Role Of Pharmaceutical Industry Research Articles

Silver nanoparticles: various methods of synthesis, size affecting factors and their potential applications–a review

Currently, synthesis of nanoparticles from several noble metals like palladium, tin, copper, silver and gold etc. has received more attention because of their unique properties as well as their application in different fields. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles play an important role in pharmaceutical industries because they function like antibacterial agents which carry less toxic effects. In case of industrial applications, silver particles (inkjet inks) having regular dispersions are helpful in making different electronic circuits. Over the period, various synthetic methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were reported i.e. physical, chemical, and photochemical. However, most of the available techniques are expensive and not eco-friendly i.e. environmentally harmful. There are various factors such as the methods of synthesis, temperature, dispersing agent, surfactant etc. which greatly influence the quality and quantity of the synthesized nanoparticles and ultimately affect their properties. It is also pertinent to mention here that the main target for these silver nanoparticles was not only to synthesize in nano range, but also require easy, eco-friendly and economical synthesis of the nanoparticles. Therefore, this review mainly goes through the several methods of synthesis of nanoparticles which should be based on the green approach, and easy to be synthesized at low cost. In addition, we also discussed some approaches to fabricate silver-based nanoparticles, their enhanced properties and their different type of applications such as electrical conductivity, antibacterial, optical, photocatalytic properties.

Pharmacoinformatics: Development through History and Its Role in Pharmaceutical Industry

Medicine has displayed miraculous developments during the past century or so. Credit goes to the emergence of scientific research methods. Research on the disease, its causes, effects, precaution, and especially cure has revolutionized the world. Man has been liberated from epidemics and other deadly diseases. All this would not have been possible, had there not been research and development in medication simultaneously. The pharmaceutical industry is an integral part of the medical field. A real boost was given to all kinds of research with the invention of the computer. Data saving, processing, and analysis were never easier. This paper aims at highlighting the great role and importance of Pharmacoinformatics in drug discovery. It also elucidates how drug discovery is done. A portion of it also targets how this science has evolved over time. The particular purpose is to trace the transformations that came with the introduction of Information Technology in this field.

A rapid synthesis and antibacterial property of selenium nanoparticles using egg white lysozyme as a stabilizing agent

A simple method for the rapid synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by the reduction of selenium dioxide using an aqueous egg white lysozyme solution (stabilizing agent) and ascorbic acid solution (reducing agent) has been described. The formation of SeNPs is assured by characterization with UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD and morphological characters that were observed using TEM analyses. The absorbance of the SeNPs is found at 250 nm. The TEM images show that the SeNPs are uniform and in spherical shape of size 40–60 nm. The crystalline nature of SeNPs is assured by XRD analysis. The antibacterial property of synthesized SeNPs was tested against the pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. SeNPs showed more antibacterial activity against B. subtilis (19 mm) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (15 mm) as compared with commercially available antibiotics such as streptomycin and erythromycin. The SeNPs synthesized via this process has proficient antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. SeNPs could play a significant role in pharmaceutical industries for the development of efficient antibiotic agents.

Design of Online Healthcare Systems

Medical Representatives play a major role in pharmaceutical industries in terms of promoting pharmaceutical products to the physicians. The role of physicians in deciding the therapy is still dominant, but in some areas like OTC brands, patients have more and more power to choose between the products. Other important target customers are the pharmacists, hospitals, wholesalers, governmental forces and so on. Pharmaceutical companies direct their medical representatives’ efforts towards physicians. The medical representatives efforts directed at physicians comprise personal selling through representatives’ detailing; sampling (provision of drugs at free of cost); physician meetings and events; advertisements in medical journals; conducting CME/RTM also. The new trends of pharmaceutical marketing are affected by the trends of the pharmaceutical industry itself. The number of new innovative drugs is less and less in connection with the increasing R&D (Research & Development) costs. The development cost of a new drug (including the research cost of the unsuccessful substances) is around 800 million USD. According to industry experts, R&D is no longer the industry’s driving force for growth. Even if the new drug is more effective and has less side effect (this is the pivotal elemental of the drug’s quality) than the other ones available in the market that is not the only factor which its success. To remain profitable, for a drug producer, developing its marketing activity of medical representatives may be the key of success.

