Role Of Human Activities Research Articles

Evaluation of the acute phytotoxicity of phototreated textile effluent using cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish seeds (Raphanus sativus)

Water, as a vital resource, plays a crucial role in human activities, notably in the textile industry, whose operations can significantly impact the quality of this resource. It is imperative to explore solutions, such as the adoption of advanced oxidative processes, which encompass the degradation of dyes present in effluents through the action of hydroxyl radicals. To evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment, acute phytotoxicity tests are carried out to analyze the responses of plant organisms to the effluents. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the acute phytotoxicity of a natural textile effluent subjected to heterogeneous photocatalysis and homogeneous photo-fenton treatments. Acute phytotoxicity tests were performed with cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) seeds, both for the treated effluent and in natura. The results revealed a sensitivity of cucumber seeds to effluent in natura and resistance to radish seeds. Regarding the phototreated effluents, the results showed an increase in seed germination rate and contributed to enhance this germination. Phytotoxic tests were also carried out with sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, and the toxicity of these substances to cucumber and radish seeds was confirmed.

Global patterns of lake microplastic pollution: Insights from regional human development levels

Microplastics have emerged as a pervasive pollutant across various environmental media. Nevertheless, our understanding of their occurrence, sources, and drivers in global lakes still needs to be completed due to limited data. This study compiled data from 117 studies (2016–May 2024) on microplastic contamination in lake surface water and sediment, encompassing surface water samples in 351 lakes and lake sediment samples in 200 lakes across 43 countries. Using meta-analysis and statistical methods, the study reveals significant regional variability in microplastic pollution, with concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 130,000 items/m3 in surface water and from 5.41 to 18,100 items/kg in sediment. Most microplastics were under 1 mm in particle size, accounting for approximately 79 % of lake surface water and 76 % of sediment. Transparent and blue microplastics were the most common, constituting 34 % and 21 % of lake surface water and 28 % and 18 % of sediment, respectively. Fibers were the dominant shape, representing 47 % of lake surface water and 48 % of sediment. The primary identified polymer types were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Countries like India, Pakistan, and China had higher contamination levels. Positive correlations were found between microplastic abundance in surface water and factors like human footprint index (r = 0.29, p < 0.01), precipitation (r = 0.21, p < 0.05), and net surface solar radiation (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). In contrast, negative correlations were observed with the human development index (r = −0.61, p < 0.01) and wind speed (r = −0.42, p < 0.001). In sediment, microplastics abundance correlated positively with the human footprint index (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). This study underscores the variability in microplastic pollution in global lakes and the role of human activities and environmental factors, offering a valuable reference for future research.

Knowledge and attitude of general population towards climate change and its impact on health in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt

BackgroundRecently, climate change (CC) has garnered significant global attention. It has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental issues, resulting in a multitude of adverse impacts on human well-being and health. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of the general population in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, about CC and its impact on health, identify factors affecting the general population’s knowledge about CC, and highlight methods to solve this problem.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on the general population in Ismailia governorate, Egypt. A snowball sample of participants (n = 150) was enrolled in the study by distributing an online Google form containing a structured self-administered questionnaire.ResultsThe participants had an average knowledge score of 27.42 ± 14.42, with 60% considered knowledgeable. About 54% knew the main cause of CC. Around 75% were aware of the environmental impacts of CC, and 69.3% knew about the effects on human health. Based on the questionnaire’s results, 76.7% of respondents believed that increasing afforestation helps in the mitigation of CC and 77.3% believed that governments bear the responsibility for CC. Approximately 85% regarded increasing green spaces as an effective method to reduce CC on the country level. On an individual level, usage of energy-saving products was the most-favored option chosen by participants to help in reducing CC (82%). Gender, education level, and place of residence were significant factors affecting knowledge about CC.ConclusionsOver 50% of the participants were knowledgeable about CC and the role of human activities in CC. Therefore, public awareness campaigns utilizing prominent media such as television and social media should be launched to improve CC literacy. These campaigns should be more directed at males, and people with lower levels of education and who live in rural areas in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt.

