Rohtak District Research Articles

Paddy Stubble Management: A Study on Farmers’ Opinions

The purpose of the study is to examine the paddy straw management practices by farmers amidst the various difficulties faced by them in terms of machinery, resources, etc. The study was conducted in Rohtak district of Haryana (India). A well-structured interview schedule was formulated and one hundred farmers were interviewed accordingly. Simple random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of twenty paddy growing farmers from each of the blocks viz. Rohtak, Sampla, Meham, Lakhan Majra and Kalanaur of the selected district. The data was analysed, tabulated and the results were drawn using the statistical tools of SPSS and MS Excel. The Chi-square test was used to establish the relation between the paddy straw management technologies and the reasons for non-adoption of these technologies.
 It is found that maximum number of farmers are marginal land holders. Many farmers are unaware of the conservation techniques to manage paddy stubble viz. use of decomposers, etc. The high cost and low availability of paddy stubble management machinery also plague the farmers. The results of the study help in understanding the behaviours of farmers towards tackling the paddy stubble. Also, useful inputs can be drawn to design, manufacture and adopt the agricultural implements for stubble management.
 The study is based on a sample of just hundred farmers and is limited to Rohtak district only.
 Nevertheless, the study is valuable for it comprehensively interrelates the myriad aspects of paddy stubble management in the stubble burning prone area of Rohtak.

An Analysis of Disparities in Access to Drinking Water in the Rural Areas of Rohtak District, Haryana (India)

Access to safe drinking water has been a major challenge in India especially in rural areas where lack of usable water has given birth to decades old sanitation and health problems. In India, the water supply primarily depends upon two sources- Rivers and ground water. Unfortunately, both the sources are declining quantitatively and qualitatively owing to increasing population, industrialization and pollution. As per the report of Central Ground Water Board, ground water of most of the districts in Haryana is unfit for consumption due to high presence of salinity, nitrate, fluoride etc. As per Houselisting and Housing Census, 2011, in Rohtak district, 63.3 percent of rural household used taps, 8 percent used wells, 17.6 percent hand pumps and 8.1 percent used tube wells as sources of drinking water. In the present paper, Composite Index Method has been applied to find out the disparities in the availability of drinking water among the villages. Out of total 143 villages, village Kisranti has the highest number of households (99.2 percent) while four villages- Sanga Hera, Taimurpur, Sahan majra and Kahni 7 ½ Biswa have no households under tap water from treated source of drinking. Based upon the secondary data, the research work aims to analyze the access of safe drinking water through holistic comparison among the villages.

Prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in fluoride endemic areas of Rohtak district, Haryana.

This study investigates the estimation of the fluoride concentration in drinking water in Rohtak district, Haryana, and quantifies its effect on the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1262 school children in endemic fluoride areas of Haryana. Using simple random sampling, thirty villages from five blocks of Rohtak districts were selected, and children 6-12 years of age were examined. A questionnaire survey form was filled out to record the demographic details of the samples. Dental caries was recorded according to DMFT (D = Decayed, M = Missing due to caries only, F = Filled, T = Teeth)/deft index (d = decayed, e = extracted due to caries, f = filled, t = teeth). Assessment of Dental Fluorosis was done according to Dean's Fluorosis index, modified in 1942. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, and nonparametric tests were used to assess the significance. The study participants included 615 males and 647 females among which Mean DMFT in the area of study ranged from 0.32 to 1.90. Mean deft in the area of study ranged from 0.34 to 1.91. The fluoride concentrations in groundwater are in the range of 0.532-8.802. Out of 1262 children examined, 655 (51.90%) children were having dental fluorosis. 607 (48.10%) of the subjects were free from fluorosis. 16.09%, 13.39%, 9.11%, and 8.16% and 5.15% were having questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, and severe form of fluorosis, respectively. It can be concluded that in Rohtak district, the fluoride levels in drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis are high, so requiring an urgent need to improve the quality of water and institute de-fluoridation of drinking water in affected areas to lower the burden of dental fluorosis in the community.

