Rodent Damage Research Articles

Effects of perinatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive system of F3 generation male rodents: a meta-analysis.

To explore the relationship between perinatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the male reproductive system of F3 generation, and to evaluate the toxicological effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive system of F3 generation male rodents. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to obtain the studies; overall risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to evaluate the relationship between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and reproductive system damage in F3 generation male rodents. Nine studies were included for analysis. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are significantly associated with the reproductive system of male rodents of F3 generation, especially the testis (RR = 3.13, 95% CI: 2.05, 4.76), prostate (RR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.00), and kidney (RR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.77, 4.52), but the current analysis does not prove that EDCs are the adverse factors for puberty abnormalities. The results indicated that the overall associations between atrazine (RR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.10, 8.51, P = 0.032), DDT (RR = 6.26, 95% CI: 1.56, 25.08, P = 0.010), pesticide and insect repellent mixture (permethrin and DEET) (RR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.34, 3.69, P = 0.002), and vinclozolin (RR = 4.71, 95% CI: 2.74, 8.10, P = 0.000) and reproductive system damage in F3 generation male rodents were statistically significant. Our study indicated that EDCs have an atavistic effect on the male reproductive system, and we should pay attention to the long-term effects of environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors in future generations.

Development of integrated rodent management module in pea crop

Survey of pea crop in different districts of Punjab revealed severe rodent damage to pea crop. Therefore, there is a need to develop integrated rodent pest management (IRPM) module in this crop. Three to six blocks (each of 0.4 ha) of pea crop were selected in Ludhiana, Fatehgarh Sahib and Sangrur districts for determining critical timing of rodent damage and to develop integrated rodent management technology for effective rodent management in pea crop. Rodent population was assessed before and after the treatments as well as during different stages of crop by burrow count method. Results revealed that rodents start making their burrows on bunds at early stage of crop and start migrating inside fields at pod formation stage. At this stage, single symptomatic burrow baiting with 0.005% bromadiolone or with 2% zinc phosphide bait along with timely weed management and physical elimination of rodents during irrigation prevented rodent damage.