How to produce \u2018marketable and profitable results for the company\u2019: from viral interference to Roferon A

This paper looks at the commodification of interferon, marketed by Hoffmann La Roche (short: Roche) as Roferon A in 1986, as a case study that helps us understand the role of pharmaceutical industry in cancer research, the impact of molecular biology on cancer therapy, and the relationships between biotech start-ups and established pharmaceutical firms. Drawing extensively on materials from the Roche company archives, the paper traces interferon’s trajectory from observed phenomenon (viral interference) to product (Roferon A). Roche embraced molecular biology in the late 1960s to prepare for the moment when the patents on some of its bestselling drugs were going to expire. The company funded two basic science institutes to gain direct access to talents and scientific leads. These investments, I argue, were crucial for Roche’s success with recombinant interferon, along with more mundane, technical and regulatory know-how held at Roche’s Nutley base. The paper analyses in some detail the development process following the initial success of cloning the interferon gene in collaboration with Genentech. It looks at the factors necessary to scale up the production sufficiently for clinical trials. Using Alfred Chandler’s concept of ‘organizational capabilities’, I argue that the process is better described as ‘mobilisation’ than as ‘translation’.

Microsphere: a promising approach for drug delivery

The recent evolution in new drug delivery systems plays a important role in pharmaceutical industries. There are various controlled release products, Microsphere is one among all due to the sustained release and controlled release properties.Microsphere are small spherical shape characteristically free flowing powders, with diameters typically ranging from 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm). Microspheres can be produced using several natural and synthetic polymeric materials. Depending on the method, solid or porous microspheres can be obtained for specific intended applications. The variety of methods for the production of microspheres offers numerous opportunities to control the aspects of administration of the API. It provides the prolonged therapeutic action and reduce the dosing frequency, which improve the patient compliance. To get the desired effect the drug should deliver at the target tissue in an ideal amount in the right period of time with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effect. Now a day’s microspheres have been used to deliver drugs, vaccines etc. The article is mainly focus on the various aspect of microspheres drug delivery system along with their method of preparation, technique to evaluate its efficiency and pharmaceutical application of microspheres.

Simultaneous chiral separation of tramadol and methadone in tablets, human urine, and plasma by capillary electrophoresis using maltodextrin as the chiral selector

The stereoselective analysis and separation of racemic drugs play an important role in pharmaceutical industry to eliminate the unwanted isomer and find the right therapeutic control for the patient. Present study suggests a maltodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis method for a single-run chiral separation of two closely similar opiate pain relief drugs: tramadol (TRA) and methadone (MET). The best separation method possible for the both enantiomers was achieved on an uncoated fused-silica capillary at 25°C using 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH8.0) containing 20% (wv-1 ) maltodextrin with dextrose equivalent of 4-7 and an applied voltage of 16kV. Under optimal conditions, the baseline resolution of TRA and MET enantiomers was obtained in less than 12minutes. The relative standard deviations (n=3) of 20μgmL-1 TRA and MET were 2.28% and 3.77%, respectively. The detection limits were found to be 2μgmL-1 for TRA and 1.5μgmL-1 for MET. This method was successfully applied to the measurement of drugs concentration in their tablets, urine, and plasma samples.

