Rock Quarry Research Articles

SUBSTANTIATION OF BULLDOZER-EXCAVATOR-AUTOMOBILE COMPLEX FOR REMOVAL OF OVERBURDEN LAYER OF FLUVIOGLACIAL DEPOSITS IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOSNIVSKY GRANITE DEPOSIT

Purpose and task. The aim of the research is to substantiate the expediency and efficiency of using a bulldozer-excavator-automobile complex with the use of ripper bulldozers to remove the overburden layer of fluvioglacial deposits in the conditions of the Sosnivsky granite deposit. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to: establish the patterns of distribution and features of fluvioglacial deposits; to analyze possible technological schemes of development of gravel and sand deposits; justify the need and effectiveness of the technological complex of equipment for the removal of fluvioglacial deposits in the quarry; to establish the dependence of the variable productivity of the excavator on the average size of the piece of rock. Research methods. An integrated approach was used to solve the set tasks: analysis and generalization of previous research on the peculiarities of fluvioglacial deposits and the possibility of using equipment complexes for the development of gravel and sand mountains; technological substantiation of the offered engineering and scientific decisions; analytical calculation of variable productivity of the excavator depending on the average size of a piece of rock. Scientific novelty. The possibility of using a bulldozer-excavator-automobile complex of equipment for removing the overburden layer of fluvioglacial deposits in rock quarries has been substantiated. The analytical dependence of the change in excavator productivity on the average piece size of fluvioglacial deposits is obtained. Conclusions and practical significance. It is established that when the average size of gravel-sand material changes from 20 to 200 mm, the productivity of the excavator decreases by 1,59 times. It is proved that the productivity of the excavator type "straight shovel" is 17% higher than the productivity of the backhoe excavator. For the conditions of the Sosnivsky granite deposit quarry, where the weighted average size of a piece of fluvioglacial sediment is 171 mm, the variable productivity of the excavator is: according to the first technological scheme (hydraulic backhoe excavator placed on the roof of the sediment) – 474,1 m3/shift; according to the second technological scheme (excavator "straight shovel" is located on the lower production horizon) – 553,1 m3/shift. Keywords: fluvioglacial deposits, quarry, technological schemes, equipment complex, excavator productivity, gravel-sand rocks.

Sourcing Limestone Masonry for the Restoration of Heritage Buildings: Frumoasa Monastery Case Study.

Cultural and religious heritage assessments and restorations are considered to be a fundamental requirement of any modern society because these constructions represent one of the most meaningful and tangible connections to our past. With rare exceptions, heritage buildings were built with materials and systems that could bear gravitational loads but not bending and shearing resulting from seismic loading. Thus, in many cases, earthquake ground motions have led to severe degradation and even the collapse of various parts of these structural systems. In order to address these issues, repair and replacement techniques are applied as common parts of restoration work. In the peculiar case of stone masonry structures, a standalone macroscopic examination is not self-assured and, most often, can lead to an inadequate selection of a replacement material. Therefore, a knowledge of mesoscopic, petrographic, physical and mechanical properties is compulsory in the design, planning and execution of restoration work. From this perspective, the present research has taken, as a case of study, the Frumoasa monastic complex from Iași, Romania, introducing microscopic, XRF (X-ray fluorescence) spectroscopy and petrographically based approaches, comparing three limestone samples with a sample dislodged from the original wall. The physical properties (bulk and real densities, open porosity and capillary water absorption coefficient) and the mechanical properties (compressive and tensile strengths) were also experimentally determined. The samples were extracted from stone quarries located on the territories that were part of the same historical region as the Frumoasa monastic complex. Based on the outcomes of this study, suitable criteria for the stone replacement—consisting of identifying the main structure, quarry rock petrographical parameters and physical and mechanical characteristics—were determined and applied.