放牧管理模式对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)鼠丘形态特征的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 放牧管理模式对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)鼠丘形态特征的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202012253273 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31760706）；甘肃省陇原青年创新创业人才项目（LYRC2018-02）和甘肃省科技计划项目（20JR10RA564） Effects of grazing management regimes on mound morphological characteristics of plateau zokors (Eospalax baileyi) Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为明晰放牧对高原鼢鼠（Eospalax baileyi）造丘活动的影响，于2019年5月、8月和10月分别对禁牧（No grazing，NG）、生长季休牧（Rest grazing in growing season，RG）、传统放牧（Traditional grazing，TG）和连续放牧（Continuous grazing，CG）4种放牧管理模式样地下高原鼢鼠的新鼠丘（2个月内形成）半径、高度、表面积和体积等进行测定，并分析其表面积、体积与土壤和植被生物量间的关系。结果发现：放牧管理模式显著影响了高原鼢鼠鼠丘形态特征，且具有季节性差异。NG下鼠丘的半径、表面积和体积最大，而CG下鼠丘的体积和表面积显著变小（P<0.05），在8月和10月，鼠丘半径在CG样地显著小于其他3种放牧模式样地（P<0.05）；8月TG下鼠丘高度最高，而5月和10月NG下鼠丘高度最高，鼠丘高度在CG样地显著小于NG样地（P<0.05）。冗余分析2个排序轴几乎全部解释了土壤因子及地下生物量与鼠丘特征之间的关系，但各放牧管理模式下影响因子不同，NG样地的土壤容重（P<0.05）、土壤紧实度（P<0.01）和莎草科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01），RG样地的地下生物量（P<0.01）、土壤紧实度（P<0.01）和豆科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01），TG样地的禾本科和豆科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01），CG样地的土壤水分、地下生生物量、土壤紧实度（P<0.05）和莎草科植物的地上生物量（P<0.01）均显著影响了鼠丘的形态特征。可见，放牧会影响高原鼢鼠的鼠丘形态特征，进而对草地的演替产生不同的影响。 Abstract:The rodent damage by plateau zokor in the process of alpine meadow grazing is a key problem in its utilization and management. Grazing is one of the most important ways to use grassland. Grazing management regimes, as a utilization system index to control grazing intensity, maintain livestock quantity and grassland ecosystem balance, which have different influences on grassland community structure, grassland productivity, soil structure, and nutrient properties. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) is a kind of underground rodent endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the embodiment of their different functions is the key to judge the "benefit and harm". Their continuous earthmoving and mound building is also one of the important manifestations of their harm,and the size of the mound building and the change of the excavated soil properties are the key factors affecting the grassland. Therefore, it is of great significance for rodent control and grassland management and utilization by elucidating the changes of mound characteristics in alpine meadow under different grazing management systems. In order to clarify the effect of grazing management regimes on the mound-building activity of plateau zokors, the radius, height, surface area and volumes of new mounds (formed within 2 months) under four kinds of grazing management regimes, namely no grazing (NG), rest grazing in the growing season (RG), traditional grazing (TG), and continuous grazing (CG) plots, were measured in May, August, and October 2019, and the relationship between surface area and volume and soil and vegetation biomass was analyzed. The results showed that the grazing management regimes significantly affected the morphological characteristics of mounds with seasonal differences. The radius, surface area and volume of mounds under no grazing regime were the largest, while the volume and surface area of mounds under continuous grazing regime decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the radius of mounds under the continuous grazing regime was significantly less than that of other three grazing regimes in August and October (P<0.05); the height of mounds under traditional grazing regime was the largest in August, while they were the largest under no grazing regime in May and October, and they were significantly less under continuous grazing regime than that under no grazing regime (P<0.05). The two sequencing axes of redundancy analysis almost entirely explained the relationship of mounds with environmental factors and underground biomass. However, the influencing factors were different under different grazing management regimes. There were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from soil bulk density (P<0.05), soil compactness (P<0.01) and aboveground biomass of cyperaceae plants (P<0.01) under no grazing regimes. There were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from underground biomass (P<0.01), soil compactness (P<0.01) and aboveground biomass of leguminosae plants(P<0.01) under rest grazing in growing season regime. There were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from aboveground biomass of gramineae and leguminosae plants (P<0.01) under traditional grazing regimes, and there were great effects on the characteristics of zokor mounds from soil moisture, underground biomass, soil compactness (P<0.05) and aboveground biomass of cyperaceae plants(P<0.01) under continuous grazing regimes. Grazing can affect the mound-building activity of plateau zokors, and then had different effects on the succession of grassland. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

