Role In Employment Generation Research Articles

Assessing the Impact and Challenges of SMEs on Albania's Economy

The SME sector in Albania has a significant impact on the country's economy. The total number of economically active enterprises in Albania increased by 1.4% in 2021 compared to 2020, reaching 104,031 enterprises. Microenterprises experienced a decrease of 5.8% compared to 2016, while small and medium-sized enterprises showed growth with an increase of 27.09% and 23.24%, respectively, in 2021 compared to 2016. SMEs in Albania play a vital role in employment generation, accounting for 60.3% of total employment in the country. While microenterprises constitute over 92% of SMEs in Albania, they employ a relatively smaller proportion of the total number of employed individuals compared to their number. Small and medium-sized enterprises have shown an increasing trend in employment, with increases of 26.79% and 22.86% respectively compared to 2016. The SME sector in Albania contributes approximately 55% of the total turnover realized in the economy. Microenterprises will generate 21.97% of the total turnover, small enterprises will contribute 30.55%, and medium-sized enterprises will account for 26.50% of the turnover in 2021. The value added by SMEs in Albania has shown an increasing trend. Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises experienced growth rates of 30.12%, 66.84%, and 66.63% respectively compared to 2016. Small enterprises consistently accounted for the highest percentage of investment during the analyzed years. However, there have been fluctuations, with large enterprises taking the lead in investment in 2017 and 2018. Overall, there has been a decreasing trend in investment growth in Albania, with negative growth rates observed in 2020 and 2021. Productivity: The labor productivity of SMEs in Albania has increased every year from 2016 to 2021. Larger enterprises generally exhibit higher labor productivity compared to smaller ones, benefiting from economies of scale, resource allocation, and access to advanced technologies and systems. Albania has made progress in implementing the Small Business Act (SBA) and has achieved high average scores in areas related to SME policy and support. Efforts to create a supportive ecosystem for SMEs include improvements in the institutional and regulatory framework, operational environment, public procurement, standards and technical regulations, and internationalization of SMEs. Limited accessibility to finance, technology, and knowledge remains a significant challenge for SMEs in Albania. Addressing this challenge requires efforts to improve access to finance through specialized lending programs and loan guarantee schemes and enhance financial literacy among SME owners. In conclusion, while SMEs in Albania make a significant contribution to the economy in terms of employment, turnover, and value-added, there are areas that require further attention and support, such as access to finance and investment. Efforts to address these challenges and promote a favorable environment for SMEs can contribute to their growth, competitiveness, and overall economic development.

Integrated Crop-Livestock Farming System and Its Impact on Livelihood and Sustainability of Poor Farmers in Bulandshahr District, U.P.

Integrated crop-livestock farming System (ICLFS) has been traditionally practiced in India since antiquity. It plays a pivotal role in generation of employment and livelihood, improving health and nutrition intake. This system is beneficial for maintaining sustainable agriculture through mutual utilization of waste products from livestock to cultivation of crops and crop residues to livestock husbandry. ICLFS helps in reducing the greenhouse gases through plant growth along with livestock husbandry. The study aims to understand the mechanism of crop-livestock integration, degree of livelihood generation, economics of crop-livestock integrated farming system and its impact on socio-economic development in Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Data were collected from published records as well as through filed survey of sampled villages. Arbitrary choice method has been used to identify the principal crops grown in association with livestock, thus, total 5 ICLFS recognized that are practiced in study area. The result of the study shows that The income and employment generated through ICLFS have been found to be more beneficial to poor farmers like land less, marginal and small farmers, livestock husbandry in combination provides some partial jobs to the household members especially during off farm season, ICLFS is the important tools or means for improving farmers income, poverty alleviation, soil ecology equilibrium and economic empowerment of women in the study area particular and in the country general.

Factors Relevant for the Development of Small Business Management in Andaman and Nicobar

The paper explores the key factors relevant to the development of micro and small businesses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This study specifically focused on the relevant factors from the islands' perspectives. This study used primary sources of data collected in the South Andaman Islands (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study proved that tourism business and marine and wood-based businesses have huge potential in the Andaman Islands. The study's findings highlighted the significance of subsidies and incentives for island promotion and sustainable development, which could be accomplished through capital investment, as well as transportation subsidies, which are critical for new and existing businesses on islands. Cargo transportation from the mainland to islands is the primary mode of sea transportation and the only mode between island regions. Under this situation, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands totally rely on manufacturing or service businesses as a lifeline. Hence, micro- and small businesses will play a vital role in employment generation, production, investments, and the growth of a small business. As a result, the administration of the islands should implement appropriate policy measures based on the relevant factors in the islands' region. The local administration needs to support and provide easy access to finance, transportation, and other facilities for small businesses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Performance of the MGNREGA Programme in Telangana State: With Special Reference to Nalgonda District

