Role Of Calls Research Articles

On The Computer as A Medium For Language Teaching

After giving an overview of erroneous expectations many educators have of CALL and offering a realistic assessment of CALL's capabilities, this article demonstrates the specific functions and the versatile role of CALL when use in conjunction with other teaching tools. Specific examples are given within the context of the Private Tutor System for the Macintosh.

Conceptualization of Calling: A Grounded Theory Exploration of CCCU Women Leaders

This grounded theory study provides a conceptualization of the role of calling in women's leadership development based on semistructured interviews with 16 female leaders in the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities. Centered in the participants knowing and using their unique talents and strengths, which were often viewed as being clues to God's plan for their lives, the participants conceptualized calling along two dimensions: internal-external and specific-general. Internal-external refers to sources of validation from which women experienced confirmation for their giftedness. Specific-general refers to whether calling was viewed as pointing to a well-defined task or was a generalized way of being, incorporating a sense of purpose or direction. Coding of participant interviews into dominant themes revealed aspects of each dimension, with participants’ awareness of calling being enlarged or potentially constricted based on four contextual factors: theological influences, family realities, cultural expectations, and life circumstances. This article connects existing research about calling, leadership, and motivation, and provides a model that emerged from the current research that contributes to the literature about women's leadership development.

European Public Health News * EUPHA president's column * EUPHA office news * Message from the WHO Regional Director for Europe: Embarking on Developing the New European Health Policy--Health 2020 * European Commission, DG Health and Consumers * Public Health and Welfare - Welfare Development and Health, 10-12 November 2011, the Bella Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark

This first European public health news of 2011 provides information on networking, capacity and knowledge building and the future of European public health. All contributors, EUPHA, WHO/EURO and DG Sanco, present new activities aimed at encouraging an ‘European public health movement’ where governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and individual public health professionals work together to further public health in Europe. As Ghandi already said: ‘you must be the change you wish to see’. Wishing you all a good start to a collaborative year. # EUPHA president’s column {#article-title-2} 2011 will be an important year for Public Health and for EUPHA. For Public Health because although the human race has been always subjected to global forces throughout its existence, many of the global forces that are now shaping our destiny, such as climate change, the emergence of new infectious agents or the consequences of financial crisis, are different as they are to a considerable extent of our own making. The implication of this is that we have it in our power to do something about them. For EUPHA, if we are to respond to these threats, then we must develop effective global responses. The most important of these is knowledge. Knowledge allows us to understand the often complex pathways by which health or disease arises, looking beyond the immediate causes to underlying factors, such as the reasons why some people live in poverty or are exposed to conflict. It also enables us to understand what can be done to counteract these threats. I hope that EUPHA will play a crucial role in calling upon the governments of Europe to place a higher priority on the global threats to the future health of humanity, investing in the global public goods for health that will enable us to respond effectively to them. In particular, we should focus on the …

Closed-loop bird–computer interactions: a new method to study the role of bird calls

In the field of songbird research, many studies have shown the role of male songs in territorial defense and courtship. Calling, another important acoustic communication signal, has received much less attention, however, because calls are assumed to contain less information about the emitter than songs do. Birdcall repertoire is diverse, and the role of calls has been found to be significant in the area of social interaction, for example, in pair, family, and group cohesion. However, standard methods for studying calls do not allow precise and systematic study of their role in communication. We propose herein a new method to study bird vocal interaction. A closed-loop computer system interacts with canaries, Serinus canaria, by (1) automatically classifying two basic types of canary vocalization, single versus repeated calls, as they are produced by the subject, and (2) responding with a preprogrammed call type recorded from another bird. This computerized animal-machine interaction requires no human interference. We show first that the birds do engage in sustained interactions with the system, by studying the rate of single and repeated calls for various programmed protocols. We then show that female canaries differentially use single and repeated calls. First, they produce significantly more single than repeated calls, and second, the rate of single calls is associated with the context in which they interact, whereas repeated calls are context independent. This experiment is the first illustration of how closed-loop bird-computer interaction can be used productively to study social relationships.

Review of the Fund's Transparency Policy

The Fund has come a long way since the inception of its policy toward increased openness some ten years ago. Most Board documents are now published; the volume of information in the Fund’s archives has increased significantly; and the Fund has strengthened outreach efforts to explain its operations and views to the outside world. Transparency and openness has become increasingly seen as a normal and essential part of the Fund’s business. There are significant benefits from increased transparency: it strengthens the Fund’s ability to influence public debate, subjects the Fund to outside scrutiny, and enhances the Fund’s legitimacy by making it more accountable. These benefits will only loom larger as the Fund takes on a larger role in calling out risks to the global economy, to help prevent future economic and financial crises. Indeed, in today’s world openness from public institutions like the Fund is generally expected.