Importance of Competency level and its assessment in Pharmaceutical Industry

Both competency level and training plays a major role in pharmaceutical industries. Pharmaceutical industry employs technical people from various streams or fields like graduates and post graduates in pharmacy, engineering, science, management etc. On one hand, competency or basic education is a prerequisite for recruiting technical staff to perform assigned job, on the other hand, training the graduates from various streams is an important task for the pharmaceutical industry. Training and development is an ongoing or routine activity in pharma industry so that both the pharma companies and technical staff are up to date and meet the regulatory requirements as per norms. Even the competency level needs to be improved from time to time, like new generation smart phones, where in we need to update our smart phone to include new features or upload new software’s. If this is not done, we become outdated. Likewise, in pharmaceutical industries, both competency level and training and development go parallelly and complimentary to each other. With regulatory agencies (FDAs) becoming increasingly stringent, both competency and training have become integral part of today’s cGMP systems. Therefore, to make the technical staff more competent and well trained, this article gives a detailed insight into competency level and training and development.

EFFECT OF METAL NANOPARTICLES ON THE GROWTH OF NGOC LINH GINSENG (PANAX VIETNAMENSIS) LATERAL ROOTS CULTURED IN VITRO

<p><em>Panax vietnamensis</em> (Ngoc Linh ginseng) plays critical roles in pharmaceutical industry because triterpenoid saponins from its roots produce medicine for improving health and treating many diseases. Metal nanoparticles reveal completely new or improved properties based on specific characteristics such as size, distribution and morphology compare to metal ion or salt; and their potential for <em>in vitro </em>plant cultures. Present study investigated the effects of metal nanoparticles including nZnO (0.5-2.5 mg/l), nAg (1-3 mg/l), and nCu (1-3 mg/l) supplemented in free-hormone-MS medium to <em>in vitro Panax vietnamensis </em>lateral root growth. Our results showed that metal nanoparticles have the positive effect on the growth of<em> in vitro P. vietnamensis </em>lateral<em> </em>roots with nAg, nCu, and nZnO. At different concentrations, <em>in vitro P. vietnamensis </em>lateral root growth also has various effects on the growth of lateral roots. In supplemented metal nanoparticle treatments, nCu is the most optimum for <em>in vitro P. vietnamensis</em> lateral root growth; the highest increase was obtained at 1.5 mg/l nCu treatment (99.3% lateral root formation and all root growth indexes are the highest). Besides, 2.5 mg/l nAg is also significantly noticed in ginseng root growth. However, the negative impact on the growth of the <em>in vitro P. vietnamensis</em> lateral roots showed when culture medium contained the highest concentration; such as the root growing inhibition of nCu and nAg above 2.5 mg/l. Especially, this decrease was higher with the application of nZnO0.5-2.5 mg/l (decrease the lateral root number) and 2.5 mg/l (decrease percent of lateral root formation).</p>

EFFECT OF METAL NANOPARTICLES ON THE GROWTH OF NGOC LINH GINSENG (PANAX VIETNAMENSIS) LATERAL ROOTS CULTURED IN VITRO

<p><em>Panax vietnamensis</em> (Ngoc Linh ginseng) plays critical roles in pharmaceutical industry because triterpenoid saponins from its roots produce medicine for improving health and treating many diseases. Metal nanoparticles reveal completely new or improved properties based on specific characteristics such as size, distribution and morphology compare to metal ion or salt; and their potential for <em>in vitro </em>plant cultures. Present study investigated the effects of metal nanoparticles including nZnO (0.5-2.5 mg/l), nAg (1-3 mg/l), and nCu (1-3 mg/l) supplemented in free-hormone-MS medium to <em>in vitro Panax vietnamensis </em>lateral root growth. Our results showed that metal nanoparticles have the positive effect on the growth of<em> in vitro P. vietnamensis </em>lateral<em> </em>roots with nAg, nCu, and nZnO. At different concentrations, <em>in vitro P. vietnamensis </em>lateral root growth also has various effects on the growth of lateral roots. In supplemented metal nanoparticle treatments, nCu is the most optimum for <em>in vitro P. vietnamensis</em> lateral root growth; the highest increase was obtained at 1.5 mg/l nCu treatment (99.3% lateral root formation and all root growth indexes are the highest). Besides, 2.5 mg/l nAg is also significantly noticed in ginseng root growth. However, the negative impact on the growth of the <em>in vitro P. vietnamensis</em> lateral roots showed when culture medium contained the highest concentration; such as the root growing inhibition of nCu and nAg above 2.5 mg/l. Especially, this decrease was higher with the application of nZnO0.5-2.5 mg/l (decrease the lateral root number) and 2.5 mg/l (decrease percent of lateral root formation).</p>