Самоформирование через деятельность и отбор в эволюционной траектории человеческого вида

The author attempts to answer the following key question, namely: does selection exist in biosocial evolution and what is the role of human activity in it? Accordingly, we consider the biosocial evolution of the human species as the object of research, and we consider such aspects of this evolution in its pre-historic stage as activity and selection as the subject of research. We think that the relevance of the topic of the article lies in the application of the methods of biological evolutionary science to social evolution. We have in mind the following methodological tools: the idea of artificial selection; the concept of a human niche; the idea of selection against aggression; the idea of self-domes-tication, understood as a special transitional evolutionary process, which then transforms into macrohistory proper. In this article we discuss four approaches to the presence of certain forms of selection in human biosocial evolution, namely: (1) the Darwinian position and its later extended variants in the form of a genetic version of natural selection; (2) concepts linking human modification of the animal traits with the creation of an anthropogenic niche and cultural construction; (3) the view of those who attribute human domestication to selection against aggression; (4) theories of social selection, in which already successful practices or more cohesive groups are selected for.

Anthropogenic Impact on the Terrestrial Environment in the Lake Dian Basin, Southwestern China during the Bronze Age and Ming–Qing period

The role of human activity in shaping the terrestrial environment has been a core scientific issue of interest across various disciplines. However, it remains unclear whether there are significant differences in the patterns of the anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial environment in terms of spatial and temporal dimensions, and we are yet to identify the underlying factors that have driven it. Here, we present an analysis of sporopollen and geochemical proxies from a section of the Anjiangbei site (AJB) on the Yunnan Plateau, spanning the Ming–Qing period, in order to explore the spatio-temporal variation in the anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial environment in the Lake Dian basin. Integrating the reported multidisciplinary evidence, we aim to reveal the influencing factors of anthropogenic impact. Our results show that there were remarkable differences in anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial environment in the Lake Dian basin between the Late Bronze Age and the Ming–Qing period. Changes in crop vegetation and the forest were all affected by human activity in the Lake Dian basin during the two periods, and were more evident during the Ming–Qing period. The heavy metal pollution in the soil was obvious during the Ming–Qing period. The increase in the intensity of human activity, especially the rise in population, could be attributed to changes in the hydrological environment in the Lake Dian basin during the Late Bronze Age and to geopolitical change during the Ming–Qing period. This study reveals the different patterns in human impact on the terrestrial environment in the Lake Dian basin during the Late Bronze Age and the Ming–Qing period, providing new evidence to enable a deeper understanding of past human–environment interactions on the Yunnan Plateau.

Intensifying human-driven heatwaves characteristics and heat related mortality over Africa

Heatwaves in Africa are expected to increase in frequency, number, magnitude, and duration. This is significant because the health burden is only expected to worsen as heatwaves intensify. Inadequate knowledge of the climate’s impact on health in developing nations such as Africa makes safeguarding the health of vulnerable groups at risk challenging. In this study, we quantify possible roles of human activity in heatwave intensification during the historical period, and project the future risk of heat-related mortality in Africa under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP26) and (RCP60). Heatwaves are measured using the Excess Heat Factor (EHF); the daily minimum (Tn ) and maximum (Tx ) are used to compute the EHF index; by averaging Tx and Tn . Two heat factors, significance and acclimatization are combined in the EHF to quantify the total excess heat. Our results confirm the intensification of heatwaves across Africa in recent years is due anthropogenic activity (increase in greenhouse gas concentration and changes in land use). The Return event highlights the potential future escalation of heatwave conditions brought on by climate change and socioeconomic variables. RCP26 projects a substantial rise in heat-related mortality, with an increase from about 9000 mortality per year in the historical period to approximately 23 000 mortality per year at the end of the 21st century. Similarly, RCP60 showed an even more significant increase, with heat-related mortality increasing to about 43 000 annually. This study highlights the potentially growing risk of intensifying heatwaves in Africa under different emission scenarios. It projects a significant increase in heatwave magnitude, number, duration, frequency, and heat-related mortality. Africa’s low adaptive capacity will amplify the impact, emphasizing the need for emissions reduction and effective adaptation measures.

