Role Divisions Research Articles

건축설계 프로젝트 팀별 진행의 역할분담에 관한 연구

This study chiefly aims to find out the efficient ways of organizing teams of architectural design projects. In order to reach this goal, this study analyzed (1) specialties of students` projects during semesters in architectural design studios, (2) teaching methods relevant to architectural design education, (3) division of role play in architectural studios and organizing method that students prefer. Besides, in order to clarify the principles of practical project team organization and to find out more efficient methods in team organization, this study executed archival research on (1) specialties of team organization rules and principles in architectural firms, (2) types and merits of projects teams, (3) efficient methods of dividing roles. For the students project of the studio, it is desirable to switch the roles of team leader and staff members of the team to make members` feeling of participating the decision making of the project progress. In architectural design team, since the high productivity was valued beyond individual preferences, the team organization and and work split was done on the basis of (1) experiences, (2) design ability, (3) schedule of the project, etc. However, for the continuous motivation and enthusiasm for the firms, it is required to study efficient ways of team organization.

The gendered dimensions of bushfire in changing rural landscapes in Australia

This paper examines gender differences in awareness, preparedness and attitudes towards bushfire amongst landholders in rural landscapes affected by amenity-led in-migration in southeast Australia. It considers the potential of conceptualising bushfire not as a gender-neutral natural phenomenon but as an important means by which traditional gender roles and power relations within rural landscapes are maintained. Landholders were found to uphold conventional views of bushfire management as “men’s business” despite changing social circumstances. Consequently, key gender differences exist within landholders’ bushfire risk awareness, bushfire knowledge, the perceived need for bushfire preparedness measures, the willingness to perform certain tasks, and the belief in personal capacity to act. We argue that covert and less visible as well as overt gender roles and traditions are important factors in understanding landholders’ engagement with bushfire management. When gendered dimensions of bushfire are investigated in the context of hegemony, a paradox emerges between women choosing not to take control of their own bushfire safety and women being denied the opportunity to take control. The complex and contradictory actions and attitudes to bushfire that materialise through an analysis of gendered social experiences complicate attempts to create more gender-sensitive frameworks for bushfire management. The tenacious and embedded nature of gender role divisions within both public and private spheres was furthermore found to act as economic, social and political stumbling blocks for empowerment opportunities. Using a mixed-methods research approach, this paper maps out gendered dimensions of bushfire through landholders’ narratives and actions. The implications of these dimensions for bushfire management have direct relevance to recent international discussions of the vulnerability of the growing number of people living in bushfire-prone rural–urban interface areas.

An Expectation and an Actuality on the Division of the Role of a Couple

An Expectation and an Actuality on the Division of the Role of a Couple

Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technology: The Blurring Boundaries Between Human and Technology

The currently developing fields of Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technology bring about a convergence of information technology and cognitive science. Smart environments that are able to respond intelligently to what we do and that even aim to influence our behaviour challenge the basic frameworks we commonly use for understanding the relations and role divisions between human beings and technological artifacts. After discussing the promises and threats of these technologies, this article develops alternative conceptions of agency, freedom, and responsibility that make it possible to better understand and assess the social roles of Ambient Intelligence and Persuasive Technology. The central claim of the article is that these new technologies urge us to blur the boundaries between humans and technologies also at the level of our conceptual and moral frameworks.

Rolconflict en het tweede kind: de invloed van opleidingsniveau, genderrollen en gezinsbeleid op tweede geboorteprogressie in Europa

In this article the progression to a second birth within Europe is studied, with specific attention to the effect of postponement of first births on family expansion. Hypotheses at the individual and the country level are tested with data from the European Social Survey’s second round. The main variables are women’s and their partners’ educational level, division of tasks and role attitudes within the household, and family policy at the macro-level. The analyses point at a role conflict between work and motherhood and a trade-off for women between career and second child. There are indications for possible solutions through the division of tasks within the household and family policy at the national level but these differ between social groups. The results show the importance of interactions with the mother’s age at first birth. Differences in postponement effects are observed between countries as well as between educational levels and families with different role divisions.

