent triggers and transformation to chronification over time.

Efficient Induction of Cytotoxic T Cells by Viral Vector Vaccination Requires STING-Dependent DC Functions.

Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated strain of vaccinia virus and currently under investigation as a promising vaccine vector against infectious diseases and cancer. MVA acquired mutations in host range and immunomodulatory genes, rendering the virus deficient for replication in most mammalian cells. MVA has a high safety profile and induces robust immune responses. However, the role of innate immune triggers for the induction of cytotoxic T cell responses after vaccination is incompletely understood. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein which integrates signaling downstream of several DNA sensors and therefore mediates the induction of type I interferons and other cytokines or chemokines in response to various dsDNA viruses. Since the type I interferon response was entirely STING-dependent during MVA infection, we studied the effect of STING on primary and secondary cytotoxic T cell responses and memory T cell formation after MVA vaccination in STING KO mice. Moreover, we analyzed the impact of STING on the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and their functionality as antigen presenting cells for cytotoxic T cells during MVA infection in vitro. Our results show that STING has an impact on the antigen processing and presentation capacity of conventionel DCs and played a crucial role for DC maturation and type I interferon production. Importantly, STING was required for the induction of efficient cytotoxic T cell responses in vivo, since we observed significantly decreased short-lived effector and effector memory T cell responses after priming in STING KO mice. These findings indicate that STING probably integrates innate immune signaling downstream of different DNA sensors in DCs and shapes the cytotoxic T cell response via the DC maturation phenotype which strongly depends on type I interferons in this infection model. Understanding the detailed functions of innate immune triggers during MVA infection will contribute to the optimized design of MVA-based vaccines.

Study on the mechanism of destruction triggering of membrane electrode assembly of hydrogen fuel cell

In this paper, the mechanism of the destruction triggering of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of hydrogen fuel cell is studied. It is proposed that electrochemical destruction is the main cause of MEA failure and the result of other damages. Electron microscopy experiments are carried out on the MEA after 20 h of operation, the MEA after clamping, and the MEA after water immersion freezing, then the trigger role of mechanical destruction and thermal destruction in MEA is revealed. The analysis shows that the mechanical destruction, thermal destruction, electrochemical destruction and the internal mass transfer process of the MEA are coupled to each other to cause MEA destruction. Mechanical and thermal damage play a trigger role in the ultimate destruction and failure of the MEA, which will affect the flow mass transfer process, the flux of the working gasses in the MEA is abnormally increased, resulting in further component destruction and negative electrochemical reaction. Preventing MEA from mechanical and thermal destruction plays a key part of improving its durability. On the one hand, the external clamping should avoid stress points in the MEA area to minimize the external stress. On the other hand, the proton exchange membrane requires lower swelling rate and proper drainage measures in the off state.