Некоторые подходы к формированию представлений о времени у дошкольников с недостатками речевого развития

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Being originally a philosophical category, the concept of time plays an important role in human activity. The planning, organization, and control of activities is based on the time aspect. Time is the basis of the formation of the psyche, is inextricably linked with communication. The formation of ideas about time in preschool age is extremely difficult due to the fact that the category of time is abstract. Preschool children with special educational needs also have significant difficulties in assimilating time representations. The basis for the development of ideas about the time of children of this group is a qualitative purposeful diagnosis, the results of which determine the main direction and differentiated content of correctional and developmental work. The article presents blocks of tasks for the study and formation of time representations in preschoolers with speech development disorders. Examples of the use of individual calendars for the formation of ideas about parts of the day, days of the week, times and months of the year when working with preschool children enrolled in an Adaptive educational program for children with severe speech disorders are given.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Exploring the Impact of Musical Stimuli on Moral Attention

Music plays a significant role in human activities, with its dual role of functionality and entertainment. It exerts diverse influences on individuals. This study explores music’s impact on individuals’ moral cognition. To ensure the objectivity and accuracy of the findings, this study employed eye tracking as the research methodology. Participants were exposed to two distinct types of music: Rock music and Yayue, a serene and elegant form of traditional Chinese music. Participants were randomly assigned to either the Rock music group or the Chinese Yayue group. They were tasked with viewing images depicting moral and immoral behaviors while these two musical backgrounds played. The eye-tracking technology recorded participants’ gaze patterns, providing quantitative insights into their visual attention under different musical conditions. Our data analysis revealed that, in both groups, immoral images initially captured participants’ attention. However, participants exposed to Rock music focused more on immoral images, whereas those listening to traditional Chinese Yayue music significantly prioritized moral images. These findings contribute valuable new perspectives to the intersection of music and education research, shedding light on the dynamic relationship between music and moral cognition.

Evaluation of alpine wetland ecological degradation based on alpine wetland degradation index: A case study in the first meander of the Yellow River

The alpine wetlands are vital in regulating climate, maintaining biodiversity, stabilizing ecosystem balance, maintaining water resources and ecological security. However, influenced by extreme climate and human activities, the ecological degradation of alpine wetlands seriously threatens the sustainable development of the region. Nowadays, it is urgent to develop an ecological monitoring index suitable for high-altitude alpine wetlands, and timely carry out long-term remote sensing monitoring and evaluation on the ecological degradation and restoration of alpine wetlands. Based on Landsat images of Google Earth Engine (GEE) year by year, we constructed the Alpine Wetland Degradation Index (AWDI) and studied the ecological change process of alpine wetland in the first meander of the Yellow River during 1990–2022 with the help of the Unary linear regression, the Theil-Sen median and the Mann-Kendall test methods. In addition, we also discussed the main driving factors of ecological degradation of alpine wetlands with the help of the Pearson correlation analysis and Geodetector. Our research found that the AWDI based on long-time series MNDWI, NDVI, FVC and WET has significant accuracy in evaluating the ecological degradation of alpine wetlands (POA = 95.69 %, Kappa = 0.9460). In the past 33 years, the ecological situation of the alpine wetland in the first meander of the Yellow River has experienced a process of degradation first and then improvement. Precipitation is the main factor that affects the ecological change of the alpine wetland, and the role of human activities can not be ignored. Our AWDI can quickly and accurately reveal the ecological degradation process of alpine wetlands, and then provide a scientific basis and case reference for the evaluation, restoration, management and protection of alpine wetland degradation.

Impacts of net cages on pollutant accumulation and its consequence on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) dissemination in freshwater ecosystems: Insights for sustainable urban water management

There has been increasing interest in the role of human activities in disseminating antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems. However, the influence of pollutant accumulation on anthropogenic pollutant-ARG synergistic actions is limited. This study explored the association of net cages with the propagation of anthropogenic pollutants and their consequences for influencing the enrichment of ARGs using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. We showed that net cages could substantially impact the ecology of freshwater systems by enhancing i) ARG diversity and the tendency for ARG-horizontal gene transfer and ii) the overlap of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) with biocide-metal resistance genes (BMRGs) and ARGs. These findings suggested that the cotransfer of these three genetic determinants would be favored in net cage plots and that nonantibiotic factors such as metal(loid)s, particularly iron (Fe), displayed robust selective pressures on ARGs exerted by the net cage. The resistome risk scores of net cage sediments and biofilms were higher than those from off-net cage plots, indicating that the net cage-origin antibiotic resistome should be of great concern. The combination of deterministic and stochastic processes acting on bacterial communities could explain the higher ARG variations in cage plots (8.2%) than in off-cage plots (3.4%). Moreover, MGEs and pollutants together explained 43.3% of the total variation in ARG communities, which was higher than that of off-cage plots (8.8%), considering pollutants, environmental variables, MGEs, and assembly processes. These findings will inform the development of policies and guidelines to more effectively limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance and achieve the goal of sustainability in freshwater systems in urban areas.