Knowledge sharing at conferences

To improve the quality in teaching and learning, opportunities need to be provided where practitioners and researchers meet and share visions, disseminate findings, co-construct ideas, and set research agendas together. Visiting a conference is one well-known and established way to do this. But are they effective? A survey was conducted among the attendants of 15 practice-oriented and research-oriented conferences (N = 490) with monocultural and mixed audiences held in The Netherlands in 2005. The findings suggest that, although conferences provide formal and informal opportunities for interdisciplinary dialogues, intradisciplinary meetings are prominent. Most encounters are aimed at the dissemination of information. To a lesser extent, people exchange materials, co-create knowledge, and set research agendas. The conferences sustain traditional role divisions in which researchers present and practitioners consume. To improve the interactivity between researchers and practitioners at conferences, new web-based interaction formats are discussed.

Moments in Laplanche's Theory of Sexuality

This paper is a brief introduction to some of Laplanche's thinking, as well as a commentary on his essay that is published here. Some salient issues in Laplanche's theory are introduced, such as the decentering of the subject and the prioritizing of the other, the postulation of the “reality of the message,” in which gestures from the other both signify and excite/seduce, and an enlarged meaning of seduction. The child's translation of the enigmatic messages conveyed by the adult is a process of being seduced into building interiority and subjectivity. In effect, the present paper proposes not only that “otherness” constitutes the subject, but that an “asymmetrical intersubjectivity” is what enables the transition from instinct to drive and the creation of paradoxical human sexuality. In a meditation that illuminates significant issues in American feminist and psychoanalytic theory, Laplanche's essay analyzes and distinguishes three interrelated terms, gender, sex, and “the sexual” (“le sexual”), or so-called “infantile sexuality”, the latter documenting a Freudian and French emphasis on an additional, counter-realistic, counter-adaptational, and counter-social conception of sexuality. What stands out in this paper no less than “le sexual” is the use of the term “gender” by a French psychoanalyst, who is at once nodding in acknowledgment to contemporary American thinking, and enlisting the concept of gender to reaffirm its “intimate enemy,” infantile sexuality, “le sexual.” Laplanche sees the American-conceived couple sex/gender as a “formidable tool against the Freudian discovery.” Formidableness is what is common to gender and to infantile sexuality, in that both concepts resist and destroy the clear-cut biological/anatomical “destiny” of sex. Both pertain to cultural/acquired/constructed aspects of sexuality; both are phantasmatic and both subvert sexual role divisions. But gender is organized by, hence possibly subordinate to, sex. Laplanche acknowledges gender yet at the same time he makes it dependent on sexuality and thereby “downgrades” it in favor of the inarticulate, perverse, subversive, untameable aspect of human sexuality—“le sexual”, infantile sexuality—which remains outside and in excess of gender.

Aboriginal health workers and diabetes care in remote community health centres: a mixed method analysis

To assess the effect of employing Aboriginal health workers (AHWs) on delivery of diabetes care in remote community health centres, and to identify barriers related to AHWs' involvement in diabetes and other chronic illness care. Three-year follow-up study of 137 Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes in seven remote community health centres in the Northern Territory. Delivery of guideline-scheduled diabetes services; intermediate outcomes (glycated haemoglobin [HbA(1c)] and blood pressure levels); number and sex of AHWs at health centres over time; barriers to AHWs' involvement in chronic illness care. There was a positive relationship between the number of AHWs per 1000 residents and delivery of guideline-scheduled diabetes services (but not intermediate health outcomes). Presence of male AHWs was associated with higher adherence to the guidelines. Barriers to AHWs' involvement in chronic illness care included inadequate training, lack of clear role divisions, lack of stable relationships with non-Aboriginal staff, and high demands for acute care. Employing AHWs is independently associated with improved diabetes care in remote communities. AHWs have potentially important roles to play in chronic illness care, and service managers need to clearly define and support these roles.

Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: Saliva, hormones, and “life‐history” etiologies

When dental caries rates are reported by sex, females are typically found to exhibit higher prevalence rates than males. This finding is generally true for diverse cultures with different subsistence systems and for a wide range of chronological periods. Exceptions exist, but are not common. In this paper, we present new data for sex differences in dental caries rates among the Guanches (Tenerife, Canary Islands), summarize results of meta-analyses of dental caries prevalence, and emphasize new research that stresses the critical role of female hormones and life-history events in the etiology of dental caries. Among the Guanches, corrected tooth-count caries rates for females (8.8%, 158/1,790) are approximately twice the frequency of caries among males (4.5%, 68/1,498). Higher caries prevalence among females is often explained by one of three factors: 1) earlier eruption of teeth in girls, hence longer exposure of girls' teeth to the cariogenic oral environment, 2) easier access to food supplies by women and frequent snacking during food preparation, and 3) pregnancy. Anthropologists tend to favor explanations involving behavior, including sexual division of labor and women's domestic role in food production. By contrast, the causal pathways through which pregnancy contributes to poorer oral health and higher caries rates are deemphasized or discounted. This paper presents recent research on physiological changes associated with fluctuating hormone levels during individual life histories, and the impact these changes have on the oral health of women. The biochemical composition of saliva and overall saliva flow rate are modified in several important ways by hormonal fluctuations during events such as puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, making the oral environment significantly more cariogenic for women than for men. These results suggest that hormonal fluctuations can have a dramatic effect on the oral health of women, and constitute an important causal factor in explaining sex differences in caries rates.

Deliberative Households: Republicans, Liberals, and the Public-Private Split

This article is concerned with the relationship between feminism on the one hand, and republicanism and liberalism on the other hand. Feminism is interested in dissolving the private-public boundary by politicizing the home and challenging role divisions within it. Some scholars have suggested advancing this project by importing the republican view of political contest as a good in itself: no claim to privacy may stand against it, so that received family structures may be exposed to debate and change. In contrast to such views, I argue that a perception of the home as a ground on which autonomous actors meet for open-ended engagement is incompatible with republicanism, and that republican ideas, in their turn, undermine efforts to open up the private sphere for deliberation. On the other hand, the liberal focus on protecting individuality provides a basis for deliberation in the home and so is compatible with the idea of persistent contestation in multiple arenas.

웹계층 오브젝트 모델링을 통한 분산 애플리케이션 개발 프레임웍크

분산 애플리케이션을 위한 다계층 모델 또는 분산 아키텍처를 개발하기 위해서는 웹디자이너와 페이지 작성가의 역할 분리, 엔터티 정의와 사용에 대한 고려, 데이터베이스 연결 및 관리, 트랜잭션 처리 둥 여러 가지 사항을 고려하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 분산 애플리케이션 개발시 여러 고려사항에 대한 해결책으로 웹 계층 오브젝트 모델링 방법을 사용하는 DONSL(Data Server of Non SQL-Query) 아키텍처를 제안한다. 이 아키텍처는 트랜잭션 처리를 지원하고 웹 계층과 DBMS 사이에는 질의 로직을 단순화하는 방법을 통해 성능을 보장하는 구조이다. 제안한 개념적인 프레임웍은 각 계층(tier)의 작업을 단순화시키고 엔터티와 DAO(Data Access Object)를 제거시킴으로서 중대규모 사이트 구현을 용이하게 하는 방법을 제공한다. To develop multi-tier model or distributed architecture based distributed application needs to consider various aspects such as division of role between web-designer and software developer, defining entity and its usage, database connection and transaction processing etc. This paper presents DONSL(Data Server of Non SQL-Query) architecture that provides solution to above aspects through web-tier object modeling. This is the architecture that guarantees the transaction processing and performance between web-tier and DBMS through simplified usage of query logic property. This new conceptual framework also solves enterprise site implementation problems simplifying tier, and removing DAO(Data Access Object) and entity.

