Role Of Law Enforcement Research Articles

State-of-the-Art Violence Detection Techniques: A review

Surveillance systems are playing a significant role in law enforcement and city safety. It is important to detect violent and suspicious behaviors automatically in video surveillance scenarios, for instance, railway stations, schools, hospitals to avoid any casualties which could cause social, economic, and ecological damage. Automatic detection of violence for quick actions is very significant and can efficiently help law enforcement departments. So, researchers are doing a lot of research on different techniques for detecting violence. This research study reviews various techniques and methods for detecting violent or anomalous activities from surveillance video that have been proposed by many researchers in recent years. The method of detection is divided into three categories. These categories are based on the classification techniques used. These categories are: traditional violence detection using machine learning, Support Vector Machine (SVM) & Deep Learning. Feature extraction & Object detection techniques are also described for each category. Moreover, dataset & video features that help in the recognition process are also discussed. The overall research finding has been discussed which will help the researcher in their future work in this field.

The Role of Law Enforcement on Moderating the Relationship between Government Size, Fiscal Decentralization, Audit Finding and Corruption

This study is based on Indonesia's high levels of corruption, as evidenced by the Corruption Perception Index's low level (CPI). In Indonesia, the bulk of corruption cases involve local government entities. The objective of this study is to empirically examine the factors that contribute to high levels of corruption in local governments of district or city in Indonesia and the role of enforcement in that influence. This study applied a purposive sampling method to obtain a sample consisting of 66 district governments and 15 municipal governments in Indonesia in 2019. The data were analyzed by utilizing multiple linear regression techniques using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The results of the analysis revealed that fiscal decentralization, government size, and audit findings have a significant positive with the level of corruption and law enforcement significantly moderates such relationship. This research contributes to auditing practices, government administration, law enforcement, and corruption control initiatives in the local government of Indonesia. Local government is also expected to be able to involve the role of the community to help oversee the running of a government which is free from corruption practices. Supervision also needs to be done by law enforcement officials, especially those dealing with corruption cases. Law enforcement officers are expected to be able to supervise and crack down on perpetrators of corrupt practices.

Compounding Trauma: the Intersections of Racism, Law Enforcement, and Injury.

Purpose of Review Traumatic injury sits at the nexus of law enforcement and structural racism. This narrative review aims to explore the major impacts of law enforcement on health, its intersections with US structural racism, and their joint impacts on traumatic injury and injury care.Recent FindingsMany of the same forces of systemic disadvantage that put Black people, other people of color, and other marginalized groups at risk for violent injury also expose these same individuals and communities to intensive policing. Recent evidence speaks to the broad impact of police exposure and police violence on individual and community physical and mental health. Moreover, injured patients who are exposed to law enforcement during their care are at risk for erosion of trust in and relationships with their healthcare providers. To optimize the role of law enforcement agencies in injury prevention, collaboration across sectors and with communities is essential.SummaryA broad approach to the prevention of injury and violence must incorporate an understanding of the intersecting impacts of law enforcement and structural racism on health and traumatic injury. Clinicians who seek to provide trauma-informed injury care should incorporate an understanding of the role of law enforcement in individual and community health.

Cyber Crime and Role of Law Enforcement to Tackle Online Crime in Jammu and Kashmir

Since the inception of the computer the cybercrime cases have been reported by and large. However, with easilyaccessible internet services, lawlessness has gained momentum across the world. The infractions are enacted indiverse forms like banking frauds, hacking, online piracy, stealing of IPRs, match-fixing, etc. This review providescomprehensive insights into the cyber crimes across Jammu and Kashmir with illustrations of the copiousnumber of reported crimes. An inclusive and extensive description of criminality in the modern world makes thisreview indispensable and significant. The numbers presented in the review are precisely unerring and easy tounderstand. From fake news reporting to social media craziness this review vastly touches the necessary aspectsof the cybercrime doldrums.