China’s Uniform Provisions of Evidence of the People's Court and the Convergence of Civil Law and Common Law

With recent judicial reforms in both civil and common law jurisdictions, the distinctions between the two systems are lessening. As these reforms continue, the civil law/common law categories are loosing meaning and, except as an historical construct, may become irrelevant. One hallmark of the civil law system has been the judge who frames issues and calls and questions witnesses. Other civil law characteristics include a reliance upon written evidence, minimal use of precedent, and an indistinct trial process. Conversely, common law systems grant attorneys great control over the trial process, have complex codes controlling the introduction of evidence, rely heavily upon precedent, and have a distinct trial process. Now in many civil law countries, attorneys are taking a lead role in calling and questioning witnesses. At the same time, common law judges are becoming more active in framing issues and controlling the litigation process. China, a traditionally civil law country, is in the process of developing and adopting rules of evidence that are partially inspired by the evidence rules in place in the United States, a common law country. In developing and implementing the Uniform Provisions of Evidence, China’s reform effort mirrors the merger in civil law and common law countries that is taking place in so many other countries. This article focuses on the historical distinctions between civil and common law countries, the merger that is taking place between the two systems, and China’s Draft Uniform Provisions of Evidence as an example of this harmonization of the civil and common law systems.

Breakthrough Advocacy for Research.Mary Woolley

Research!America is the nation's largest advocacy alliance working to make research to improve health a higher national priority. We achieve our mission by working with our 500 member organizations that represent 125 million Americans. We educate policymakers, the public and the media about the value of investing in research and we train the science community to be advocates for their work. Effective advocacy starts with information. So, we provide tools like public opinion polling, our online constituent education initiative Your Congress - Your Health, a state-by-state economic impact of research tool and more. These tools are available to all interested stakeholders to facilitate their advocacy efforts. Research!America played a leading role in calling for substantial research funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. It is important to thank our policymakers for this significant investment in research, while ensuring that they remain committed to future support. Research!America is therefore taking the lead in calling for at least a 10% increase in funding for the NIH in FY2010 and is working with other groups to support strong increases in research funding for the CDC, NSF, and AHRQ. We are on the brink of exciting new discoveries and therapies in the study of reproduction - everything from understanding the basic biology of germ cells to treatments for infertility. Now it is incumbent on you--the reproductive science community--to make it clear to policymakers, the public and the media just how research funding helps advance our economy, improve our health and our quality of life. http://www.researchamerica.org

Mining for justice in the food system: perceptions, practices, and possibilities

Despite much popular interest in food issues, there remains a lack of social justice in the American agrifood system, as evidenced by prevalent hunger and obesity in low-income populations and exploitation of farmworkers. While many consumers and alternative agrifood organizations express interest in and support social justice goals, the incorporation of these goals into on-the-ground alternatives is often tenuous. Academics have an important role in calling out social justice issues and developing the critical thinking skills that can redress inequality in the agrifood system. Academics can challenge ideological categories of inquiry and problem definition, include justice factors in defining research problems, and develop participatory, problem-solving research within social justice movements. In addition, scholars can educate students about the power of epistemologies, discourse, and ideology, thereby expanding the limits and boundaries of what is possible in transforming the agrifood system. In these ways, the academy can be a key player in the creation of a diverse agrifood movement that embraces the discourse of social justice.

CALL on hold: The delayed benefits of an online workbook on L2 vocabulary learning

This study examines the effects of an online workbook and a paper workbook on L2 vocabulary acquisition. Participants consisted of 549 L2 learners of Spanish enrolled in a large language program at an American state university. The participants received 4 hours of classroom instruction per week and worked with an online or a paper workbook once a week during two semesters. They also completed a screening test and four vocabulary tests: two during the first semester and two during the second semester. The results showed no significant differences between the online and the paper workbook groups after one semester of instructional treatment. However, the online workbook group proved better than the paper workbook group in the second semester. These findings confirm results of previous studies on the beneficial role of CALL on L2 vocabulary acquisition, and they point to the pedagogical advantages of online workbooks for large language programs as long as enough length of exposure to the online environment is allotted.