Women's Identity in a Country in Rapid Social Change: The Case of Educated Black South African Women

African societies are currently going through a period of accelerated social change, charac terised by increasing population, rapid urbanisation, high regional, national and inter national migration and the assimilation of western values. These changes are increasingly eroding the clear gender role divisions, characteristic of traditional African society, leaving women with a greater personal responsibility to develop their identities. This article focuses on the identity formation of a group of South African black women in a process of rapid social change. The study involved interviews with 10 black African professional women from a rural background. The data from the interviews were analysed using the grounded theory approach. The study revealed that the women's emergent identity was characterised by a strong feeling of independence as well as a commitment to their families. They largely rejected the traditional African gender roles and embraced an identity that encompassed both male and female roles in the family, taking upon them a heavy burden of responsibilities. In an attempt to find support and to valuate their newly emerging identities, they created a new reference group, consisting of like-minded women.

Computational Modeling of Active Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysts

Industrial catalysts often owe their remarkable activity, selectivity and reliability to many years of gradual improvement and optimization. Such research largely relies on physically/chemically motivated systematic variations of important parameters such as catalyst composition and working conditions, but often there is only moderate emphasis placed on the elucidation of the fundamental reasons for a catalyst's success. This “trial-and-error” approach is chosen not because of any strong reluctance to discover a catalyst's intrinsic workings but, rather, because modern catalysts are extremely complicated systems, making fundamental investigations expensive in time and money and with no guarantee of useful results. One reason for this is that, from the theoretical analysis point of view regarding such complex systems, it can appear almost impossible to distinguish the catalytically important and active aspects from the redundant and passive. The assumption that this division of role can be made, however, lies at the root of most intuitive ideas relating to catalytic activity. In this article, we aim to illustrate that by combining computational approaches with this conceptual division of role much benefit can be derived. Such considerations are based around the general concept of localized active sites, as distinguished from the supporting liquid or solid environments of the catalyst, which are assumed to be relatively inert but not without influence. We will show how this concept can be used as the starting point of modern computational modeling techniques, which can be applied at a number of different levels to heterogeneous catalytic systems, pointing the way to a more efficient approach to catalyst optimization and understanding than trial-and-error. Our account will culminate in one of the most computationally extensive descriptions of an active site yet achieved.

"We Don't Sleep around like White Girls Do": Family, Culture, and Gender in Filipina American Lives

Au Etats-Unis, les immigres Philippins resistent a differentes formes de discrimination a travers l'affirmation de certaines specificites culturelles. Par exemple, la chastete des femmes avant le mariage est presentee comme une resistance au modele de la societe dominante blanche americaine, mais ceci se fait au prix de l'autonomie des femmes et renforce le pouvoir patriarcal dans ces communautes

Somalis giving birth in Sweden: a challenge to culture and gender specific values and behaviours

Objectives: giving birth in a foreign country implies going through a life event with little or no access to your own traditions and social support. The aim of this study was to study the childbirth experiences of Somali women and men in Sweden.Design: qualitative. Nine women and seven men were interviewed. Data collection was characterised by an openness to new ideas during the interview and the interviews were analysed according to the grounded theory technique.Findings: the meeting of Somalis with Swedish antenatal and delivery care was a multicultural event. It revealed social, medical, cultural and gender factors advocating space in the arena of childbirth. The Somalis constituted a homogeneous group with regard to their cultural belonging and motives for exile. The subjects were heterogeneous in that they represented a great variety in social and demographic background as well as in experiences, feelings and modes of expression. One striking finding was the Somali man's dramatic entrance into childbirth, which seemed to have a strong impact on the Somali woman's well-being during delivery. The study showed difficulties in getting used to the Swedish model of parenthood and in finding new role divisions in the couple relationship. Some of the subjects had experienced a strengthening of their marriage and an increased understanding of each other. Others commented that various aspects of traditional womanhood and manhood were lost as a result of the unfamiliar gender structures in Sweden.Conclusion: the Somalis' experiences of childbirth in Sweden can be understood by using the theoretical concept of gender, rather than culture. Our own and other studies show that women and men may have different frames of reference in childbirth, where the women mainly focus on biological circumstances and the men on the social and cultural aspects of birth. The Somali couple were found to be vulnerably positioned, with the professionals having the important role of supporting and empowering Somali parents.