Review Strategis Upaya Pengamanan Laut Nasional Menuju Keamanan Maritim dan Pengelolaan Ruang Laut Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia as a world maritime country and an archipelagic country which has 17,504 islands whose territorial area is dominated by the ocean. As a maritime country, Indonesia has 4 (four) points that become international chokepoints, namely the Malacca Strait, Sunda Strait, Lombok Strait and the Ombai-Wetar Strait. Indonesia has established three Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ALKI) for the peaceful passage of international shipping, which are guaranteed by international and national law. The Indonesian Maritime Security Agency is a Non-Ministerial State Institution whose position is under and directly responsible to the President and has the authority to enforce the law at sea and is justified by law, so that with the issuance of Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine Affairs and Presidential Regulation Number 178 of 2014 concerning the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency, it can be interpreted that there is legal legitimacy for the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency in carrying out its duties, functions and authorities to carry out law enforcement against special crimes at sea. This study aims to explore Indonesia's strategic role in law enforcement at sea towards national maritime security and resilience. The method used is a literature study approach and the data analysis technique used is a qualitative data approach by conducting secondary data analysis to explain the findings obtained. This research produces findings in the form of an analysis of Indonesia's strategic role in law enforcement at sea towards maritime resilience and security both nationally and regionally.

Evaluation of crime pattern in Khanna local government using geographic information system

Sustainable development can only take place in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility. The state of insecurity in Rivers State and Nigeria at large has been on the rise over the past decade. The Nigerian security agencies have not been able to effectively tackle and nib crime activities in the bud. This has led to the loss of lives, businesses, and other attendant socio-economic effects. The distribution of crime across the landscape is geographically random since crime is a human phenomenon, hence geography plays an important role in law enforcement and criminal justice. Geographic information system (GIS) can help the security agency in tactical planning and response; allocating resources quickly and more effectively, determine mitigation priorities, analyze historical events, and predict future trends and patterns. The main aim of this paper is crime modeling and analysis using the Geo-information system. This paper uses GIS to visualize, analyze, and explain criminal activities within Khanna local government in a spatial context. To achieve this, crime data and records covering over seven years were obtained from the Nigerian Police Force in Bori. Supplementary and attribute data were collected through fieldwork using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to provide the coordinates of crime points and scenes in the local government and other associated data. A spatial database was created using ArcGIS software. The crime hotspot map and crime density map of the study area was produced using the ArcGIS pro tool- Gi-Bin fixed 234-FDR at 99%,95%, and 90% confidence level respectively for the hot spots and cold spots respectively. The maps and results from the spatial analysis performed can help the police to carry out patterns and trends analysis across multiple jurisdictions; enlist community action, enhancing implementation of various policies to reduce crime in the study area. It can also provide tools and techniques to capture, forecast future crime occurrence in the area and reduce crime incidences.

The role of criminal investigation unit in South Sulawesi regional police about law enforcement against makers and hoax information spreaders

This study aims to determine the role of the criminal investigation unit in South Sulawesi Regional Police about law enforcement against hoax spreaders and to investigate crime prevention efforts by the criminal investigation unit in South Sulawesi Regional Police against perpetrators and hoaxes. This research is an empirical juridical study using interview and literature research methods as data collection techniques which are then analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively. As for the conclusions of this study, viz. (1), the criminal investigation unit in South Sulawesi Regional Police plays a role in law enforcement against spreading hoax news crime, i.e. conducting investigations and investigations of special crimes, coordination, operational supervision, and administration of PPNS investigations in accordance with laws and regulations provisions. which is carried out based on the ideal role, the expected role, and the actual role, and (2) criminal investigation unit in South Sulawesi Regional Police in enforcing the law against the Crime of Information Dissemination or Hoax News conducts socialization efforts, broadcast public service advertisements and cyber patrols as a preventive or non-penal effort and conducts an investigation and investigation process based on the Criminal Procedure Code and Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) as a repressive or penal effort.How to cite item: Iskandar, I., Muhadar, M., Hijrah, H. (2021). The role of criminal investigation unit in South Sulawesi regional police about law enforcement against makers and hoax information spreaders. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(3), 284-293. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v12i3.5159.