Development of restoration mortars and artificial stones for use in restoring cultural heritage sites made from volcanic tuffs

Many historically significant buildings and cultural heritage sites are made of volcanic tuffs. These sites are subject to a progressive weathering and are partly in ruinous conditions. Preparing a suitable stone replacement mortar for repair work or even whole replacement stones for these rocks is of great interest. During the quarrying of tuff rocks, more than 40% of the material is rejected and cannot be further used. Utilizing this material, the production of replacement materials with optimized properties for the restoration and repair of severely damaged natural stones represents a resource-saving measure for the preservation of these buildings. In addition to the effective use of the natural stone waste, these artificial materials, in contrast to the very heterogeneous tuffs, offer a constant quality and consistent properties. A more effective exploitation can lead to a more sustainable usage of this natural resource and minimize the interference to the environment. This study describes the development of stone replacement mortars and the creation of artificial replacement stones utilizing source material from Mexico and Armenia. The resulting replacement material shows similar properties, aesthetics, and weathering behavior like the original rock, while different properties could be optimized. Petrophysical properties as well as the weathering behavior of the volcanic tuff rock were analyzed along with the developed replacement mortar and artificial stone. As hydric and thermohydric expansion processes are important factors for the durability of the investigated rocks, replacement materials were developed and optimized which, except for the pore structure of the cement and concrete matrix, show a high correspondence to the natural stones in terms of macroscopic appearance and technical properties. The compatibility of the replacement material with the original rock was investigated. Moreover, based on the evaluation of the mechanical as well as the pore space, water transport and weathering properties, the replacement stones were evaluated as equally suitable construction material, while the replacement mortars vary in regard to their results. Accordingly, the replacement stones developed in this study can be considered as full-fledged rock substitutes for the Armenian tuffs, while the replacement mortars for the Mexican tuffs partly show a good suitability and could be partially optimized.

Rebirth of a reef: As-built description and rapid returns from the Palos Verdes Reef Restoration Project

Palos Verdes Reef (PVR) is an artificial reef designed to restore rocky-reef associated marine species by directly restoring rocky-reef habitat that has been impacted by scour, sedimentation, and burial in the shallow subtidal portion of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County, California, USA. The restoration reef provides high-quality habitat that is contiguous with the natural reef and allows for rapid succession. This project is a unique endeavor as restoring lost habitat in situ and has not been attempted in a temperate rocky reef and kelp forest community. While the primary design criteria for PVR is fish production in an area where already-limited hard substrate had been lost, it is also designed to be resilient to ongoing sedimentation and turbidity challenges on the peninsula. Following over a decade of design, planning, outreach, site surveying, and permitting, PVR was built in 2020 as 18 discrete modules using 52,729 tons of quarry rock placed approximately 8–80 m from existing, unburied rocky-reef habitat. There was no significant accumulation or scouring of sediment due to the placement of the reef and temperature data shows that internal tides regularly inundate the reef with cool, nutrient rich water. Rocky-reef associated taxa rapidly recruited to the restoration site, with visible changes occurring within just a few months post-construction. PVR modules showed rapid, significantly positive responses in fish density, fish biomass, kelp density, and biotic benthic cover less than 18 months after reef placement with a general pattern of succession in giant kelp growth from nearshore to offshore resulting in an established, thick canopy, in the nearshore, shallow modules. The newly available, high-quality habitat was quickly colonized and already shows late successional patterns with respect to fish and benthic communities. This restoration reef will produce large amounts of biomass over the long-term, though future surveys of multiple restored, adjacent, and reference sites will determine if high biomass at PVR is a result of new secondary production or attraction from nearby reefs.

Slope Mass Rating (SMR) Classification for Rock Slope Stability and Geohazard Vulnerability Assessment

Quantitative classification from the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) has introduced an empirical assessment for rock slope stability rating. This stability classification enables us to foreseethe magnitude and susceptibility of rock mass failure towards adjacent infrastructure and human life. In this study, the stability of quarry rock slope was classified using SMR classification system and kinematic stability analysis before being correlatedwith geohazard vulnerability assessment. Geological formation study with site geographical survey from aerial photogrammetry technique provided comprehensive data for the study area. Fieldwork to evaluate the SMR assessment parameters was conducted by discontinuity mapping using scanline method. In-situ evaluation of rock mass such as rebound surface hardness and discontinuity characterization was carried out with rock material sampling for laboratory testing. Kinematic stability analysis presented an estimation for the direction and mode of rock slope failure. The SMR classification that constitutes geomechanics attributes had introduced the global stability rating of rock mass structure, thus facilitating the prediction of potential failure magnitude. Hence, the integration of these stability indications provides sufficient empiricalestimation for geohazard vulnerability zoning for the studied area.