贺兰山西坡啮齿动物生境选择及种间关系

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 贺兰山西坡啮齿动物生境选择及种间关系 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202109152593 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（31870512，32071649，32070519）；中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目（2572014CA03） Habitat selection and interspecific relationship of rodent in the west slope of Helan Mountain Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: National Natural Science Foundation of China [31870512, 32071649, 32070519],Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2572014CA03], 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为明确对贺兰山西坡啮齿动物生境选择起关键作用的主要环境因子，探讨各鼠种之间的相互作用如何影响鼠种的生境选择，选取地理因子（海拔、坡度、坡向）、植被因子（植被盖度、植被高度、灌木/乔木高度）和其他因子（距水源距离、距道路距离、距灌木/乔木距离）等9种生境因子，利用资源选择函数模型和logistic回归模型对啮齿动物生境选择和种间关系进行分析。结果表明，在贺兰山西坡，捕获数量最多的6种啮齿动物对的生境选择存在差异，大林姬鼠（Apodemus peninsulae）偏好高海拔、多灌木（乔木）的生境；子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus）偏好海拔较低的半荒漠稀疏生境，对道路和人为干扰不回避；灰仓鼠（Cricetulus migratorius）偏好距水源较远、多灌木（乔木）、距道路较近的生境；阿拉善黄鼠（Spermophilus alaschanicus）偏好低海拔、植被丰富的生境；短尾仓鼠（Cricetulus eversmanni）偏好高海拔、距道路较近的生境；社鼠（Niviventer niviventer）偏好海拔较高、坡度较大、距水源较远的生境。鼠种间的相互关系主要呈现回避或随机关系。研究结果有助于了解啮齿动物分布的变化及种群动态规律，可为贺兰山生物资源保护，区域性鼠害的预测、预报和综合治理提供基础资料和科学依据。 Abstract:To identify the main environmental factor that plays a key role in habitat selection of rodents in the western slope of Helan Mountains, and to explore how the interaction among rodent species affect habitat selection, we selected geographic factors (altitude, gradient, slope direction), vegetation factors (vegetation coverage, vegetation height, height of shrubs/arbors) and other factors (distance from the water, away from the road distance, distance from shrubs/arbors) to analyze the habitat selection and interspecific relationship of rodents by resource selection function model and logistic regression models. The results showed that there were significant differences in the habitat selection among six captured rodent species. Apodemus peninsulae preferred high-altitude habitats covered with dense shrubs/arbors. Meriones meridianus preferred sparsely vegetated semi-desert habitats at lower altitude, and did not avoid the road and human disturbance. Cricetulus migratorius preferred habitats which were far away from water, covered with dense shrubs/arbors and close to roads. Spermophilus alaschanicus preferred the low-altitude habitats where are rich in vegetation. Cricetulus eversmanni preferred the high altitude habitats close to roads. Niviventer niviventer preferred habitats with higher altitudes, higher slopes and far from water. The relationship between rodent species is mainly avoidance or random. Our study is contributing to understand the changes of rodent distribution and population dynamics. It can provide basic data and scientific basis for protecting biological resources, predicting and forecasting rodents damage, and comprehensive management of the regional damage that caused by rodent in Helan Mountains. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rodent pests and their management in rural Pothwar, Pakistan

Rodents are important constraint in the agricultural systems of Pakistan. Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards rodent pests and their management was assessed through a survey. A structured questionnaire was administrated to farmers (n=114) in four villages of Pothwar, Pakistan. Farmers considered high prices of fertilizers as the major constraint in crop production. This study revealed that rodents were perceived as the major pests in both crop fields (62%) and storage (61%). Farmers identified wheat crop as the most susceptible to rodent attack. The harvesting stage was considered the most critical stage to rodent damage, due to high rodent population. Farmers practiced rodent management individually and considered rodenticides as the most effective way to control rodents (88%). The majority of farmers belief that the crop production is affected due to rodent pests and in order to decrease rodent losses farmers should work together. A large portion of respondents (77%) indicated that they lacked assistance in managing rodents. Overall, the results indicated that farmers were aware of rodent damage to crops, but lacked training on control strategies. For successful rodent pest management in Pothwar, farmers’ education and training focusing on community based rodent management practices are required. In order to reduce the use of rodenticides and minimize pre- and post- harvest losses due to rodents, ecologically based management practices are highly recommended. Keywords: Crop damages; Farmers’ beliefs; Pothwar; Rodent management; Rodent pests http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100125

Thymoquinone Attenuates Immune Mediated Liver Injury Induced by Concanavalin A in Mice

Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory disease and its incidence has been increasing. The features of hepatitis are the release of inflammatory cytokines, the elevation of AST and ALT, and hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Concanavalin A considered as essential model represents the acute immune-mediated liver damage in rodents. Thymoquinone is well known herbal compound that exert hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. In this study, we focus on the immunoregulatory and liver protective effect of thymoquinone in a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced liver injury.&#x0D; Twenty-four male mice were randomly divided into four groups each containing six animals: Negative control group, concanavalin A model group, thymoquinone 15mg/kg group, and thymoquinone 30mg/kg group. Blood was collected to detect the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) as well as liver tissue for the detection of tumor necrosis factor &#x0D; levels, after 8 hours of concanavalin A injection.&#x0D; Injecting mice with concanavalin resulted in a dramatic increase in serum level of both ALT and AST which indicate severe liver tissue damage with a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines TNF alpha -&#x0D; and INF levels, with a notable increase in NF-kB gene expression in mice liver tissue homogenate. Thymoquinone pretreatment revealed a dose-dependent increase in liver tissue protection.&#x0D; Conclusion: Thymoquinone has hepatoprotective and immune modulatory effects in concanavalin A induced immune mediated liver damage. Thymoquinone exerted its effect through attenuating NF and its downstream effectors TNF and INF in a dose dependent manner.