Face photo-sketch synthesis via full-scale identity supervision

Face photo-sketch synthesis refers transforming a face image between photo domain and sketch domain. It plays a crucial role in law enforcement and digital entertainment. A great deal of efforts have been devoted on face photo-sketch synthesis. However, limited by the weak identity supervision, existing methods mostly yield indistinct details or great deformation, resulting in poor perceptual appearance or low recognition accuracy. In the past several years, face identification achieved great progress, which represents the face images much more precisely than before. Considering the face image translation is also a type of face image re-representation, we attempt to introduce face recognition models to improve the synthesis performance. First, we applied existing synthesis models to augment the training set. Then, we proposed a full-scale identity supervision method to reduce redundant information introduced by these pseudo samples and take the valid information to enhance the intra-class variations. The proposed framework consists of two sub-networks: cross-domain translation (CT) network and intra-domain adaptation (IA) network. The CT network translates the input image from source domain to latent image of target domain, which overcomes the great gap between two domains with less structural deformation. The IA network adapts the perceptual appearance of latent image to target image by adversarial learning. Experimental results on CUHK Face Sketch Database and CUHK Face Sketch FERET Database demonstrate the proposed method preserved best perceptual appearance and more distinct details with less deformation.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana Narkotika Pada Tingkat Penyidikan Di POLRES Klaten

Indonesia is a developing country where all aspects are progressing quite rapidly. On the one hand, the impact of the influence of progress both in science, technology, cultural progress and development developments in general has an impact on all human life (society), including children. committed by children, one of which is drug abuse. The purpose of this study was to determine the legal protection of children as perpetrators of narcotics crimes in the City of Klaten and to find out the obstacles in the process of investigating children as perpetrators of narcotics crimes atythe Klaten Police. This study uses the Juridical Empirical method by combining primary data obtained from the field and secondary data from written legal materials and legislation relating to the problems that will be discussed in writing this thesis. Legal protection of children as perpetrators of narcotics crimes at the investigation level by the Klaten Resort Police starting from the arrest, detention, examination carried out in accordance with the Child Criminal Justice System Act. Children who are in conflict with the law, especially narcotics crimes at the Klaten Police, always prioritize diversion efforts if the diversion requirements are met. Legal protection for children as perpetrators of narcotics crimes at the investigation level can be realized through the role of law enforcement, namely the Klaten Resort Police. The obstacles in the investigation process by the Klaten Police are internal factors and external factors. Internal factors are the absence of special investigators for children and lack of time to arrest, while external factors are calling the child's parents sometimes unable to attend to accompany, the actions of the child himself, legal advisors, lack of public awareness. namely the need for government socialization about the dangers of narcotics abuse and the need to increase the ability of police personnel by providing special professional training.

Policed Patients: How the Presence of Law Enforcement in the Emergency Department Impacts Medical Care

We sought to examine how physicians understand the role of law enforcement in the emergency department (ED) and to identify how the presence of law enforcement officers may impact the delivery of emergency medical care. In this qualitative study, we conducted semistructured interviews with 20 emergency physicians practicing in county EDs across 3 health care systems in Northern California between November 2017 and September 2018. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling and included 10 board-certified physicians and 10 resident physicians. We analyzed the interview content using grounded theory, where concepts from interview data were coded, grouped by theme, and compared over consecutive interviews to identify recurrent themes. Participants reported interacting frequently with law enforcement officers while treating patients. Most participants characterized their experiences with law enforcement as "mixed" or "variable." Positive interactions with officers, who were described as helpful and collegial, contrasted with instances in which respondents felt police presence led to interruptions in treatment, breaches in health privacy, and potentially diminished patient trust. Participants reported that, at times, the authority of officers in the ED felt unclear and ill-defined, leading to contentious interactions between officers and health care personnel. Lack of clear definition of the role of law enforcement officers in the ED may lead to contentious interactions with emergency physicians. Further research on the medical impacts of police presence in health care settings and on best practices for mitigating negative impacts is needed.