Measurement of Slope Stability on Stone Mines Around Pengsong Hills, West Lombok Area

The slope stability angle of the surface landslide stability depends on the friction coefficient between the rock particles in the area. Measurement of slope stability is very useful for the safety of miners in mining areas. Measurement of slope stability is based on the friction coefficient. Measurements are made with a friction coefficient measuring instrument that has been designed and tested. Rock samples were taken at 3 rock mines around Mount Pengsong in West Lombok Regency. The measurement of the friction coefficient was carried out at the Physics Laboratory of the University of Mataram. The measurement results of the friction coefficient are then converted into slope stability angles. The results show that the slope stability angle in the mountains around the rock quarry around Mount Pengsong has a maximum value 5,71 degree of dry sample and 81,0 degree of moisture sample.

Estimating movement and falling distances of underwater free-falling cuboid models for marine habitat enhancement structures considering horizontal water flow

Considering the movement of quarried rocks falling freely in water is important, because these are often used in marine habitat enhancement structures such as artificial reefs. Few studies have accounted for the horizontal movement of these rocks due to water flow, which is likely to be significant in oceans. Consideration of horizontal water flows is important because these cause free-falling objects to move horizontally, and ultimately determine where they settle on the seabed. Thus, we estimated the movement and falling distances of free-falling quarried rocks in the presence of a horizontal water flow. First, we constructed a reference cubic model, the movement and falling distances of which were measured experimentally using high-speed camera and particle image velocimetry, and numerically simulated using the finite volume method. Consequently, the movement and falling distances of the cubic model were estimated successfully for various flow velocities, with relative errors <9%. Second, we estimated the movement and falling distances of 25 cuboid models. From the simulation results, for fixed dimensionless length, we identified significant correlations of dimensionless volume with dimensionless movement and falling distances, respectively. Finally, we confirmed that regression equations provided reasonably accurate predictions via simulation of another free-falling cuboid model.

Stress-strain state index of the Imex quarry rock mass, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

Purpose. The purpose of this research is to determine the index of the rock mass stress-strain state in the Imex quarry, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Methods. To determine the number of required samples by the method of stratified random sampling, the t-Student principle is used. The physical-mechanical properties of rocks have been determined by tests and methods of saturation, pycnometry, hydrostatic weighing, axial loads and clock-type indicators. The classification of the degree of weathering has been carried out to assess its impact on the physical-mechanical properties of rocks and rock mass on the basis of direct observation in different areas of the studied rock mass. To determine the rock mass stress-strain state, the Hoek-Brown failure criterion is used, including laboratory tests to determine the models, dimensions and shapes of ruptures. Findings. Significant changes in rocks, high values of stress and weathering, which generate distributions of new forces in the rock mass and originate instability and large deformations, as well as a high porosity index, average values of compressive strength and a high value of elasticity modulus, have been revealed. Significant differences in the degree of weathering in the prevailing zones, from insignificant values of weathering in the northern areas to moderate values of weathering in the south, have been confirmed. Originality. Information is presented on the physical-mechanical properties, the degree of weathering and the stress-strain state index of the rock mass in the Imex quarry, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Practical implications. Knowledge about the rock quality, management and implementation of technological processes during operation can be used as a useful material for the construction industry.

Fragment size distribution and its probability distribution in blasted rock mass in a natural stone quarry

The key objectives in the drilling and blasting design is the determination of a powder factor, explosive weight and distribution in rock mass, as well as some other parameters required to ensure the wanted quality of rock fragmentation by blasting. These objectives have different complexities but their common feature is the probabilistic nature of fragmentation results. An integral distribution function can provide an insight into the probability of yield of certain fragment sizes. This article describes fragment size estimation of blasted rock mass at Mikashevichi granite quarry. Mikashevichi quarry has 10 producing benches mostly 12 m high and uses the blasting method of quarrying. The quarry rock mass is watered, has a hardness factor of 15&ndash;20 on Protodyakonov&rsquo;s scale and belongs to jointing categories III and IV. The multiple-row and short-delay blasting uses nonelectric detonators Iskra manufactured in Russia. The explosive is nitronite E-70. The continuous explosive charges are installed in polypropylene hoses placed in jointed rock mass. The workability of different models of fragment size distribution in rock mass after blasting in evaluation of blasting results in a natural stone quarry is analyzed. The theoretical and applied research and estimation of fragment sizes after blasting in different geological conditions uses various theoretical models, including the most popular gamma-distribution (Pearson type III distribution), Weibull distribution and log-normal distribution. The comparison of the theoretical distributions and in-situ estimates of fragment sizes in blasted rock mass using Pearson&rsquo;s chi-squared test shows that the best model of fragment size distribution in blasted rock mass for a natural stone quarry is the Weibull distribution.

