Role Of Chronobiology Research Articles

Chronotoxici-Plate Containing Droplet-Engineered Rhythmic Liver Organoids for Drug Toxicity Evaluation.

The circadian clock coordinates the daily rhythmicity of biological processes, and its dysregulation is associated with various human diseases. Despite the direct targeting of rhythmic genes by many prevalent and World Health Organization (WHO) essential drugs, traditional approaches can't satisfy the need of explore multi-timepoint drug administration strategies across a wide range of drugs. Here, droplet-engineered primary liver organoids (DPLOs) are generated with rhythmic characteristics in 4 days, and developed Chronotoxici-plate as an in vitro high-throughput automated rhythmic tool for chronotherapy assessment within 7 days. Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) is identified as a rhythmic marker in DPLOs, providing insights for rapid assessment of organoid rhythmicity. Using oxaliplatin as a representative drug, time-dependent variations are demonstrated in toxicity on the Chronotoxici-plate, highlighting the importance of considering time-dependent effects. Additionally, the role of chronobiology is underscored in primary organoid modeling. This study may provide tools for both precision chronotherapy and chronotoxicity in drug development by optimizing administration timing.

Chronobiological Effect on the Reproductive Behavior of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The most widely used entomological method of determining the time since death (minimum postmortem interval, mPMI) has been calculating the developmental time of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on the deceased body. However, because blow flies are known to be diurnal, nocturnal oviposition has been excluded from standard mPMI calculations. This has been challenged by recent studies demonstrating nocturnal oviposition due to an unknown reason. Therefore, this study investigated the role of chronobiology. We recorded the locomotion amount and pattern of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) under different chronobiological conditions and examined whether Ch. megacephala can oviposit under nighttime conditions in field and laboratory settings. Subjects were found to have a daily activity pattern under normal darkness conditions (12:12 L:D) and under continuous darkness (DD), but they exhibited no pattern under continuous light (LL). Free-running period was approximately 1,341 min/d (22.35 h/d). In the field, no flies were observed during nighttime. Oviposition occurred in the laboratory setting during daytime with no lights and during nighttime with artificial lights. Free-running subjects oviposited in both active and resting periods, with more eggs laid during active than resting periods. The result of this study indicates it is possible to induce oviposition behavior during evening hours on Ch. megacephala. However, this was only observed in the laboratory setting and could only happen during the flies' subjective day.

Desynchronised times? Chronobiology, (bio)medicalisation and the rhythms of life itself.

This paper takes a critical look at the role of chronobiology in society today, with particular reference to its entanglements with health and medicine and whether or not this amounts to the (bio)medicalisation of our bodily rhythms. What we have here, we show, is a complex unfolding storyline, within and beyond medicine. On the one hand, the promises and problems of these circadian, infradian and ultradian rhythms for our health and well-being are now increasingly emphasised. On the other hand, a variety of new rhythmic interventions and forms of governance are now emerging within and beyond medicine, from chronotherapies and chronopharmacology to biocompatible school and work schedules, and from chronodiets to the optimisation of all we do according to our 'chronotypes'. Conceptualising these developments, we suggest challenges us to think within and beyond medicalisation to wider processes of biomedicalisation and the biopolitics of our body clocks: a vital new strand of chronopolitics today indeed which implicates us all in sickness and in health as the very embodiment of these rhythms of life itself. The paper concludes with a call for further research on these complex unfolding relations between chronobiology, health and society in these desynchronised times of ours.

Chronobiology and Chronotherapy in Depression: Current Knowledge and Chronotherapeutic Promises

Background: Depression is a heavily prevalent mental disorder. Symptoms of depression extend beyond mood, cognition, and behavior to include a spectrum of somatic manifestations in all organic systems. Changes in sleep and neuroendocrine rhythms are especially prominent, and disruptions of circadian rhythms have been closely related to the neurobiology of depression. With the advent of increased research in chronobiology, various pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed, including anomalies of sleep architecture, the effects of clock gene polymorphisms in monoamine metabolism, and the deleterious impact of social zeitgebers. The identification of these chronodisruptions has propelled the emergence of several chronotherapeutic strategies, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, with varying degrees of clinical evidence. Methods: The fundamental objective of this review is to integrate current knowledge about the role of chronobiology and depression and to summarize the interventions developed to resynchronize biorhythms both within an individual and with geophysical time. Results: We have found that among the non-pharmacological alternatives, triple chronotherapywhich encompasses bright light therapy, sleep deprivation therapy, and consecutive sleep phase advance therapy-has garnered the most considerable scientific interest. On the other hand, agomelatine appears to be the most promising pharmacological option, given its unique melatonergic pharmacodynamics. Conclusions: Research in chronotherapy as a treatment for depression is currently booming. Novel interventions could play a significant role in adopting new options for the treatment of depression, with Tripe Cronotherapy standing out as the most promising treatment.

The social role of Chronobiology

ABSTRACTBiological rhythms are currently subject of an increasing interest in the society, especially for its incidence on the health and nowadays they are present in many communication media. The popularization of these topics makes necessary a general training in chronobiology that could take place at all levels of education. Moreover, the timetables in today’s societies are also a matter of debate for its repercussion in the human circadian clock, since they may alter people’s life and health. Here we analyse the need for training on Chronobiology in the society and the different levels in which it could be achieved. Moreover, we analyse several circumstances of time management in the society, which may influence individual’s circadian rhythms. Apart from researching, chronobiologists are also responsible for spreading the scientific basis of the circadian rhythms in the society.