EVALUATING IMPEDIMENTS LEADING TO NON-ADHERENCE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT AMONGST INHABITANTS OF ROHTAK DISTRICT

Background:The rate of success of a physiotherapy treatment programme is strongly inuenced by the adherence of the patient with prescribed treatment programme. Non-adherence with the therapy given to the patient is often overlooked and is one of the reasons for failure to achieve desired results aimed for a given disease/condition. Methods:Atotal of 40 geriatric subjects (20 urban and 20 rural) were surveyed for information using self-questionnaire from Rohtak district. Results: Out of 40 subjects (10 urban males and 10 urban females and 10 rural males and 10 rural females) 70% of urban (30% females and 40% males) and 30% of rural (10% females and 20% males) population was found to be adherent to physical therapy treatment. Impediments identied in the current study that were statistically signicantly associated with non-adherence to physical therapy treatment among the geriatric population included residential locality (p=0.02), accessibility to physiotherapy clinics (p=0.001), paying capacity (p=0.003), compliance to unsupervised home based exercise treatment (p=0.01) and cooperation by family members (p= 0.01). A non-signicant relationship was found with ability of doing ADLs (p=0.06). Conclusion: The study shows that geriatric population of Rohtak district residing in urban areas are more adherent to physical therapy treatment programme as compared to those residing in rural areas.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition in Southeast Part of Haryana, India: A Cross-sectional Study.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition of children in southeast part of Haryana state in India.Materials and methodsAbout 1,540 children of age 3–5 years from 10 nursery and 10 primary schools were selected across Rohtak city. The children were selected by stratified random technique and examined at their respective schools. Oral examination was done to record the parameters such as molar relation, canine relation, crowding, spacing, midline shift, overjet, overbite, rotations, supernumerary teeth, tooth wear, anterior crossbite, and open bite. Chi-square test was used for calculating p-value.ResultsClass I canine relations was seen in 66.2%, flush terminal plane, mesial step, and distal step were observed in 60%, 30.8%, 9.2%, respectively. Midline shift was observed in 1.8% in maxilla and 4% cases in mandible. Rotations were more prevalent in mandibular dentition (26%). Supernumerary teeth were found to be 0.4% in maxillary arch. Spacing was reported in 81.9% in maxillary dentition and 69% in mandibular dentition. Increased overjet and overbite was present in 10.3% and 30.9%, respectively. Anterior crossbite and anterior open bite were seen in only 1% and 1.9% children, respectively with statistically significant higher prevalence in males. Prevalence of attritional facets were reported 13% in enamel and 8% in dentin.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of class I canine relation, flush terminal plane molar, and spaced dentitions, suggestive of low prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in Rohtak district of Haryana state. The results may provide a baseline data for further research on a larger scale.How to cite this articleSharma K, Bihani T, Kumar V. Prevalence of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition in Southeast Part of Haryana, India: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(6):757–761.

Fatality by thoraco-abdominal injuries in cases of accidental deaths in two-wheeler riders: A 100 cases study

Geographically, Rohtak district is located in Haryana State and is well connected with the New Delhi, national capital of India due to which mobility of vehicles is quite high in the region. On account of high vehicle movement, the chances of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) are high, which leads to high mortality and morbidity, however, this is preventable upto great extent. This study was done to know the fatality and incidence of injuries to the chest and abdomen regions of two-wheeler riders caused by RTA. The majority of fatal injuries were noted in the region of the head followed by the abdomen and chest regions the study includes the victims of all age groups who died in RTA. Heavy motor and two-wheeler vehicles were involved in the majority of the cases followed by two-wheelers only.

Emotional and behavioural problems among adolescents attending selected schools of Rohtak, Haryana: A cross-sectional study

Background Adolescence is the period marked by an enormous transition of physiological and psychological characteristics. Most psychological problems begin during childhood and adolescence have consequences for later life. Aim The study assessed the patterns of emotional and behavioural problems (EBPs) among adolescents attending selected schools of Rohtak District, Haryana. Methods- A cross-sectional study was conducted in five schools of Rohtak district, Haryana. Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) was used for the assessment of EBPs and 400 adolescents were recruited through convenience sampling. Results- About 53% of the subjects were boys and the mean total difficulty score of SDQ was 10.14 (SD of 5.22). The overall prevalence of EBPs was 5.5 % (03.66 - 08.19 %; 95% CI) as per the total difficulty score of SDQ. Conduct problems (8.8%; 06.36 - 11.93; 95% CI) was the most prevalent EBPs among all the subscales of SDQ in this setting. Conclusion- About one-fifth of the school-going adolescents reported to have EBPs in this setting. The regular incorporation of mental health services can be an effective strategy to bolster adolescent resilience in the school setting.

Oral health perception and plight of patients of schizophrenia.