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a flagship programme by the government of India started on February 2, 2006. As per the scheme, each rural household gets 100 days of guaranteed employment (unskilled work) every year. Although the major objective of this scheme is to provide livelihood security for rural households, it also facilitates the creation as well as maintenance of rural infrastructure, employment generation and reduces migration to cities and towns for work. This paper is an attempt to overview the performance of MGNREGA on employment generation, migration, disbursement of payments, average income etc., in Nalgonda district. To perform the objective of the paper primary data and secondary data has been analysed. The finding of the study reveals that MGNREGA play an important role in employment generation, the gap between the registered candidates and employed candidates can be found and its impact on migration through the sample survey in the Nalgonda district.

IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR ON SURAT'S DIAMOND INDUSTRY

The Ukraine-Russia war is a man-made disaster but its economic effects are not limited to the two countries themselves. The direct impact of the tragedy can be seen on the trade and investment of all countries. Diamond industry is the backbone of Surat city. Diamond industry plays a major role in employment generation and income generation in Surat. A large number of people from Saurashtra migrate to Surat and get jobs in this industry. Saurashtra is one of the dry regions of Gujarat and people are dependent on agriculture. Unskilled and less educated people migrate to Surat and run their family. This migrant people work in the diamond industry. Surat was once known for its textile industry which is now known for its diamond cutting and polishing. Out of 12 products of diamond jewelry produced in the world, 11 products are made in India and Surat is the biggest contributor to the diamond industries in the world. This research study was carried out on the diamond cutting and polishing industry of Surat city, Gujarat. Russian rough diamonds are accounting 40% in terms of volume and 50% in terms of value. The Russia-Ukraine war has affected 12 billion of diamond trade. This study tries to get information about the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on those who are doing work in this industry. The objectives of this study are to find out the impact on diamond rough material and income due to the Russia-Ukraine war. According to this research study Surat diamond industry passed through the economic crisis because of this war.

Strategies to Enhance the Adoption of Recommended Tea Cultivation Practices by the Trained and Untrained Small Tea Growers in the State of Assam

Tea industry has significant contribution towards the state’s economy as well as India’s economy and also plays vital role in employment generation and poverty alleviation of the country. The study was conducted in Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam by selecting the highest concentrated districts of small tea growers (STGs) i.e., Tinsukia, Dibrugarh and Golaghat. Multistage purposive cum random sampling design was used for selection of respondents. A total of 400 (200 trained and 200 untrained) respondents constituted the sample of the study. Strategies drawn for the problems faced by the small tea growers through the primary data were collected through personal interview and questionnaires. Also the secondary data were being obtained through journals, research papers, books and by visiting various websites. Ranking of the strategies for the problems faced by the small tea growers were done based on the data obtained. The various strategies drawn for the problems were extension agencies or extension personnel interference in creating awareness about the recommended practices among the tea growers, concerned institutions should take care on adoption and proper management of tea cultivation so that farmers may be able to minimize their problems at farmer’s level, use of ICT based technology also helps the farmers to minimize pest and insect related problems at farmers field.

Food Security and Livestock Linkages in Three Major Livestock Husbandry Districts of Punjab, Pakistan

The basic intention of the current study is to explore the association between livestock husbandry and domestic food security (accessibility) of small farmers in three major districts of province Punjab Pakistan, namely Gujranwala, Narowal and Hafiz Abad, using primary data of 180 respondents collected using structured questionnaire through proportionate stratified random sampling. Livestock is an essential contributor and supplier to the food and nutritional security and works as a vital source of employment and occupation. Livestock has a substantial role in employment generation, cash income generation, a decline of poverty and food safety in rural areas of overall Pakistan and the districts under study. To measure the effectiveness of livestock ownership on rural food security in three major districts of Punjab, Pakistan, the OLS regression model has been utilized along with dependent variable of food security (accessibility) and independent variables of family size, income comes from livestock, education of the head and a total number of earners. The outcomes of this study reveal that independent variables, i.e., incomes from livestock, a total number of earners, education and family size, have a significant positive relationship with the dependent variable of food security (accessibility), which means improvement in all the explanatory variables is a quite helpful tool to boost the food security situation of the area under discussion.