Classification of nervous system withdrawn and approved drugs with ToxPrint features via machine learning strategies

Background and objectivesEarly-phase virtual screening of candidate drug molecules plays a key role in pharmaceutical industry from data mining and machine learning to prevent adverse effects of the drugs. Computational classification methods can distinguish approved drugs from withdrawn ones. We focused on 6 data sets including maximum 110 approved and 110 withdrawn drugs for all and nervous system diseases to distinguish approved drugs from withdrawn ones. MethodsIn this study, we used support vector machines (SVMs) and ensemble methods (EMs) such as boosted and bagged trees to classify drugs into approved and withdrawn categories. Also, we used CORINA Symphony program to identify Toxprint chemotypes including over 700 predefined chemotypes for determination of risk and safety assesment of candidate drug molecules. In addition, we studied nervous system withdrawn drugs to determine the key fragments with The ParMol package including gSpan algorithm. ResultsAccording to our results, the descriptors named as the number of total chemotypes and bond CN_amine_aliphatic_generic were more significant descriptors. The developed Medium Gaussian SVM model reached 78% prediction accuracy on test set for drug data set including all disease. Here, bagged tree and linear SVM models showed 89% of accuracies for phycholeptics and psychoanaleptics drugs. A set of discriminative fragments in nervous system withdrawn drug (NSWD) data sets was obtained. These fragments responsible for the drugs removed from market were benzene, toluene, N,N-dimethylethylamine, crotylamine, 5-methyl-2,4-heptadiene, octatriene and carbonyl group. ConclusionThis paper covers the development of computational classification methods to distinguish approved drugs from withdrawn ones. In addition, the results of this study indicated the identification of discriminative fragments is of significance to design a new nervous system approved drugs with interpretation of the structures of the NSWDs.

Engineering Biosynthesis of Non-ribosomal Peptides and Polyketides by Directed Evolution.

Non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) and polyketides (PKs) play key roles in pharmaceutical industry due to their promising biological activities. The structural complexity of NRPs and PKs, however, creates significant synthetic challenges for producing these natural products and their analogues by purely chemical means. Alternatively, difficult syntheses can be achieved by using biosynthetic enzymes with improved efficiency and altered selectivity that are acquired from directed evolution. Key to the successful directed evolution is the methodology of screening/selection. This review summarizes the screening/selection strategies that have been employed to improve or modify the functions of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs), in the hope of triggering the wide adoption of the directed evolution approaches in the engineered biosynthesis of NRPs and PKs for drug discovery.

English

English

John Yudkin: a global health fanatic

John Yudkin: a global health fanatic

Antimicrobial Finishing of Denim Fabrics with Herbal Extracts

Aim: Herbs play a significant role in pharmaceutical industries as life saving drugs. This calls for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds with diverse chemical structures and novel mechanisms of action. The present study focuses on imparting antimicrobial finish to the denim fabric using natural herbal extracts. Methodology: Three herbs, Ricinus communis, Senna auriculata and Euphorbia hirta were screened for their antimicrobial efficiency by finishing the methanolic extracts of these herbs on the denim fabric by qualitative test method EN ISO 20645. The combinatorial antimicrobial efficiency (1:3:2) of these extracts were studied and confirmed quantitatively by performing AATCC 100 test method. The antifungal activity was tested according to AATCC 30 test method. Results: The combinatorial ratio (1:3:2) showed 98% bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli and 99% against Staphylococcus aureus. Same ratio also showed 100% mycelial reduction against Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: The combinatorial antibacterial activities of the selected three herbs showed excellent results compared to the individual finishing.