Role of chronobiology in determining the distribution of non-communicable diseases across geographies-thinking beyond diet

Background: Over the last few years, it is being realised that the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) may be linked to some macro-level determinants. Material and Methods: The present systematic review uses data distributed across geographies to explore the role played by chronobiology. Results: The paper is based on the role of these factors in affecting the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and dementia. The paper uses extensive empirical scrutiny, covering areas across a state and applying the outcome of these to generate a hypothesis. Conclusion: Our results though initial indicate that change in chronotype appears to contribute to an increase in NCDs.

Role of Chronobiology as a Transdisciplinary Field of Research: Its Applications in Treating Mood Disorders.

Chronobiology is a field that studies the effects of time on biological systems. Periodicity is of particular interest. The master biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus controls daily rhythms of core body temperature, rest-activity cycle, physiological and behavioral functions, psychomotor functions and mood in humans. The clock genes are involved in the generation of the circadian rhythms and the biological clock is synchronized to solar day by direct photic inputs. Various circadian rhythm abnormalities have been demonstrated in mood disorders such as unipolar depression, bipolar depression and seasonal affective disorder. Hypotheses involving circadian rhythm abnormalities related to the etiology of mood disorders have been raised. The resulting circadian rhythm changes can be measured and evaluated that these techniques can be used to identify subtypes of mood disorders associated with circadian rhythm changes. The data obtained from chronobiological studies reveal methods that manipulate circadian rhythms. The effects of light and melatonin on circadian rhythms are determined by these studies. Chronobiological research has been applied to the psychiatric clinic and light therapy has been used as a chronotherapeutic in the treatment of mood disorders. On the other hand, chronotherapeutic approaches with effects on circadian rhythms such as sleep deprivation therapy have been used in the treatment of mood disorders too. As a good example of translational psychiatry, chronobiological studies have been projected in the psychiatry clinic. It may be possible, the data obtained from the basic sciences are used in the diagnosis of mood disorders and in the treatment of psychiatric disorders as chronotherapeutic techniques. Developments in the field of chronobiology and data obtained from chronotherapeutics may enable the development of evidence-based diagnosis and treatment in psychiatry.

The role of chronobiology and circadian rhythms in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for management of diabetes

Circadian clocks regulate cellular to organic and individual behavior levels of all organisms. Almost all cells in animals have self-sustained clocks entrained by environmental signals. Recent progress in genetic research has included identification of clock genes whose disruption causes metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Here we review recent advances in research on circadian disruption, shift work, altered eating behaviors, and disrupted sleep-wake cycles, with reference to management of type 2 diabetes.

It is time we managed depression: the emerging role of chronobiology

It is time we managed depression: the emerging role of chronobiology

Melatonin and its agonists, circadian rhythms and psychiatry

The pineal gland has long been implicated in psychiatric disorders, but only after the discovery of melatonin has the physiology behind these theories been better researched and understood, especially its role in chronobiology. The role of melatonin in sleep is well known and the interrelatedness with mood and other disorders is also receiving increasing attention. Circadian rhythm disorders are also common, and often cause psychiatric symptoms, resulting in impairment in daily functioning. Together with other factors, melatonin has an integral role in the pathogenesis and treatment of these conditions. The role of melatonin in various neurological disorders is also of interest and warrants further investigation. Changes in melatonin levels related to ageing have important clinical implications and should be considered in sleep and cognitive disorders in the aged.

The role of chronobiology in sleep disorders medicine.

This review is concerned with circadian (approximately 24 h) aspects of chronobiology, and how they relate to sleep disorders medicine. We begin with an introduction to the key concepts and paradigms of circadian rhythms research in general, including a description of homeostatic and circadian determinants of sleep timing. This is followed by a brief history of chronobiology in relation to sleep disorders medicine. Both animal and human circadian rhythm studies are considered. We trace historical changes in the relative emphasis placed on social contacts, light, and melatonin in human circadian rhythms research. Special attention is given to free-running, forced desynchrony, and ultra-short sleep/wake cycle findings of particular relevance to sleep disorders medicine. The latter part of the review comprises a description of the circadian rhythm sleep disorders, highlighting insights derived from basic circadian rhythms research, including recent advances in molecular genetics. We conclude that the role of chronobiology in sleep disorders medicine is profound and pervasive, and that the two disciplines will move ever closer as a natural function of important new insights into sleep and sleep disorders provided by basic circadian rhythms research.

Ultrastructural modifications of the pineal gland of aged rats: Role of calcium

The pineal gland, an important component of the neuroendocrine axis [review in Reiter] is known to play an important role in chronobiology and transduction of certain external stimuli. The purpose of the present investigation is to examine the pineal gland of young and aged rats and to determine structural and elemental alterations related to age.28 months-old male Wistar rats and young adult males (2-3 months old) were used. Pineal glands were quickly removed from the brain after decapitation and fixed with 3% gl utaraldehyde in 0.1 M Na cacodylate buffer (1h) and postfixed in 1% OsO4 buffered with 0.1 M Na cacodylate. For ultrastructural localization of calcium the potassium pyroantimonate method was used following the method of Eisenmann et al. Calcium was analyzed using a CAMEBAX mi croanalyser with the TEM mode and fitted with WDS spectrometers.