Impact of FRBM Act on Public Debt and Fiscal Balance in India: Emerging Evidence

The government expenditure has important role in generation of employment, increase social welfare and economic development of the nation. The government spending is financed mainly by revenue which includes the tax revenue and non-tax revenue. If there is deficit in the budget, the government takes borrowing from public to meet the gap between their revenue and expenditure. The government was facing a high level fiscal deficit. Indian economy was continuously facing problems in maintaining the fiscal balance and it was great challenge against macroeconomic stability. Therefore, fiscal imbalance situation forced the government to go for more borrowing by public which included both internal and external borrowings. The aim of the present paper is to examine the impact of the FRBM Act on public barrowing and fiscal balance in India. Also focused on trends and patterns of public expenditure, revenue mobilization, fiscal deficit and public debt after the introduction FRBM Act. The OLS Method used for test the empirical relationship between public debt and economic growth in India after the introduction of the FRBM Act. The OLS empirical results showed the FRBM Act have a significant effect on level of gross fiscal deficit at 1 percent level of significance but not statistically significant effect on level of public debt in India. GDP growth rate has a negative effect on the gross fiscal deficit at 5 percent level of significant. It shows when GDP growth rate is increasing fiscal deficit to GDP ratio is declining and vice-versa. Population growth has positive effects on gross fiscal deficit level at 10 percent level of significant. GDP growth rate and population growth rate does not have significant effects on level of public debt in India. Therefore, the study suggests that efficient debt management strategy is important for the sustainability of the budget, debt, and overall financial stability.

Role of small scale industries in economic development

For any economy there are three sectors plays an important role.. After the independence agriculture sector, industrial sector and service sectors increased their performance and their contribution to the economy. After the independence government of India has taken the initiative of mixed economy. After the 1991 reforms made Indian manufacturing sector to take a major role in development. The globalisation and liberalisation which removed the import restrictions, brought in foreign competition led to privatisation of certain government owned public sector industries and liberalised foreign direct investment. The industrial sector is the one which is playing has taken a steady growth after the 1991 reforms, as Indian is a populated country more number of products and services are required. Industrial sector can provide products but somehow difficult to reach all the rural people due to lack of awareness, cost and distance from the towns. The growth of population has pressured the small sector to increase more and more contribution to economy. As they mainly depends on the products available in local market prepared by the small tiny farmers. These small scale industrial farmers can produce a large number of products to meets the needs of the both the customers as well as the companies. Companies also depends on the small scale industries for MRO (Maintenance, Repair and operating)goods, small products used in produce a big products. These small sectors also a plays an important role in employment generation and economic development. Therefore it became necessary to address the importance of the small scale industries. Present study will focuses the impact of small scale industries in economic development. It also studies the role of small scale industries in providing employment generation in Telangana. Data for this study would like to collect from the secondary data sources.

Assessing the Impact of Microfinance Services at Individual Level: A Comparative Study of Women Empowerment in Pakistan

Background/Objectives: Some recent studies have empirically proved that micro-finance schemes launched for women empowerment have failed to attain their required goals as women are just used as a tool to get loans; In this context, the present study is undertaken to verify the usefulness of microcredit for women empowerment in Pakistan. Methods/Statistical analysis: Quantitative approach is used to assess the impact of microfinance loan services on women economic empowerment and to see whether members of microfinance institutes are equally empowered to the nonmembers. For this purpose, survey was conducted in Multan District of Punjab, Pakistan. Independent sample t-test is used to estimate the difference between two independent groups of participants. In a sample size of 300 women, 200 are participants of MFI while rest of the 100 are non-participants. The data has been analyzed by using Independent-samples t-test, as it is the comparison of two different independent groups. Findings: The study shows that women members of micro-finance institutions (MFIs) are more empowered compared to non-members. Overall, the results show that there is a positive relationship between MFI and women economic empowerment in Multan. Women participants of MFI have greater role in decision-making, more autonomy in mobility, greater control over income and savings generated from income generating activities, more role in employment generation and increased ownership of productive assets and property than non-member MFIs. Novelty/Applications: The current study presents a case for a nuanced and more-sophisticated analysis of the linkages between MFIs memberships and women\'s empowerment. Empowerment alone may not automatically lead to empowerment, but networks and guidance also important factors that can determine the success or failure of the empowerment approach. Thus, MFIs should hold meetings with women to guide them about the proper use of loan in their business activities. Keywords: Gender; independent-samples t- test; microfinance institutes; women-empowerment; Multan

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises and their Role in Employment Generation in Nepal

SMEs have historically played an important role in contributing to employment generation of many countries around the world. Naturally all businesses start as small businesses or even start out of small businesses initiated by individuals. It is imperative to give high priority to Nepalese labor, skill and raw material based domestic investments to promote national level industries for achieving employment. This study has used regression analysis to investigate relative changes in the position of the Nepalese small and medium scale enterprises (SME's) to the employment between the time period 2046 and 2073 based on secondary data. It has examine the dynamic relationship among the SMEs and employment in Nepal and found to be significant and positive relationship in between SMEs and employment of Nepal. It implies that number of employment was seemed to be mostly influenced by number of SMEs. However it was and still is contributing significant role in employment generation in Nepal.

Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act on Rural Households: A Case Study in Davanagere District of Karnataka

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been playing an important role in employment generation and poverty alleviation in rural India. It was “an Act to provide for the enhancement of livelihood security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult members’ volunteer to do unskilled manual work and for matters connected or incidental thereto”. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate the changes in terms of employment level, income level, expenditure pattern, savings pattern, and living standard of the sample beneficiaries in the study area between pre- MGNREGP and post- MGNREGP period; and to offer policy measures to improve the performance of the MGNREG program in generating rural livelihood. The present study is mainly based on primary data collected directly from the selected sample beneficiaries of MGNREGP through personal interviews. Simple statistical tools like averages, ratios, percentages have been employed for the analysis. The main findings reveal that the proportion of employment generation, income generation, average expenditure, and savings, and assets creation were found to be quite significant in the post-MGNREGP period as compared to that of in pre-MGNREGP period in the study areas.
 Similarly, the MGNREGP has made a positive impact on the living standard of sample beneficiaries in the study areas. Based on the findings, the study suggested that the statutory 100 days of employment per adult member of the rural household should be guaranteed instead of 100 days per rural household. This would help to improve the income level of households who mainly depend on MGNREGP for their livelihood, and the performance of MGNREGP in backward (Jagalur) taluk is low. Therefore the officials should take for effective implementation of the program in the backward areas.

The Role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Employment Generation and Economic Growth: A Study of Marble Industry in Emerging Economy

This study is undertaken to find out how SMEs contribute to the economy in terms of employment generation and its impact on the economic growth of the country. Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) is accepted globally as a tool for empowering the citizenry and economic growth. In Pakistan efforts have been made by successive governments to increase employment opportunities, reduce poverty and accelerate economic growth by increasing foreign direct investment, diversifying the economy, enacting policy frameworks which favor small business ownership and entrepreneurship programs. Specifically, this study tends to figure out: how SMEs contribute to employment generation, whether a significant number of people is employ within the SME sector; whether the SMEs increase the income level of people. The total number of employees was 255 being selected randomly from Swat marble industries. A questionnaire was constructed and distributed to the selected respondents. The responses were collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) analytical tool. The study exposes that SMEs play a vital role in employment generation. There is a positive relationship between SMEs and unemployment reduction. The result also shows that there is a positive relationship between SMEs and increase in income level. This study may be beneficial both for practitioners and academicians. For practitioners, the current study may help to devise policies and strategies concerning SMEs to generate employment opportunities. The current study may lead to the generalizability of existing research in the same field as for academic aspect is a concern.

Job Satisfaction of Garments Industry in a Developing Country

The Readymade Garments (RMG) industry occupies a unique position in the Bangladesh economy. It is the largest exporting industry in Bangladesh, which experienced phenomenal growth during the last 25 years. More than 78 percent of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the garments industry. The industry plays a key role in employment generation and in the provision of income to the poor. Nearly four million workers are directly and more than twelve million inhabitants are indirectly associated with the industry. But their satisfaction level of working in their workplace is always neglected. So, this paper attempts to underpin the factors that influence them working with great extent of satisfaction. To support this paper, we conducted primary survey on 100 respondents who are working in different garments factories of Bangladesh. Particularly, descriptive analysis, correlation matrix and regression analysis are the primary tools used for the data analysis. The analysis shows that 7 factors have been influenced quite significantly while relationship between co-workers and supervisor has no significant impact on overall job satisfaction of the workers. This paper also provides a number of insights for the potential think tanks and stakeholders of the country.

Role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Economic Development

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the largest segment of an economy. They accounts for 25 percent of Bangladesh GDP and employed 87% of civilian population. MSMEs are playing a very important role in employment generation, resource utilization and income generation to a large segment of the society. Therefore; they are vital for economic development of any country. As a result the government of Bangladesh provided significant importance to MSMEs in National Industrial Policy 2016, SME Policy Strategies 2005 and upcoming drafts of both the policies. Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) was established in 1957, Small and Medium Enterprise Foundation (SME Foundation) was established in 2007 and a significant number of development projects were implemented to facilitate establishment and promotion of MSMEs in Bangladesh.