Customary Law Existency in The Modernization of Criminal Law in Indonesia

Customary law is defined as assets owned by the Indonesian nation and developing in society. However, the existence of customary laws is often questioned to what extent these laws can be applied. In several criminal law cases in Indonesia, several regions still use the customary law system as an alternative to decisions because its role in law enforcement is quite dominant. This study aims to identify the existence of customary law as a modernization of criminal law in Indonesia. This study used a descriptive analytic method with a normative and empirical juridical approach. The data used are secondary data and primary data. The results show that the customary law can be used as a basis of law for developing new criminal laws that are acceptable to the society. Indonesian customary criminal law, which is divided into numerous customary law units, represents the Indonesian nation's original culture, which was once governed by Islamic law. Customary law is very relevant as a consideration for Indonesian criminal law reform, especially in the formulation of the Criminal Code (KUHP).

In their voices: Experiences of adolescents during involuntary psychiatric hospitalization

In the United States, child and adolescent psychiatric hospitalization is an intensive treatment intervention reserved for those who are considered to be in imminent danger of self-harm or harming others. In the current study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 youth who were 13–17 years of age and were involuntarily hospitalized for suicidality on their experiences at the beginning and end of their hospitalizations. Thematic analysis revealed that the involvement of law enforcement in initiating the contact and transportation of the youth to hospitals and hospital admission contributed to the youth’s feelings of being criminalized, stigmatized, and marginalized, while peer support during the inpatient treatment was seen by the youth as the most empowering aspect of their treatment experience. Additionally, the youth’s interactions with empathetic clinical staff helped them to recuperate and to develop coping skills. Overall, our study showed that while empathetic psychiatric intervention and peer support cultivated meaningful changes in the youth’s understanding of their circumstances, law enforcement involvement in initiating psychiatric hospitalization was counterproductive. Well-structured community support and empathetic clinical practices that incorporate peer support and policies that reconsider the role of law enforcement in psychiatric holds are recommended.

Policing in a pandemic: how law enforcement communicates with the public

PurposeThis study, a content analysis, aims to analyze general communications from law enforcement via agency websites about the COVID-19 pandemic and how this affected police roles. The authors study the extent to which police departments used their websites to inform the public about COVID-19, changes to their policies and additional information they felt necessary to give members of the public. This is important for understanding how the police inform the public during a pandemic and how the pandemic affected their police role.Design/methodology/approachThe data gathered for this project came from a content analysis of the official websites of the largest municipal police departments in the USA. The researchers collected quantitative data from the official websites of law enforcement agencies who serve the 200 largest cities in the USA in March 2020 and coded the information from the websites to determine what themes were most prevalent.FindingsThe messages most often provided on department websites included information about COVID-19 (52% of websites included this information), modifications to services (33%) and informing users that services such as fingerprinting would be altered (42%). Websites also reminded the public of restrictions on public gatherings (25%) and stay-at-home orders (38%). Further logistic regression analyses explored significant associations among these variables to understand how police/public communications influenced the role of law enforcement during the pandemic.Originality/valueLittle is known about how law enforcement communicates online with the public during a global pandemic like COVID-19 or how this might affect the police role. Police departments can use their websites to communicate important information to citizens and keep communities updated. Policy implications suggest that agencies continue to update websites with important information and be direct about expectations from the public regarding compliance while also being transparent about how police roles might change.

THE ROLE OF THE POLRI IN THE LAW ENFORCEMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF HATE SPEECH IN THE CITY OF BATAM, INDONESIA


 
 
 The rise of hate speech cases through social media is the background for the writer in taking the object as research material. The implementation of applicable law must be in accordance with the conditions in daily life and be supported by the role of law enforcement and the community. The understanding of hate speech, the role of the police in law enforcement related hate speech then the solution to the existence of legal constraints is part of the formulation of the problem in this research. This research uses empirical legal research methods, so the basis for the writer to take primary data in the field directly with the first resource person. Supported by the existence of other laws and regulations in analyzing the data that has been obtained. This thesis research was carried out by taking data directly in the field and continued with literature study. Using qualitative data analysis methods as well as content in this thesis research. The results of the research carried out have proceeded in such a way over cases of hate speech that occurred. Interview data, statistical data and decision data are the latest data on hate speech cases. The role of law enforcement has been running in accordance with applicable laws, legal solutions to the existence of law enforcement constraints have been able to be resolved from the law enforcement authorities themselves.
 