Constructivist Theory Applied to Collaborative Learning in Teacher Education: In Search of ZPD

Few studies look critically at the processes in a teacher education course in which students are asked to practice the very teaching approach they study. Using a constructivist framework, this article examines written statements from students working collaboratively in a graduate‐level class on cooperative learning. The study asks to what extent constructivist theory, particularly the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), explains interactions that occurred spontaneously during group work on the final project. Content analysis was used to examine three types of writings: (a) dialogue journals, (b) self‐reports on the group process, and (c) self‐reports on each student's role in the group. Key findings address division of labor, role taking and switching, desire for challenge, power relationships, the languages used to express these concerns, and the need for social interaction to actualize constructivist claims.

Diderot et le théâtre intérieur

Lucette Perol : Diderot' s Interior Theatre. In his own time, Diderot was seen as a playwright because of two plays that are no longer staged, even if the theoretical texts accompanying them are still valid. The image we now have of his work, with its variety, range and power, is very different ; yet many of Diderot's works have been staged with succeess even though they were not written with that aim. It is as if, from the moment he gave up any thought of publishing during his lifetime his most innovative thought, the theatre he had abandoned impregnated all his work, as seen in their division, the creation and staging of characters, the dialogues and role of the spectator. This is not only true of his ever more complex novels, but also of non-narrative genres, such as art criticism or philosophical works, which he acts to himself and encourages his readers to visualise in their own internal theatres. This explains part of the pleasure in reading Diderot and the effectiveness of his message.

Involving fathers in social services

The purpose of this paper is to describe practitioners' attitudes regarding maternal and paternal family role divisions and to assess practice behavior regarding the involvement of fathers in treatment. On the basis of survey data, attitudes concerning role responsibilities for child rearing were found to be maternally oriented, and fathers were found to be significantly less involved in treatment than mothers. The correlates of paternal involvement suggest ways that agency policies may be altered to promote the participation of fathers in treatment.

Women in Toxic Work Environments: A Case Study of Policy Impact.

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings includes abstracts of all papers and symposia presented at the annual conference, plus 6-page abridged versions of the “Best Papers” accepted for inclusion in the program (approximately 10%). Papers published in the Proceedings are abridged because presenting papers at their full length could preclude subsequent journal publication. Please contact the author(s) directly for the full papers. ArticlesWomen in Toxic Work Environments: A Case Study of Policy Impact.Donna M. RandallDonna M. RandallPublished Online:30 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1984.4980750AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail AbstractIn 1975, the Bunker Hill Company of Kellogg, Idaho, instituted an "exclusionary policy" in which all fertile female employees of the mining company were refused jobs involving lead exposure unless they were sterilized. The company adopted the policy in order to protect the fetus from reproductive harm and the company from legal liability for such damage. The impact of the exclusionary policy on the female employees of Bunker Hill is described, and implications of the use of exclusionary policies for women in organizations in the future are discussed.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 1984, No. 1 Permissions Metrics in the past 12 months History Published online 30 November 2017 Published in print 1 August 1984 InformationCopyright of Academy of Management Journal is the property of Academy of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.KeywordsMINING corporationsWOMEN employeesSEX discrimination in employmentWORK environmentSEXUAL division of laborSEX role in the work environmentWOMEN -- EmploymentLEAD -- ToxicologySTERILIZATION of womenDownload PDF

A propos de la socialisation du travail domestique: l'analyse d'un village de vacances

Starting with the claim for 'collective equipment' put forward by certain groups of the women's liberation movement, the author studies the case of a holiday village, in so far as it is a point of socialization of domestic tasks under the ægis of organizations for social tourism, in a situation where it reproduces the particular labour force constituted by holidays with pay.The first part shows the production process of the collective equipment of a holiday village, in a plan for the urbanization of the Languedoc and Roussillon coastline, and the contradictions which arise from the respective strategies of the central state and of organizations of the workers' movement.More precisely, the solution to these contradictions situates the holiday village in a commodity logic. The second part exemplifies cases where domestic work hides the true nature of the man‐woman relation. One must therefore rediscover and reveal it. It will then be possible to question a production process organized around the sexual division and depreciation of women's role.