Feasibilty of valorizing quarry wastes in the synthesis of geopolymer binders: engineering performances and microstructure.

The exploitation of volcanic rock quarries generates enormous waste, which causes the problem of disposal, leading to rising dust levels in quarries and depositions on nearby farms by runoffs. To address this issue, the development of sustainable solution for their valorization in construction industries is required. The present investigation aims to valorize granite (GW) and basalt (BW) quarry waste powders as partial replacement (up to 20 wt.%) of iron-rich aluminosilicates in the synthesis of geopolymer binders. Both synthesized series of samples were sealed and cured at 7, 14, and 28days at room temperature before subjecting to various analytical techniques, including the mechanical properties, XRD, FT-IR, TG/DTG, and SEM-EDS. The results showed that both GW and BW powders are efficient to produce sufficient amounts of geopolymer binder, with ensure good cohesion and connectivity between different components within the final matrices. The values of compressive strength were 7.5-35.9MPa and 6.2-39.7MPa for laterite/granite and laterite/basalt geopolymer composites, denoted LGA and LBA, respectively. Moreover, the coexistence of the amorphous Na-aluminosilicate, Ca-aluminosilicate, and Na-polyferrosialate species is responsible for the mechanical properties development of the end-products. Based on the findings, the selected quarry wastes appeared to be sustainable and cost-effective materials for the synthesis of low-energy consumption binder, suitable for the production of construction materials.

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BASED ON GLASS WASTE

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BASED ON GLASS WASTE

Comparison of the Environmental Impact and Production Cost Rates of Aggregates Produced from Stream Deposits and Crushed Rock Quarries (Boğaçay Basin/Antalya/Turkey)

Comparison of the Environmental Impact and Production Cost Rates of Aggregates Produced from Stream Deposits and Crushed Rock Quarries (Boğaçay Basin/Antalya/Turkey)

Montmorillonite clay: Introduction and evaluation of its applications in different organic syntheses as catalyst: A review

Microscopic crystals with soft phyllosilicate group of minerals which formed through precipitation of water solution, are called montmorillonite (MMT). It is concentrated and transformed by natural weathering in environment caves and left aluminosilicates which were contained in the bedrock. By the adding water, montmorillonite swells and expanded considerably more than other clays. The amount of expansion is depended on the type of exchangeable cation contained in the sample. The presence of sodium as the predominant exchangeable cation, is increased the swelling several times rather original volume. Hence, Na-MMT used as the major constituent in nonexplosive agents for splitting rock in natural stone quarries. Advantageous properties of montmorillonite made it appropriate for many applications such as use in oil drilling industry as a component of drilling mud, soil additive, component of foundry sand, desiccant to remove moisture from air and gases, catalyst and various medicinal and pharmacological applications. This review article consists the various synthetic methods for preparation of catalysts based on MMT for organic syntheses and assessing their catalytic activities.

What is the Effect of Rock Quarries on Home Prices? An Empirical Analysis of Three Cities

What is the Effect of Rock Quarries on Home Prices? An Empirical Analysis of Three Cities

Concrete with rock quarry dust with partial replacement of fine aggregate

Quarry dust generally produced in machine related to the processing of stone. This is non-biodegradable waste and causes damage to the soil. Therefore, need to use this. The quarry dust is use in the concrete and the properties are studied experimentally and presented in this paper. Concrete is prepared with the process of replacing sand which isnatural/of river by dust produced from quarry of rock with the percent proportions which varied from 0%, 25%, 50% and75%. The comparison is carried out with the concrete having natural sand. The cube specimen and the beam specimen were experimentally investigated for the different replacement percentage as mentioned previously. The strength related to compression and flexure obtained for the seven days, fourteen days and twenty eight days. The regression analysiswas also carried out for the case of concrete with the replacement percentage of the quarry dust. The experimental results is obtainedfor the case of replacing natural sand by the quarry dust, it is observed that there is improvement in the strength of flexurerelated to the concrete.