Evaluation of AV-5055 as Seed Dresser in Lowland Rice Production

This experiment was established in 2020 cropping season at National Cereals Research Institute experimental field at Badeggi in Guinea Savannah agro-ecological Zone, (Latitude 9 040 Longitude 6 070 E), to assess seed dressing effect of AV-5055 on rice seed. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD), replicated three times. It consisted of four (4) treatments: application of AV-5055 rate at 0.7L, 1.2L, 1.7L per 100kg of rice seed and no application of chemical as (control). Data was taken on plant height, tiller count, days to 50% flowering, bird damage, rodent damage panicle per meter square and grain yield. The result shows that there was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in plant height, tiller count, days to 50% flowering and bird damage. However, control plot had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower rodent damage (0.00) and higher grain yield (2060.00kg/ha) compared to rodent damage and grain yield in treated plots (0.33-2.33) and (1789.00-1999.03) respectively. It was concluded from the result of analysis that AV-5055 offer protection to dressed seed against bird depredation from planted field as there was no significant difference on bird depredation among the various rates of AV-5055 application. However, various rates of AV-5055 application attract picking by rodents and subsequent reduction on yield. Thus it was recommended that AV-5055 should be applied in combination with rodenticides to give perfect seed protection against birds and rodents.

Biological Protection in Deep Space Missions.

During deep space missions, astronauts are exposed to highly ionizing radiation, incl. neutrons, protons and heavy ions from galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar wind (SW) and solar energetic particles (SEP). This increase the risks for cancerogenisis, damages in central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular diseases, etc. Large SEP events can even cause acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Long term manned deep space missions will therefor require unique radiation protection strategies. Since it has been shown that physical shielding alone is not sufficient, this paper propose pre-flight screening of the aspirants for evaluation of their level of adaptive responses. Methods for boosting their immune system, should also be further investigated, and the possibility of using radiation effect modulators are discussed. In this paper, especially, the use of vitamin C as a promising non-toxic, cost-effective, easily available radiation mitigator (which can be used hours after irradiation), is described. Although it has previously been shown that vitamin C can decrease radiation-induced chromosomal damage in rodents, it must be further investigated before any conclusions about its radiation mitigating properties in humans can be concluded.

Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Rat Hole Density in the Northern Slope of the Tienshan Mountains with Satellite Remote Sensing Data

Understanding the impacts of environmental factors on spatial–temporal and large-scale rodent distribution is important for rodent damage prevention. Investigating rat hole density (RHD) is one of the most effective methods to obtain the intensity of rodent damage. However, most of the previous field surveys or UAV-based remote sensing methods can only evaluate small-scale RHD and its influencing factors. However, these studies did not consider large-scale temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, we collected small-scale and in situ measurement records of RHD on the northern slope of the Tien Shan Mountains in Xinjiang (NTXJ), China, from 1982 to 2015, and then used correlation analysis and Bayesian network (BN) to analyze the environmental impacts on large-scale RHD with satellite remote sensing data such as the GIMMS NDVI product. The results show that the built BN can better quantify causality in the environmental mechanism modeling of RHD. The NDVI and LAI data from satellite remote sensing are important to the spatial–temporal RHD distribution and the mapping in the future. In regions with an elevation higher than 600 m (UPR) and lower than 600 m (LWR) of NTXJ, there are significant differences in the driving mechanism patterns of RHD, which are dependent on the elevation variation. In LWR, vegetation conditions have a weaker impact on RHD than UPR. It is possibly due to the Artemisia eaten by the dominant species Lagurus luteus (LL) in UPR being more sensitive to precipitation and temperature if compared with the Haloxylon ammodendron eaten by the Rhombomys opimus (RO) in LWR. In LWR, grazing intensity is more strongly and positively correlated to RHD than UPR, possibly due to both winter grazing and RO dependency on vegetation distribution; moreover, in UPR, sheep do not feed Artemisia as the main food, and the total vegetation is sufficient for sheep and LL to coexist. Under the different conditions of water availability of LWR and UPR, grazing may affect the ratio of aboveground and underground biomass by photosynthate allocation, thereby affecting the distribution of RHD. In extremely dry years, the RHD of LWR and UPR may have an indirect interactive relation due to changes in grazing systems.