 

The Role of Law Enforcement Officers/Police in Drug Prevention within Educational Settings-Study Protocol for the Development of a Guiding Document Based on Experts' Opinions.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime—World Health Organization International Standards on Drug Use Prevention—reflects the value of safe, nurturing and supportive social institutions around the lives of youths to benefit from the prevention of risky behavior extending beyond individually-developed resilience for healthy adolescent development. Schools are valuable social institutions to this effect and school safety and adolescent health outcomes can be threatened by drug use and violence. As such, collaborative, multi-level, evidence-based, developmentally sensitive, substance use prevention programs are imperative. The International Standards, in their latest version, did not reflect specific evidence of law enforcement officer-based programs with effect on drug use prevention, including in school settings. Nevertheless, the collaboration between law enforcement agencies and school-based substance use prevention programs continue to be the focus of research and policy. In this project, we aim to explore in more detail the role of law enforcement in preventing substance use in schools. We use mixed methods, including three phases: (i) scoping review on the best practices for effective law enforcement in school-based drug and crime prevention; (ii) interviews with experts, using the Delphi method, in substance use prevention and training law enforcement in school-based drug prevention; and iii) developing guidelines for law enforcement based on the findings. Initially, we identified a total of 17 papers that were categorized in four categories based on their results (negative or null effect n = 11 studies, positive effect n = 1 study, mixed effects n = 4 studies and indefinite conclusion n = 1 study). However, the authors of the studies with negative or null effect did recommend being cautious about these results due to the respective studies’ methodological limitations. The actual and perceived roles of police are largely unclear and/or variable. Therefore, clear outlines regarding law enforcement’s role within schools are crucial as one study showed that an officer’s role influences how they respond to student conduct. A secondary emergent theme from this review indicates that there is potential for positively impacting a youth’s perceptions of police through collaborative and engaging school-based programs. Currently the project is gradually moving to Phase II, where we are identifying the key experts based on scientifically published peer reviewed and grey literature/guidelines to investigate elements that make the role of law enforcement officers in school-based prevention more effective. Given the frequency with which policy makers around the world request information about the role of law enforcement in effective prevention efforts, guidelines on their roles within schools is a gap that needs to be filled. Such efforts would improve drug prevention in schools and better orient law enforcement’s role in drug prevention within educational settings.

Examination of the K-9 unit at Akagera National Park

Tracking and sniffer dogs have been employed in a variety of law enforcement roles world-wide and are increasingly utilized to combat wildlife crimes (i.e. poaching and trafficking). I examined the K-9 counter--poaching unit based at Akagera National Park in Rwanda. I discuss motivations and reasoning for the unit's creation, and examine the challenges faced and methods used to overcome these. I also highlight successes and best practices in place at the Park. The major challenge encountered is health issues related to the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma spp. Minor budgetary and facility challenges exist. Developing in-house solutions such as setting up a small clinic and basic veterinary training for handlers have reduced health risks and costs. Crossbreeding the original tracking dogs from Europe with local dogs from the communities around the park has been a success. Puppies bred and trained on-site offer affordable alternatives to purchasing additional dogs from abroad. The cross-bred dogs may also be better suited for working in the Akagera environment but further scientific study is needed to understand this. Additional successes include training dogs to track both on- and off-lead, allowing for a unit with multiple skill sets and more efficient, faster tracking.