To assess the oral health status, perception and dental treatment needs in patients of schizophrenia in the hospital set-up in Rohtak district, Haryana. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the oral health in patients of schizophrenia at Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana amongst patients with ≤48 score on BPRS. A modified Dental Coping Belief Scale along with a structured questionnaire and clinical examination were recorded. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in relation to demographic variables. Amongst 111 subjects, 74.4% were males and the mean age was 34.73±9.9years. Around 77.5% had habit of regular mouth rinsing, 72% and 3% brushed their teeth once and twice daily, respectively. Subjects had high negative oral health beliefs and external locus of control for oral health. Compared to the general population, mean OHI (8.4±2.5) and DMFT (3.09±2.9) scores were higher. Nearly, 66% patients had gingival pockets and around 7% showed attachment loss above 3mm or gingival recession. Patients with schizophrenia have much poorer oral health as compared to general population. They are aware of their poor oral hygiene but are not motivated enough to take care of their oral health. A multifaceted approach is required to plan and undertake effective oral health preventive and rehabilitative measures for this special group.

Impact of Social Media on Modern Society: An Empirical Research of Haryana

Social media is very useful in present scenario. It is powerful medium to circulate all informations in present time. The whole world becomes a village through social media. The study examines the impact of social media on society in Haryana. This study was conducted in Rohtak district of Haryana. The interview scheduled method was employed. In this study, 240 respondents were selected by purposive sampling. The objectives of the study were to find out the attitude of the people towards reliability of social media; to know the attitude of the people about advantages and disadvantages of social media. On the basis of this study researcher found that the youth belonged to different age, and education group indicate their varied responses on impact of social media on society.

Love Attitude, Friendship Dimensions as Correlates of Health and Adjustment

The link between social relationships (parental, romantic, friendships, acquaintances) and one’s psychological well-being has been investigated deeply in the area of adult psychological adjustment. With respect to this, there has been an increasing emphasis on adolescents and their interpersonal relationships lately. Adolescence, a developmental phase characterized by broadening social networks and changing interpersonal requirements, is a domain of research in which theintricacies of interpersonal attachments is becoming common. It is important to better understand these interpersonal intricacies to contribute to the evolution of attachment theory. Two important aspects of interpersonal relationship during adolescent stage are love and friendship, which may affect overall psychological wellbeing. As adolescents make the transition into young adulthood; love and friendshipattitudes are especially important sources of support and even at times, act as a buffer from stress. The paper aimed to examine the love attitude and friendship dimensions of adolescents in relation to their health andadjustment. Datawas collectedfrom 300 school going adolescents, attending classes 11thand 12th;boys (n=150) and girls (n= 150) in the age group of 16-18 years from Rohtak district of Haryana, India. The results highlighted the significant role of love attitude and different dimensions of friendship in shaping the health & adjustment of school going adolescents.

Role of Attachment Styles in Health of Adolescents

Adolescence is a critical life period; it is the time of lots of changes, which can be responsible for a lot of stress in a teen’s life. In this period, adolescent’s transition would start from childhood to adulthood. Many of crises related to relationships, self role, sexuality and emotional are commonly found during this time. Many physical or mental health related problems occurs in this phase, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosocial disorders, eating disorders, obesity and many others. Students of senior classes are constantly facing many problems i.e. competitiveness with peer groups, their future career options, and their family’s hopes toward them. Attachment styles in adolescents and adults have been found to be associated with their many health outcomes related issues. The objectives of the study were to assess and compare adolescents in Health and Attachment style across the gender and to study the relationship between Health and Attachment style among adolescents. The data was collected on the sample of 300 adolescents’ males (150) and females (150) with in age range of 16-18 years from rohtak district of Haryana. Two tools i.e. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) were used. The data was analyzed using descriptive (Mean and S.D.) and inferential (t test) and correlation analysis. The result revealed that significant differences found between male and female adolescents on Health’s Somatic Symptoms, Social Dysfunction and Secure, Fearful and Dismissing Attachment Style. Study also reveals significant negative correlations between Somatic Symptoms and Fearful Attachment Style, between Somatic Symptoms and Dismissing Attachment Style, between Anxiety and Secure Attachment Style & between Social Dysfunction and Secure Attachment Style. Whereas significant positive correlations between Social Dysfunction and Preoccupied Attachment Style, between Social Dysfunction and Dismissing Attachment Style.