MicroRNA miR-21 Decreases Post-stroke Brain Damage in Rodents.

Due to their role in controlling translation, microRNAs emerged as novel therapeutic targets to modulate post-stroke outcomes. We previously reported that miR-21 is the most abundantly induced microRNA in the brain of rodents subjected to preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. We currently show that intracerebral administration of miR-21 mimic decreased the infarct volume and promoted better motor function recovery in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The miR-21 mimic treatment is also efficacious in aged mice of both sexes subjected to focal ischemia. Mechanistically, miR-21 mimic treatment decreased the post-ischemic levels of several pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory RNAs, which might be responsible for the observed neuroprotection. We further observed post-ischemic neuroprotection in adult mice administered with miR-21 mimic intravenously. Overall, the results of this study implicate miR-21 as a promising candidate for therapeutic translation after stroke.

Paradoxical Enhancement of Spatial Learning Induced by Right Hippocampal Lesion in Rats

The left–right hemispheric differences in some brain functions are well known in humans. Among them, savant syndrome has unique features, such as exceptional abilities in vision, memory, computation, and music, despite brain abnormalities. In cases of acquired savant and transient savant, brain damage or inhibition is often seen in the left hemisphere, suggesting a link between left hemispheric dysfunction and these talents. On the other hand, some functional left–right differences have been reported in rodent brains, and therefore, unilateral damage in rodents may also result in savant-like enhancements. In the present study, we examined the effects of hippocampal damage on spatial learning in rats with left, right, or bilateral hippocampal lesion. The results showed that learning performance was impaired in the bilateral lesion group, and there was no significant difference in the left lesion group, while performance was enhanced in the right lesion group. These results suggest that damage to the right hippocampus in rats may lead to savant-like enhancement in learning and memory. The construction of the savant model through these results will contribute to the neuroscientific elucidation of the paradoxical phenomenon observed in savants, that some abilities are enhanced despite their brain dysfunction.

Effectiveness of snap traps on capturing rodent and small mammals in rural area of two provinces (Yogyakarta and West Java) in Indonesia

The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of snap traps on capturing the rodents and small mammals in two provinces (Yogyakarta and West Java). A small rural area surrounded by large scale ricecrops which indicate rodent damage seasonally was selected as the study site. The trappings were executed during the period of November 2018 – August 2020. Consecutive trappings were performed in two regions using snap traps baited with fresh salty fish and roasted coconut. Around 40-65 traps were set in West Java study sites and 60-65 traps in Yogyakarta for every single trap night, respectively. We checked the captured animals in the early morning and collected them for identification and sexing. In the late afternoon we continued with cleaning of the traps and put in the new same type of bait. A total of 517 animals were obtained with the proportion of the two sexes was almost the same (45.45% males:54.40% females). Based on the physical characteristics, those captured animals were three rodent species (Rattus argentiventer, Rattus tanezumi, Bandicota indica) and one species of insectivore (Suncus murinus). Regarding trapping rate of success, Yogyakarta denoted average values (21.38% in the first trapping and 26.04% from the second trapping) compared to West Java which was only accounted for half of them (11.31% and 11.24% from the first and second trapping, respectively). The heterogeneous habitat configuration probably allowed this situation to occur in Yogyakarta. Moreover, rodent control activities in West Java were implemented more intensively compared to Yogyakarta.