Prevalent yet preventable causes of traumatic brain injury in low-mid income countries & the role of law enforcement

Prevalent yet preventable causes of traumatic brain injury in low-mid income countries & the role of law enforcement

Measuring Police Body Camera Infrastructure

Police body cameras have been in ascendancy since at least the 2014 deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown, and body cameras are poised to play an increasing role in law enforcement following the more recent deaths of George Floyd, Daunte Wright, and others. Indeed, President Biden, himself, has repeatedly called for passage of the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021, which would require federal law enforcement officers to wear a body camera. Notwithstanding their ascendancy, important empirical questions on body cameras persist. For instance, do local law enforcement agencies have adequate infrastructure to support body camera programs? If not, what areas should policy-makers target in order to increase the adequacy of local agency infrastructure? And, are certain groups of agencies doing better with body camera infrastructure than others? Answering these and related questions requires accurate measurement of phenomena that are extremely challenging to measure. This Article presents what appears to be a first-of-its-kind multidimensional measure of local U.S. law enforcement body camera infrastructure: the Police Body Camera Infrastructure Index (“BCII”). Analysis of the BCII offers three primary contributions. First, it provides a broad summary of over 1,100 local agencies’ inadequacy in body camera infrastructure based on a large-N dataset. Second, it isolates the specific factors which drive agency inadequacy. Third, since countrywide averages have the potential to mask important differences across agencies, it reveals the position of certain agency subgroups based on size and location. It is hoped that this Article will inform policy-makers and local stakeholders in improving body camera programs, highlight the value of measurement in formulating such policy decisions, and spur continued research into body camera programs.

The Politics of Protest Policing

The dramatic fallout from the siege of the US Capitol by supporters of Donald Trump has included extensive debate about the role of law enforcement before and during the events. The apparent lack of adequate preparation and deployment fits with disturbing trends in protest policing, reflecting pervasive discrepancies between police responses to protests by right-wing or white supremacist movements and their responses to Black Lives Matter (BLM) or left-wing movements. This article addresses the ethical and political implications of these discrepancies by making the case for impartiality rather than neutrality in protest policing. The principle of impartiality is preferred because of its comparative advantages in expressing and encouraging rights-respecting forms of protest policing. The case for impartiality is also related to calls for a broader overhaul of protest policing, including a reversal of trends that pose a serious threat to the rights of assembly and protest.

#BLACKLIVESMATTER ТА БОРОТЬБА ЗА НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ДИСКУРС У ТВІТЕРІ: ЦИФРОВИЙ АКТИВІЗМ ЯК НОВА ПУБЛІЧНА СФЕРА

The tragic death of George Floyd, an African-American male killed by a white policeman, has been widely discussed on social media and instigated many to use social media as an argumentum over the law enforcement role and the racist status quo in the USA. As social media have unignorably become a tool for activists who seek to introduce new voices into the present-day monoglossic public opinion, Twitter has offered the space for the Black Lives Matter digital activism to create their own identity that enables them to participate in (re)shaping the public opinion and aspire for social change. Social media, leaning on the technological thrust into modern society, have created a viable substitute for public sphere to challenge the power and hegemony which control the production of discourse and agenda that dominate the public opinion. The study draws on Habermas' theory of the 'public sphere' so as to conceptualize the #BalckLivesMatter (BLM) activism aimed at controlling the public national discourse. Critical Discourse Analysis, in its turn, provides the framework for critical examination of language choices and the ways in which texts are structured, selected, and invested with meanings that facilitate the promotion of certain ideologies and particular social representations. Using this theoretical background, the article explores language means used in Twitter messages (http://twitter.com) by BLM activists between May 25 and 31, 2020, in the aftermath of Floyd's death. The article reveals that #BlackLivesMatter tweets expose the discourse of inequality, injustice and racism across the American nation and that Twitter is used by the black minority marginalized in the American society as an alternative space to (re)construct the public sphere and to challenge the mainstream mass media dominated by the white ideology. The linguistic analysis uncovers the divisive nature of #BlackLivesMatter messages on Twitter expressed by the emphatic blacks vs whites opposition as well as their particularism that becomes pronounced in the debates of BLM activists with the universalist #AllLivesMatter supporters.