Effects of vehicle traffic on space use and road crossings of caribou in the Arctic.

Assessing the effects of industrial development on wildlife is a key objective of managers and conservation practitioners. However, wildlife responses are often only investigated with respect to the footprint of infrastructure, even though human activity can strongly mediate development impacts. In Arctic Alaska, there is substantial interest in expanding energy development, raising concerns about the potential effects on barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti). While caribou generally avoid industrial infrastructure, little is known about the role of human activity in moderating their responses, and whether managing activity levels could minimize development effects. To address this uncertainty, we examined the influence of traffic volume on caribou summer space use and road crossings in the Central Arctic Herd within the Kuparuk and Milne Point oil fields on the North Slope of Alaska. We first modeled spatiotemporal variation in hourly traffic volumes across the road system from traffic counter data using gradient-boosted regression trees. We then used generalized additive models to estimate nonlinear step selection functions and road-crossing probabilities from collared female caribou during the post-calving and insect harassment seasons, when they primarily interact with roads. Step selection analyses revealed that caribou selected areas further from roads (~1-3 km) during the post-calving and mosquito seasons and selected areas with lower traffic volumes during all seasons, with selection probabilities peaking when traffic was <5 vehicles/h. Using road-crossing models, we found that caribou were less likely to cross roads during the insect seasons as traffic increased, but that response dissipated as insect harassment became more severe. Past studies suggested that caribou exhibit behavioral responses when traffic exceeds 15 vehicles/h, but our results demonstrate behavioral responses at much lower traffic levels. Our results illustrate that vehicle activity mediates caribou responses to road infrastructure, information that can be used in future land-use planning to minimize the behavioral responses of caribou to industrial development in sensitive Arctic landscapes.

The role of human activities in the weakening of the propagation relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Heihe River Basin

AbstractMeteorological droughts could propagate into hydrological droughts and cause agricultural and societal damage. However, the quantitative impact of human activities on the drought propagation has not been well understood. Based on the precipitation and streamflow observational data and hydrological model simulations during 1961–2013, this study analysed the drought propagation characteristics and quantified the impact of human activities on the propagation in the upper and middle reaches of Heihe River Basin. The matched meteorological and hydrological drought events indicated that the drought propagation was characterized by a lagged onset, weakened drought severity and reduced development and recovery speeds. In the upstream area, the correlations between meteorological and hydrological droughts were significant, and human activities had a negligible impact on the drought propagation. In contrast, the impact from human activities was significant in the midstream area, and the effect was two‐fold. Specifically, human activities (e.g., reservoir regulation) reduced the propagation probability of one or several meteorological droughts propagating into a hydrological drought by 16%. Meanwhile, human activities had remarkable effects on long‐lasting and extreme hydrological droughts through reducing their duration and severity by 18% and 37% respectively. On the other hand, the occurrence probability of mismatched drought events, that is, meteorological droughts without causing hydrological droughts and hydrological droughts without preceding meteorological droughts, increased by 34% due to human interventions. Human activities also accelerated the development speed of slowly developing hydrological droughts. In addition, human activities increased the mean duration and severity of moderate hydrological droughts by 32% and 18%. The results are expected to provide scientific bases for understanding the formation and development process of hydrological drought and improving drought forecasting under global change.

Analysis of the Research Status of Internal Combustion Engines

Since the internal combustion engine came out in the 1960s, it has become a relatively perfect machine through continuous improvement and development. Internal combustion engine has many advantages, such as thermal efficiency, high power, wide speed range, convenient matching and good mobility, so it has been widely used. All kinds of automobiles and tractors, agricultural machinery, engineering machinery and small mobile power stations in the world are powered by internal combustion engines. Ships, conventional submarines and some small aircraft are also propelled by internal combustion engines. The number of internal combustion engines in the world ranks first in the power machinery and plays a very important role in human activities. In the aspect of human technology, any successful invention can not be achieved overnight. The development of the internal combustion engine is the same. The internal combustion engine has gone through many stages of development and has been improved one after another. This paper mainly introduces the historical development of heat engines, and the improvement and use of different types of heat engines in the development.