Rodent Damage and their Control for Attacking Seeds of Rhamnus cathartica (Buckthorn) Plants in Rural Areas, Upper Egypt

Rodent Damage and their Control for Attacking Seeds of Rhamnus cathartica (Buckthorn) Plants in Rural Areas, Upper Egypt

​Demonstration of Ecological Engineering based Pest Management in Rice Oryza sativa L. through Farmers Participatory Approach

Background: Rice is one of the predominant cereal crop grown in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu state, India in approximately 4000 hectares with a average productivity of 4500 kg/ha. Hoppers, stem borer, leaf folder, gall midge and ear head bugs are the major insect pests for which farmers resort management practices. Instead of curative management, farmers mostly use the insecticide as prophylactic management which leads to unwarranted problems. Though integrated pest management has been advocated as an alternate strategy, farmers are reluctant to use all the components of IPM and rely on mostly on insecticides. In this context, the ecological engineering pest management can form a better alternative, which also coincides with the age old practice of growing border crops in this region Methods: The potential of Ecological Engineering Pest Management (EEPM) was assessed in comparison with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Farmers Practice (FP) in five farmer’s fields. Based on the results, ten and twenty front line demonstrations were conducted during consecutive years to study the performance of EEPM in Dharmapuri district. Result: The number of hopper/hill, per cent dead heart, per cent white ears in the EEPM was 10.65, 7.07 and 9.65 and in the IPM module 10.18, 8.40 and 11.55 and in the farmers practice 6.73, 10.73 and 12.75 respectively. The natural enemies viz., coccinellids/hill and spiders/hill were more in EEPM (2.00 and 3.15) and least in the farmers practice (0.40 and 0.86). The number of hoppers/hill, per cent dead heart, number of coccinellids/hill and number of spiders per hill was 8.40, 6.00, 3.00 and 1.40 in EEPM and 6.20, 5.40, 1.20 and 0.60 in farmers practice respectively in the 2016-17 front line demonstrations. The EEPM module recorded 8.1, 8.65, 3.5 and 1.75 hopper/hill, per cent dead heart, coccinellids/hill and spiders/hill in 2017-18 front line demonstrations. The farmers were able to save Rs. 5000/- from the plant protection cost apart from getting additional revenue in EEPM. The combination of border crops, influence of border crop on rodent damage in rice ecosystem and benefits of providing separate niche area than border crop are the researchable areas. In spite of above constraints the EEPM can be followed in rice ecosystem with the locally available crop combination to reduce the insecticide usage and increase the beneficials.

Impacts of Rodents Pests on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L): A Mini Review

Aim: To assess the impacts of rodent pests on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) production and productivity.&#x0D; Rodents belong to the mammalian order that is widely distributed globally. Their adaptive potential and capability to face changing environments even when instigated by anthropogenic activities is quite amazing. Also, their importance as vital links in food chain between species of plants and the predators thereby playing crucial roles within the ecosystem cannot be overemphasized. Rodents have been noted to cause ubiquitous damage to agricultural crops including cocoa. They can cause damage in crop fields from planting throughout harvest and storage. The damages caused by rodent pests mostly occur during the sensitive young seedling stage and just prior to harvesting. The pattern and the extent of damage by pest rodents depend upon the species, the intensity of infestation, the type and the growth stage of the crop, and the nature of the surrounding habitat. These damages caused by rodent pests could be direct through the consumption of cocoa beans or indirect through the biting, gnawing or scratching of pods which could range from slight to severe. The stern impacts caused as a result of rodent pest activities are not only felt in the quantity and quality of cocoa pods but also on the social maintenance as well as survival of those growing the crop. Despite the paucity of documented data as regards the kind, form as well as ferocity of rodent damage, it is highly expedient to re-evaluate the rodent pests’ impacts on the production of cocoa so as to update the very scarce available information whilst providing a basis for additional investigation.

Research on The Method of Grass Mouse Hole Target Detection Based on Deep Learning

Due to climate warming, increasing soil erosion and overloading of grassland grazing, grasslands around Taipusi Banner in Inner Mongolia have been degraded to varying degrees, causing widespread rodent damage. Aiming at the problem of rodent damage in the grassland surrounding Taipusi Banner, the UAV visible light image is the main research object, and the precise detection of grass mouse holes is the research goal. Computer vision technology is used to study grass mouse hole detection methods, in order to achieve rapid and accurate mouse detection. Hole function.