MSMEs in Indian Economy Growth and Contribution in Recent Years

Being a labour rich country with plenty of natural resources and a wide and growing domestic market, the Indian economy offers ample opportunity for industrial development. This is particularly relevant in the context of the growth of the micro, small and medium manufacturing enterprises in the country. Their capital light, skill light and labour intensive nature makes them especially suitable for the factor endowment situation of Indian economy and its sustained growth and development. They play a crucial role in employment generation and poverty alleviation in the country. This paper is an attempt at analysing the recent trends in the growth and contribution of these enterprises to the Indian economy, with emphasis on their contribution to GDP and employment generation.

Self Help Group: A Strategy to Rural Development of Puri District in Odisha, India

On the basis of a micro level study for Puri district in Odisha, this paper finds that the Self Help Groups (SHGs) have played a positive and significant role in generation of employment and income of its members engaged in different economic activities such as commercial farming, pisciculture, food processing, trade and commerce, household industry and agriculture. The members are found to have a change in the quality of their lives. Promotion of SHGs therefore, not only helps foster rural development but also go a long way in attaining inclusive growth in India.

Political connectedness and formal finance in transition economies

Although small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent more than 90% of all enterprises and play an important role in employment generation, they lack access to affordable formal finance. Conventionally, market failures and information imperfections are seen as major causes of this misallocation. However, the role of social and political factors in resource allocation, including access to formal finance, has recently become more widely accepted. Firm-level evidence from postcommunist economies, for example, shows that political connectedness improves access to bank credit, but is not associated with enterprise growth.

Study of Aromatic and Medicated Plants in Uttrakhand, India: With Focus on Role in Employment Generation and Supply Chain Management

India is one of the major exporters of crude drugs including Medicated and Aromatic Plants globally. As per the latest and most recent data available, in 2012-2013 India’s total export of Ayush, Medicinal herbs and their value added products was USD 395.58 million. State of Uttarakhand in India is a natural habitat of the prosperous varieties of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plant species. The Government of Uttarakhand state has also realised this big potential and is continuously trying to tap this wealth. In 2012-2013 the state exported culinary herbs, Aromatic products and medicated products worth ` 29.0 crore. The aim of this study of MAP products in Uttarakhand state is to evaluate the impact of cultivation of MAP products, in relation to the new employment generation and also to study the supply chain management in context to the activities of various agencies engaged in collection, distribution and auction. This paper focuses on the cultivation program running in Uttrakhand by HRDI and its importance in employment generation in the hilly districts. It is very evident in today’s time that a strong supply chain is basic necessity for every organised business to sustain and to be successful in long run. This paper also studies the existing supply chain for MAP products and investigates the loopholes for further improvement so that the cultivators of MAP get maximum monetary benefits with minimum problems. In addition to that, role of different corporations like KMVN, GMVN and Bhesaj Corporation in marketing of these MAP products has also been discussed under the presented study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12396 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-2: 148-156

Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: A Review

Empirical researchers and policy makers have shown increasing interest in entrepreneurship and its association with economic development. In the literature, a good number of studies have established positive relationship between entrepreneurship and employment generation, poverty alleviation and economic development. It is for this reason that various governments in Nigeria over the past three decades implemented a number of policies and programmes aimed at addressing the high rate of unemployment, wide-spread poverty and low level of economic development. Unfortunately, the various policies and programmes have failed to achieve the desired results. This paper attempts to identify the causal factors that militate against the effectiveness of government efforts at entrepreneurship development. Major government programmes are examined to identify inherent weaknesses. Supported by empirical and theoretical literature, this paper asserts that the treatment of all small businesses as entrepreneurial constrains the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria and in other developing economies, as policies and programmes are implemented across the board. It canvasses a distinctive categorization to distinguish entrepreneurial firms from non-entrepreneurial small businesses and the development and implementation of policies and strategies that are suitable for each class of small businesses. While all small businesses need support, entrepreneurial firms need higher level of support to enable them play their catalytic role in employment generation and economic development. Other group of challenges identified by empirical studies, which militate against the development of small businesses, entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial, should be properly addressed. These include environmental hazards, infrastructural inadequacies, high level of insecurity and the incidence of wide-spread corruption.