The Spider Web of Oversight: An Analysis of External Oversight of Higher Education

The relationship between state governments and public institutions of higher learning resembles an intricate and clumsy dance with both partners often trying to play the role of the lead dancer. Further complicating the issue, higher education often awkwardly vies for attention among the state's multiple partners (e.g., health care, prisons, and transportation); however, because of a variety of shifts in the nature of state legislatures, increasing public interest in higher education, and billions of dollars in state appropriations (approximately $72 billion for the 2006-2007 fiscal year), the dance between higher education and the state legislature is becoming increasingly important. Through professionalization of state legislatures (Bowman & Kearney, 1988) and increasing demands on limited fiscal resources, legislatures and other government officials across the nation are taking a more active role in calling for heightened levels of accountability for all institutions receiving state appropriations, including higher education (Burke, 2005; Sabloff, 1997; Schmidtlein & Berdahl, 2005). (1) As with any effective dance pair, information flow between the partners is critical. However, empirical scholarship about how state governments elicit and receive information about public colleges and universities remains limited. Interpreting this relationship through the lens of the theoretical framework of the principal-agent theory leads to the conclusion that the university operates as an agent of the state government (the principal). However, the relationship is awash with information asymmetries, leading the principal to have to rely on a complex array of oversight mechanisms and other actors to reduce some of these asymmetries. This study investigates how actors and mechanisms at the local and state levels aid the state government in compensating for the inherent information asymmetries in the system. Over the past several decades, state officials and various interest groups and civic organizations have increased their level of direct involvement in the affairs of public higher education. The increase in external attention toward the academy would likely be accompanied by the development of oversight mechanisms to ensure that societal expectations are fulfilled; yet there is little empirical evidence of how these external actors and oversight mechanisms interact to oversee the action of the university. For example, how does oversight by localized actors such as students or local citizens lead to the involvement of state officials? Merely acknowledging that the university might have to testify at a legislative hearing or file a report does not fully explain how oversight of higher education operates. In fact, many of the often-unobserved processes might be the ones that most frequently trigger governmental interventions (McCubbins & Schwartz, 1984). A primary difficulty in the study of higher education governance is that the public university is a blend of organizational components from private corporations, public bureaucracies, and nonprofit organizations. What is needed is a theory of university oversight that incorporates the relevant aspects of each of these areas to help explain actor behavior and structural dynamics. Such a development of a theory about the oversight of higher education is not a simple feat of borrowing theories from relevant fields and applying them to higher education. Simply merging theories is unfeasible because organizational theories about corporations, public bureaucracies, and nonprofit organizations all operate under certain assumptions--some of which might apply to the public university and some which might not. Thus, developing a theory of higher education governance requires explorative research about university governance and external oversight. Several studies have explored various aspects of external oversight, but there exists little knowledge about the full scope of oversight, particularly from exploratory research only possible through qualitative research. …

欧州統合と対テロ政策

In the context of global efforts in combating terrorism, the European Union has developed a wide range of unique counter-terrorism law and measures which cover all the three pillars under the EU Treaty.The main features of the EU response to the global threat of terrorism would be summarized as follows:(1) A top political priority attached and most speedy action taken on its counter-terrorism measures.(2) Comprehensive multi-layer structure and uniqueness of the measures which include: i. Comprehensive policy measures such as Anti-Terrorism Action Plan, Declaration, Strategy; ii. Measures to freeze financial resources to terrorist groups; iii. Numerous Council Framework Decisions on terrorism, European Arrest Warrant, Joint investigating Teams, etc.; iv. Europol, Euroj ust, Police Chief's Task Force, Schengen Information Systems, EURODAC.(3) Close cooperation with the US.(4) Attempt to study the root causes of radicalization and recruitment of terrorists.(5) Acceleration of efforts in the wake of major terror incidents such as Madrid and London incidents.With regard to the roles of the member states, the Commission and the European Parliament in the process of making the EU counter-terrorism law and measures, the member states which have had the experiences of major terrorist incidents and have close ties with the US tend to be much keener than those which do not have such experiences. Some other countries which are mindful of basic human rights tend to take cautious attitude toward excessive counter-terrorism measures. The European Commission has been playing a principal role in preparing legislative proposals and action programs. On the other hand, the European Parliament, concerned over the infringements of human rights of EU citizens as result of excessive counter-terrorism measures, has been playing an important role in calling for utmost restraint and caution vis-a-vis the Commission and the Council on counter-terrorism measures.These different roles are clearly seen on such hot issues as (1) Data Retention, (2) Passenger Name Record (PNR) Agreement with the US, (3) alleged use of European countries by the CIA for the transportation and illegal detention of prisoners. In all those cases, the European Parliament has been playing a major role, as representative organ of EU citizens and upholder of EU human rights charter to warn against the infringements of human rights of EU citizens while the Commission and the Council taking counter-terrorism measures.