Morphological change and its response to human activities in the estuary of Minjiang River, China, since last early century

AbstractThe evolution of subaqueous deltas in mountain rivers is highly sensitive to variations in sediment load and hydrodynamic conditions, and human activities can rapidly alter these parameters. To better understand the evolution of the subaqueous Minjiang River Delta (MRD) under human activities, we investigated the effects of construction of reservoirs, channel training walls, land reclamation activities, and sand mining from 1910 to 2010. Analysis of bathymetric and fluvial discharge data revealed that the MRD shoals generally experienced slight development during the study period, but with alternating stages of erosion and deposition that were related closely to sediment discharge and the role of human activities. The northern MRD was more strongly affected by decreasing sediment load, while the southern MRD was more influenced by land reclamation. Human activities in the MRD can be divided into five stages: Weak (before 1935), blockage (1935–1950), slight strong (1950–1970), strong (1970–2000), and stable (since 2000). Correspondingly, the geomorphic evolution of the MRD can also be divided into five stages: Natural evolution, channel blockage, southern channel erosion, divergence, and degradation. Furthermore, the morphodynamic response time of MRD to a decrease in riverine sediment was found to be less than 10 years, which is much faster than the morphodynamic changes observed in large‐scale estuaries and deltas. These results provide further insight into interpreting morphodynamic changes in typical small/medium‐sized estuaries and deltas under various human activities.

Ecological Policies Dominated the Ecological Restoration over the Core Regions of Kubuqi Desert in Recent Decades

Climate change and human activities significantly affected environmental changes in drylands. However, the relative roles remain unclear regarding these factors’ effects on environment changes in drylands. Herein, we analyzed vegetation change trends using remote-sensing datasets to determine the interactions of vegetation, climate, and anthropogenic activities in an arid region of China, Kubuqi Desert. Our study showed that 67.64% of the pixels of fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) increased in 2020 in comparison with those of 1986. The FVC exhibited a significant greening trend (0.0011/yr, p &lt; 0.05) in 1986–2020 as a whole. This greening trend revealed two distinct periods separated by a turning point in 2001. There was no clear trend of FVC before 2001, and then there was a dramatically greening trend since 2001 in most regions of the study area. The increasing rate (0.0036/yr) in the later period was three times higher than the entire period. The accelerated increasing trend was due to the variable compound effects of climate and human activities. The correlation between FVC and precipitation was mainly positive, which outweighs the significantly negative correlation between vegetation and temperature. However, both climatic factors cannot well explain the trends of vegetation dynamics, implying a possible role for human activities. Generally, climate change and anthropogenic activities contributed 42.15% and 57.85% to the overall vegetation variations in 1986–2020. Specifically, the relative role of the two factors was vastly different in two distinct periods. Climate change led the dominant roles (58.68%) in the vegetation variations in 1986–2001, while anthropogenic activities dominated (86.79%) in driving vegetation recovery in the period after 2001. Due to the massive ecological conservation programs such as the Grain for Green Project launched in 2001, substantial deserts have been transformed into grasslands and forests. This analysis highlights the ecological policies largely responsible for vegetation restoration and provides references for ecological protection and sustainable development in eco-fragile ecosystems.

Assessing the Nexus between Cross-border Infrastructure Projects and Extinction Accounting—from the Belt and Road Initiative Perspective

ABSTRACT The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a mega-global infrastructure development strategy initiated in 2013. Although the BRI has fostered huge potential for economic growth, it poses a significant threat to biodiversity, especially because many of the infrastructure projects are cross-border and are being built in areas where rare and endangered species found nowhere else on the planet live. This paper reflects and raises concerns about the repercussions of BRI infrastructure projects on species extinction. While most research has been geared towards assessing the economic and social impacts of BRI on host countries, this paper contributes to the sustainable planning and evaluation of the impacts of a less investigated sector—the infrastructure sector through the lens of extinction accounting. By identifying the specific extinction risks of different types of infrastructure projects during construction-in-progress period and daily operations period, this paper refines and extends prior general frameworks of extinction accounting, and further tailors them to the specific and important context of infrastructure projects under the BRI scenario. In addition, this paper serves as a counterpoint to prior literature on extinction accounting within the Chinese frame of reference by critically underscoring the current infirmity in extinction accounting by Chinese MNEs operating under the mega initiative. Thirty representative cross-border infrastructure projects under the BRI are examined on how they report and attempt to mitigate their ecology-specific impacts using the extinction accounting checklist. This paper concludes that the extinction accounting practices of BRI infrastructure projects are still at their embryonic stage and offers practitioners, researchers and policy makers critical insights and a broader perspective on the role of human activities in extinction crises along cross-border corridors.