A statistical-textural-features based approach for classification of solid drugs using surface microscopic images.

The quality of pharmaceutical products plays an important role in pharmaceutical industry as well as in our lives. Usage of defective tablets can be harmful for patients. In this research we proposed a nondestructive method to identify defective and nondefective tablets using their surface morphology. Three different environmental factors temperature, humidity and moisture are analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Multiple textural features are extracted from the surface of the defective and nondefective tablets. These textural features are gray level cooccurrence matrix, run length matrix, histogram, autoregressive model and HAAR wavelet. Total textural features extracted from images are 281. We performed an analysis on all those 281, top 15, and top 2 features. Top 15 features are extracted using three different feature reduction techniques: chi-square, gain ratio and relief-F. In this research we have used three different classifiers: support vector machine, K-nearest neighbors and naïve Bayes to calculate the accuracies against proposed method using two experiments, that is, leave-one-out cross-validation technique and train test models. We tested each classifier against all selected features and then performed the comparison of their results. The experimental work resulted in that in most of the cases SVM performed better than the other two classifiers.

Determinants of growing herbs in polish agriculture

Abstract The paper describes basic determinants of the medical plant cultivation in Polish agriculture. The author discussed economic background of the introduction of these plants indicating the role of pharmaceutical industry in herb usage. Then, there is a presentation of results of the survey study carried out among farmers from the Wielkopolska region. Approximately 10% of the farms cultivate medicinal plants but more than 50% declare some interest in this kind of production, what indicates a big potential. Farmers think that herbs are economically attractive crops if the sale is guaranteed and the price is satisfactory. The demand for medicinal plants is developing and expanding for e.g. dietary supplements and other health-promoting products. Therefore, it can be concluded that cultivation of medicinal plants is the prospective direction of agricultural production and an important element of additional income of Polish farmers.

From native to multifunctional starch‐based excipients designed for direct compression formulation

AbstractThe development of new materials, processes and in machinery plays an important role in pharmaceutical industry. This allows the solid dosage form manufacturers to improve and develop their processes toward the exploitation of direct compression and dry granulation (e.g., roll compaction) leading to relatively fast process and low cost. This review outlines a comprehensive understanding on the physico‐chemical and compaction properties of native and modified starches. The physical modification of native starch has been given a technical focus along with an understanding on the impact of their modified powder/tablet properties on direct compression attributes. All processes involved on starch modifications have been confined herein to the production of direct compression excipients with multifunctional purposes as most chemical modifications exhibit limited applications.

The Pharmaceutical Industry's Role in Defining Illness

The pharmaceutical industry's influence on the process of defining illness can be positive, as when drug companies increase public awareness of disease and develop effective therapies, or negative, if it pushes the boundaries of illness too far in pursuit of profit.

Genome‐Based Studies of Marine Microorganisms to Maximize the Diversity of Natural Products Discovery for Medical Treatments

Marine microorganisms are rich source for natural products which play important roles in pharmaceutical industry. Over the past decade, genome-based studies of marine microorganisms have unveiled the tremendous diversity of the producers of natural products and also contributed to the efficiency of harness the strain diversity and chemical diversity, as well as the genetic diversity of marine microorganisms for the rapid discovery and generation of new natural products. In the meantime, genomic information retrieved from marine symbiotic microorganisms can also be employed for the discovery of new medical molecules from yet-unculturable microorganisms. In this paper, the recent progress in the genomic research of marine microorganisms is reviewed; new tools of genome mining as well as the advance in the activation of orphan pathways and metagenomic studies are summarized. Genome-based research of marine microorganisms will maximize the biodiscovery process and solve the problems of supply and sustainability of drug molecules for medical treatments.