Social security in an aging society

Most of the recent claims that Social Security faces major financial challenges in the years ahead rely on the recognition that the US population is aging. Indeed, the coming wave of baby-boomer retirements plays a continuing role in calls for ‘reform’ of the program. However, the general aging of the population ensures that the problem will not go away even when that generation passes on. This paper focuses on the demographic trends facing the US (and world)—why is the population aging, and how fast? Will this lead to an intolerable burden on future generations of workers? While most of the public discussion focuses on Social Security's long-term finances, what really matters is whether the economy will be able to produce a sufficient quantity of real goods and services to provide for both workers and dependents in, say, the year 2080. If it cannot, then regardless of Social Security's finances, the real living standards of Americans in 2080 will have to be lower than they are today. Any reforms to Social Security made today should focus on increasing the economy's capacity to produce real goods and services, rather than on ensuring positive actuarial balances. It will be demonstrated that projected demographic changes are surprisingly modest, and can be accommodated at a measured pace with fairly small policy reforms.

Why and how East Germans rebelled

Why and how East Germans rebelled

Workers' Compensation: Benefit and Injury Claims Rates in the Seventies

A LTHOUGH public policy analysts are revaluating income maintenance and income support programs, economists have devoted little attention to empirical research on one such program. Workers' Compensation (WC), a program in search of quantitative researchers, is about the same size as the Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) programs, and WC may have stronger supply effects than the UI program.' The state and federal no-fault insurance programs which constitute America's WC insurance system cost over $25 billion in 1980, and they covered, approximately, 90% of all wage and salary workers.2 During the period 1972 to 1978, the cost of WC as a percentage of covered payroll doubled and was probably equal to 2% of covered payroll.3 The WC program has enjoyed the support of both labor and industry. Employers favor this form of no-fault insurance because it guarantees a limit on the liabilities that they will incur due to the work-related injuries and diseases of their employees, and employees value the guaranteed medical expenses and payments that they receive under the program.4 Labor can view Workers' Compensation as a vast improvement over either the common law, which seemed to be designed to provide employees with strong safety incentives rather than to replace their lost income, or the employer liability laws that prevailed in most states until the early part of this century. Perhaps another reason for the position that the Workers' Compensation program has held in American social insurance has been that it is specialized in nature, and has constituted a relatively small share of the employers' overall cost. However, in recent years as the claim frequency under Workers' Compensation has risen dramatically and as policymakers and practitioners alike have consistently underestimated the cost consequences of liberalized Workers' Compensation benefits, analysts are beginning to reevaluate this very important form of social insurance. In this paper we analyze the two classes of Workers' Compensation injuries which account for most of the Workers' Compensation costs in the United States: temporary total and permanent partial injuries. In the next section we briefly describe some of the rudiments of the program after which we sketch an economic model of injury rates and suggest how they interact with wages and hours of work as levels of benefit change. In the fourth section of the paper we present empirical results which indicate that recent changes in the Workers' Compensation laws have had subReceived for publication April 1, 1982. Revision accepted for publication December 1, 1982. * Brigham Young University and Rutgers University, respectively. We wish to thank Steve Zrebiec for competent research assistance, and Monroe Berkowitz, Tom Brown, John F. Burton, Jr., Jennifer Field, and Fred Siskind for comments on an earlier draft. The views expressed herein are our own, and do not necessarily reflect those of Brigham Young University. ' Danziger, Haveman, and Plotnick (1981) guesstimate the reduction of work hours by transfer recipients as a percentage of total work hours of all workers as 1.2%, 0.7%, and 0.3% for SSDI, WC, and UI, respectively. 2 Dan Price's estimate (1981) that the WC program cost $20 billion in 1979 is a conservative one. He correctly attributes the full premium paid to private insurers, $14.3 billion, and to state funds to that year's cost, but he attributes only the benefits paid in 1979 by federal programs and firms that were selfinsured plus a 5%-to-10% markup for administrative cost to 1979 costs. This is equivalent to assuming that the federal programs and the firms which self-insure incur all of their WC losses during a calendar year. Actually, 1979 losses may be paid over many years, and injury or illness claims may arise many years after the end of calendar year 1979. These incurred losses and future claims should be fully reflected in current costs, but are so only to the extent that the actuarial price (premium) paid to private carriers and state funds is fully reflected in premiums collected. In addition, Price did not include the federal black lung benefits program funded by general revenues. 3Elson and Burton (1981) have examined the increasing trend in Workers' Compensation insurance. They present evidence which indicates that costs have doubled, for homogeneous classes of employers, in most states over the 1972 to 1978 period. 4There has been erosion of the certainty aspect of benefit payments due to litigation of claims. Vroman (1978) pointed out that certain permanent partial disability claims would be litigated with probability one. The high incidence of controversion has played a prominent role in calls for reform of the WC system and certainly was a factor in the state of Florida's decision to institute a wage loss system on August 1, 1979.