Debris-Flow Susceptibility Assessment in China: A Comparison between Traditional Statistical and Machine Learning Methods

Debris flows, triggered by dual interferences extrinsically and intrinsically, have been widespread in China. The debris-flow susceptibility (DFS) assessment is acknowledged as the benchmark for the mitigation and prevention of debris flow risks, but DFS assessments at the national level are lacking. The role of human activities in the DFS assessment has always been overlooked. On the basis of a detailed inventory of debris-flow sites and a large set of environmental and human-related characteristics, this research presents the comparative performance of the well-known information value (IV), logistic regression (LR) and random forest (RF) models for DFS assessments in China. Twelve causative factors, namely, elevation, slope, aspect, rainfall, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land use, landform, geology, distance to faults, density of villages, distance to rivers and distance to roads, were considered. Debris-flow susceptibility maps were then generated after the nonlinear relationship between the debris-flow occurrence and the causative factors was captured. Finally, the predictive performance of the three maps was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the validation results showed that areas under the ROC curves were 81.98%, 79.96% and 97.38% for the IV, LR and RF models, respectively, indicating that the RF model outperformed the other two traditional statistical methods. The importance ranking of the RF model also revealed that distance to roads, slope and rainfall dominated the spatial distribution of debris flows. This is the first experiment to compare between the traditional statistical and machine learning methods in DFS studies for the whole of China. Our results could provide some empirical support for China’s policymakers and local practitioners in their efforts to enable residents to be less vulnerable to disasters.

Vygotsky's machinery of the will. Or: Descartes in the dog house

In this paper, I have chosen to examine one phase in the development of Lev Vygotsky’s ‘cultural-historical’ psychology, namely his account of what he calls ‘cultural will’. The account is important for the role which Vygotsky attributes to signs in the creation of the psychological functions – psychological mechanisms – involved in the capacity for conscious, wilful action taken to be distinctive of and unique to human beings.The paper gives an outline of some of the main issues and problems to do with the formulation of this view of ‘cultural will’ and attempts to locate it within a tradition of psychological naturalism linked by many intellectual threads to the Cartesian animal-as-machine philosophy. On this basis, I offer a diagnosis of the semiological flaw at the (mechanical) heart of Vygotsky’s account of the will and thereby throw some light on the wider implications of these issues for perspectives on language and communication and their role in human activity and thinking.

Driver Drowsiness Detection System for Accident Prevention

In our day to day life transportation systems plays an important role in human activities. Anyone can be the victim of road accidents at any time for various reasons but most of the accidents are caused due to drowsiness of the driver. The main reasons for drowsiness are due to lack of rest and sleep which causes tiredness on long journeys. Due to these factors, driver vigilance will reduce which causes serious situations and increases the chances of accidents. Because of this reason yearly, most of the accident is happening all over the world. In this technology advanced era, new technologies can play an important role in providing a solution to this problem.

Quantitative assessment of the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes in the Southwest Karst area of China.

Net primary production (NPP) is an essential component of the terrestrial carbon cycle and an essential factor of ecological processes. In global change research, it was the core content to study the driving forces of NPP change. In this paper, we focused on the Southwest Karst area of China and analyzed the response mechanisms of NPP to topography, land-use types, climatic change, and human activities. Our results showed that (1) changes in elevation and slope lead to significant differences in the spatial distribution of NPP. With the increase of elevation and slope, NPP first increased and then decreased, their critical values were 2000m and 15°, respectively. (2) NPP varied significantly among different land-use types. The average NPP of the forest was the highest, and the average NPP of cultivated land increased fastest. (3) Temperature and precipitation had the most substantial influence on NPP, both of them promoted the increase of NPP, and the effect of temperature was more obvious in the Southwest Karst area. (4) Ecological engineering significantly promoted the change of NPP, while animal husbandry significantly inhibited the change of NPP. (5) There were significant spatial differences in the driving effects and corresponding contributions of climatic change and human activities; both of them promoted the increase of NPP in the Southwest Karst area of China. Under climatic change and human activities, NPP increased by 1.24 gC·m-2·year-1 and 2.29 gC·m-2·year-1, respectively. The contributions rates of climatic change and human activities separately accounted for 35% and 65%. The contribution of human activities on NPP was much higher than that of climatic change in the Southwest Karst area, and the results suggested that we should focus on the role of human activities on NPP change.