A Geographical Study of Ground Water in Rohtak District

A Geographical Study of Ground Water in Rohtak District

An integrated approach for identification of waterlogged areas using RS and GIS technique and groundwater modelling

An integrated approach using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) and groundwater modelling (GM) has been used for waterlogged areas identification in the Rohtak district of Haryana State, India. Surface waterlogged areas were delineated using optical remote sensing satellite data-based normalized difference water index (NDWI) technique. Sentinel 2 MSS (optical data) images pertaining to pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were acquired and processed to extract water pixels. To overcome the limitation of false positives and cloud penetration associated with optical images, water pixels were also extracted using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of Sentinel 1A. Thresholding of NDWI for optical images and sigma naught for SAR images was done using the respective histograms to distinguish water and terrestrial features. Surface waterlogged areas were delineated from the generated combined water body raster based on the visual interpretation technique in a GIS environment. Sub-surface waterlogging conditions were simulated for the same year using process-based groundwater model MODFLOW. A conceptual model was created to simulate groundwater system based on flow processes, hydrogeological characteristics, aquifer hydraulic properties, source and sinks and boundary conditions. Sub-surface waterlogged areas were delineated based on depth to water table classification criteria. It was found that surface waterlogged area varies from 0.55 to 1.0% of the district area from pre-monsoon to post-monsoon season, while the percentage of sub-surface waterlogged areas was higher, varying from 9.1 to 21.6%, respectively. Statistics also shows that most of the surface waterlogged areas do not fall under the areas plagued by sub-surface waterlogging.

Energetic analysis of rice production: A case study of Rohtak district in Haryana

Energetic analysis of rice production: A case study of Rohtak district in Haryana

Impact of Watershed Development Programmes on Livelihood Conditions of Farmers in Haryana

Watershed development programmes are being implemented with a broad objective to improve socio-economic conditions of the resource-poor and disadvantaged sections of rural population through conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all natural resources, keeping in view of rural development. So, this study assesses the impact of watershed development programmes on agricultural production, yield, cropping pattern and cropping intensity, livestock population, milk production and feed and fodder. For this, two districts were selected from two watershed development programmes on the basis of maximum completed projects and maximum covered area. Two micro watersheds were randomly selected from each district. 30 beneficiary and 30 non-beneficiary households were selected through random sampling from each micro watershed. Average and percentage methods were used for analysing the results. The study found that impact of DDP and IWDP watershed development programmes had been positive on agricultural yield, cropping pattern and benefit-cost ratios in watershed area (WSA), while impact had been weak on cropping intensity. The study also found that watershed development programmes had positive impact on the population of livestock in WSA of Bhiwani and Rohtak districts, but it had weak impact in Hisar and Kaithal districts. The impact of DDP on total milk production and green fodder was positive in both of Bhiwani and Hisar districts but weak impact on IWDP programme. Both programmes had positive impact on employment generated in per acre mandays from agriculture. DDP had positive impact on employment generated from livestock.

Nutritional assessment among children (1–5 years of age) using various anthropometric indices in a rural area of Haryana, India

Background: Global Nutrition Targets 2025 specified a set of six global nutrition targets, and one aim is to achieve a 40% reduction in the number of children under 5 years of age who are stunted. National data on underweight provided under National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) (2015–2016) revealed an underweight prevalence rate around 35.7% as compared to NFHS-3 where it was 42.5%, which reflects only 6.8% reduction in underweight over a decade. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural area of Rohtak district during October 2014 to September 2015 among children who were 1–5 years of age. The anthropometric measurement and nutritional status categorization among children were done using the WHO guidelines. Results: A total of 600 children participated in the study. Around 41.3% of the study participants had stunting as their nutritional status, while taking composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) for nutritional status into consideration, nearly 54.4% of the participants were undernourished. Stunting and underweight were more prevalent among girls. Conclusions: Composite anthropometric index provides the actual prevalence or proportion of undernourished children in a community, so the policies should be based on the basis of CIAF so to reduce the prevalence of undernutrition in the community more effectively.