A mini-review of the rodent models for alcoholic liver disease: shortcomings, application, and future prospects.

Rodents are the most common models in studies of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Although several rodents ALD models have been established and multiple mechanisms have been elucidated based on them, these models have some non-negligible shortcomings, specifically only inducing early stage (mainly steatosis, slight to moderate steatohepatitis) but not the whole spectrum of human ALD. The resistance of rodents to advanced ALD has been suggested to be due to the physiological differences between rodents and human beings. Previous studies have reported significant interstrain differences in the susceptibility to ethanol-induced liver injury and in the manifestation of ALD (such as different alteration of lipid profiles). Therefore, it would be interesting to characterize the manifestation of ethanol-induced liver damage in various rodents, which may provide a recommendation to investigators of ALD. Furthermore, more severe ALD models need to be established for the study of serious ALD forms, which may be achieved by using genetic modified rodents.

Innovation of oxygen indicator for packaging leak detector: A review

Oxygen is one of the factors causing the food product damage. Therefore, vacuum packaging or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is an effective solution offered. However, there is always a risk of leakage in the package especially in the packaging process, in the distribution process, and by the insect or rodent damage. Therefore, an oxygen indicator that helps retailers and consumers to detect leaks and to prevent them from buying leaking products is created. Its working principle is to show a color change that reflects changes in the composition of the gas. The use of oxygen indicators is beneficial not only for consumers but also for manufacturers of products who use this indicator for loyal consumers to maintain the consumer credibility with their products. Furthermore, technological advances encourage researchers to improve several important aspects of oxygen indicators such as product safety application, product cost retrenchment, ease of manufacture, and environmental friendliness. This article reviews the development of oxygen indicators and the advantages and disadvantages of each type of oxygen indicator and provides information for researchers and the MAP industry on the types of oxygen indicators that are well developed in the future.

Use of direct seeding and seedling planting to restore Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Et Zucc.) in secondary forests of Northeast China

The poor natural regeneration of Korean pine represents a substantial hurdle limiting the restoration of secondary forests to mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forests (MBKPFs). Active restoration based on direct seeding or planting seedlings is accordingly considered to be a prerequisite for promoting Korean pine recruitment in secondary forests. To evaluate the most effective practices for restoring Korean pine in secondary forests, we studied the effects of microsites associated with gaps of different sizes and within-gap locations on direct seeding (rodent access/exclusion and soil/litter cover) and seedling planting (1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings). We found that an average of 82.4% of sown seeds were eaten by rodents, with only 9.9% germinating and surviving after two growing seasons. Among the germinated seedlings, 37.6% were subsequently excised by rodents, whereas 6% died due to other natural causes. Furthermore, compared with the control sites (forest understorey), we detected no significant differences among the different microsites with respect to an effective reduction in rodent damage or promotion of seed germination, whereas rodent exclusion was more effective in protecting seeds from predation than the effect of microsite. With regards to planted seedlings, we found that the proportion of survival and relative root collar diameter growth were highest in the center (64.1%) and edge (60.0%) sites of large gaps, and that the survival of planted seedlings (43.7%) was considerably higher than that of seedlings derived from directly sown seeds (9.9%). Collectively, our findings indicate that, owing to seed predation and seedling excision by rodents, direct seeding with either mesh or soil cover would not represent an effective strategy for promoting Korean pine recruitment in secondary forests. Accordingly, for the purposes of restoring secondary forests to MBKPFs, we recommend planting 3-year-old Korean pine seedlings in large gaps within secondary forests.

Evidence of acrolein as an inflammatory biomarker in synovial fluid of dogs with osteoarthritis

Purpose: Endogenous acrolein is considered a toxic aldehyde that is a byproduct of tissue trauma. It has been shown to be present in diseases associated with brain and spinal cord and to exacerbate tissue inflammation and damage in humans and rodents. Anti-acrolein treatments have resulted in clinical improvements by reducing oxidative stress in damaged tissues. The first aim of this pilot study was to evaluate and compare presence of acrolein in the synovial fluid (SF) of dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) and Control joints.