Prevalence and causes of low vision among urban and rural school children

Background: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and the causes of low vision among school going children in and around Rohtak district of Haryana, India. Such information is important in planning for prevention of low vision and blindness strategies.Methods: 2028 school children studying in class 1-5 were screened in the school premises. Visual acuity was assessed with Snellen’s chart and colour vision was tested with ishihara colour vision book. Those with vision <6/18 in both eyes were assessed at our tertiary care hospital to determine the cause of low vision.Results: A total of 2028 children were enrolled in our study. 58 children were found to have uncorrected visual acuity less than 6/18 (functional low vision) in the better eye. Uncorrected refractive error was the most common cause of functional low vision (51.72%) among the 2028 children enrolled in our study followed by amblyopia (32.7%), cataract (5.1%), corneal opacity (5.1%), retinal dystrophy (5.1%), nystagmus (1.7%) and optic nerve glioma (1.7%).Conclusions: The overall prevalence of low vision in our study is higher as compared to previous studies. A comparison between academic performances of children with low vision and rest of the children showed that children with low vision tend to perform poor academically. The prevalence of amblyopia was significantly higher in children from the rural background which emphasizes the importance of rural school screening programmes. It was found that amblyopia was significantly higher in females as compared to males in both rural and urban areas.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CANAL NETWORK ON SURFACE WATERLOGGING USING REMOTE SENSING DATASETS IN ROHTAK DISTRICT, HARYANA

Abstract. Remote Sensing is a very reliable and expeditious technique for assessment and mapping of surface waterlogged areas. In this study band ratio based NDWI index (Normalized Difference Water Index) was used for extracting water pixels from optical imageries. To overcome the limitation of false positives and cloud penetration associated with optical imageries waterlogged areas was also extracted using SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. Thresholding of NDWI for optical image and Sigma0 for SAR images was done using their respective histograms to distinguish water and terrestrial features. The total surface waterlogged areas in the district was calculated by integrating the results from both optical and SAR images. It was found that surface waterlogged areas varies temporally from pre-monsoon to post-monsoon period in Rohtak district, Haryana. The surface waterlogged area for pre monsoon period is around 9.7 km2 and for post monsoon period is 17.86 km2. The canal and surface drain network in the district was digitized using the high resolution Sentinel 2 MSS images. Since most of the canals in the area are unlined a buffer of 500 m either side of the canals and surface drains was considered to assess the impact of seepage and leakage from canals and surface drains. It was found that more than 50% of the total surface waterlogged areas fall within this buffer, clearly indicating the contribution of leakages from canals and surface drains on surface waterlogging.

Seasonal variation of indoor radon–thoron levels in dwellings of four districts of Haryana, India

In the present work, seasonal (winter, rainy, summer) variation of indoor radon and thoron was measured for 120 days from 91 dwellings in different villages and towns in four districts (Rohtak, Sonipat, Panipat, and Jind) of Haryana using single-entry pinhole-based radon–thoron-discriminating dosimeters. The present study is imperative because a thermal power plant is present in Panipat district, and the Yamuna River passes through the Sonipat and Rohtak districts, and a high-heat-producing granite (HHPG) region is in the vicinity of the study area. Annual effective dose due to radon and thoron has been calculated by using an equilibrium factor as determined by other studies in the neighboring region. Concentrations for one year were estimated (March 2015–February 2016) from data collected for 4 months. The result shows that the annual indoor radon levels vary from 9.12 ± 1.14 to 94.23 ± 9.94 Bq/m3 with an average value of 21.66 ± 3.08 Bq/m3. The annual indoor thoron levels vary from 15.18 ± 2.85 to 105.35 ± 15.17 Bq/m3 with an average value of 52.82 ± 7.15 Bq/m3. The annual effective dose varies from 0.85 to 4.73 mSv with an average value of 2.41 mSv. The average value of annual indoor radon and thoron is lower than the limits of 100 Bq/m3 as recommended by the World Health Organization and the thoron value is higher than the worldwide average value of 40 Bq/m3. Indoor radon and thoron concentrations are highest in the winter and lowest in the summer. Concentrations of these gases in the rainy season are higher compared to the summer season. When we compare the rainy and winter seasons, concentrations of these gases are higher in the winter season. The differences in average concentrations of radon and thoron values are presented by the ratio of average radon and thoron concentrations in three seasons. Hence, the winter–summer ratio, winter–rainy season ratio, and rainy season–summer ratio of average radon concentrations in the study region are 1.72, 1.41, and 1.50, respectively. For the thoron concentration, winter–summer ratio, winter–rainy season ratio, and rainy season–summer ratio are 1.38, 1.05, and 1.38, respectively. This study area is safe from radiological effects of radon and thoron gases in confined spaces because the annual effective dose is lower than established safe limits.

Pattern of physical activity and its association with overweight and obesity among rural school going adolescents in Rohtak district, Haryana

Pattern of physical activity and its association with overweight and obesity among rural school going adolescents in Rohtak district, Haryana