Exploring the Relation between Seismic Coefficient and Rock Properties Through Field Measurements and Empirical Model for Evaluating the Effect of Blast-Induced Ground Vibration in Open- Pit Mines: A Case Study at the Thuong Tan III Quarry (Vietnam)

Blasting is one of the most effective methods for fragmenting rock in quarries. Nevertheless, itsadverse effects are significant, especially blast-induced ground vibration. Field measurement andempirical equations are simple methods to determine and estimate the intensity of blast-induced groundvibration. However, we cannot evaluate the effects of blast-induced ground vibration on the surroundingenvironment based on these outcomes. Therefore, this study explores the relation between seismiccoefficient and rock properties through field measurements and an empirical model for evaluating theeffect of blast-induced ground vibration in open-pit mines. Accordingly, the seismic coefficient (K) isconsidered the main objective in this study. Firstly, it was determined based on the rock properties.Subsequently, an empirical model for estimating blast-induced ground vibration was developed based onfield measurements. This empirical equation was then expanded to determine K to check whether itmatches the determined K by the rock properties. Finally, it was used as the threshold to determine themaximum explosive charged per delay to ensure the safety of the surrounding environment from blastinducedground vibration. For this aim, the Thuong Tan III quarry (in Binh Duong province, Vietnam)was selected as a case study. Fifth-teen blasting events with a total of 75 blast-induced ground vibrationvalues were recorded and collected. An empirical equation for estimating blast-induced ground vibrationwas then developed based on the collected dataset, and K was determined in the range of 539 to 713 forthe Thuong Tan III quarry. Based on the measured blast-induced ground vibrations, developed empiricalmodel, and K values, the Phase 2 software was applied to simulate the effects of blast-induced groundvibration on the stability of slopes as one of the impacts on the surrounding environment. From thesimulation results, we can determine the maximum explosive charged per delay for each type of rock toensure the stability of the slope.

Prediction of Aggregate Impact Values and Aggregate Crushing Values Using Light Compaction Test

Abstract Crushing test and Impact test are very important to estimate strength and toughness characteristics of the road aggregate. Extensive experimental procedures and different sets of equipment are required for these types of aggregate testing. Therefore, the objective of the study is to investigate whether the light compaction test can be a suitable alternative for both these tests. For this experimental procedure, 60 aggregate samples were collected from different rock quarries spread along North-eastern states of India. The specifications of the aggregate samples are kept similar for all of these three test procedures. The result indicates a strong correlation of Light compaction values (LCV) with Aggregate crushing values (ACV) and Aggregate Impact Values (AIV). The R2 values for the relationship was found to be more than 0.9 for both these relationships. It indicates that the LCV can be used to closely predict the ACV and AIV. The root mean square error (RMSE) values estimated based on the actual and predicted values were also found to be low which further concrete the claim that light compaction test can be a suitable alternative for crushing test and impact test of the aggregates.

Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Quarry Rock Dust Incorporated Steel Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete and Residual Properties after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures.

The purpose of this research is to study the effects of quarry rock dust (QRD) and steel fibers (SF) inclusion on the fresh, mechanical, and microstructural properties of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (SG)-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) exposed to elevated temperatures. Such types of ternary mixes were prepared by blending waste materials from different industries, including QRD, SG, and FA, with alkaline activator solutions. The multiphysical models show that the inclusion of steel fibers and binders can enhance the mechanical properties of GPC. In this study, a total of 18 different mix proportions were designed with different proportions of QRD (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) and steel fibers (0.75% and 1.5%). The slag was replaced by different proportions of QRD in fly ash, and SG-based GPC mixes to study the effect of QRD incorporation. The mechanical properties of specimens, i.e., compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength, were determined by testing cubes, cylinders, and prisms, respectively, at different ages (7, 28, and 56 days). The specimens were also heated up to 800 °C to evaluate the resistance of specimens to elevated temperature in terms of residual compressive strength and weight loss. The test results showed that the mechanical strength of GPC mixes (without steel fibers) increased by 6–11%, with an increase in QRD content up to 15% at the age of 28 days. In contrast, more than 15% of QRD contents resulted in decreasing the mechanical strength properties. Incorporating steel fibers in a fraction of 0.75% by volume increased the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of GPC mixes by 15%, 23%, and 34%, respectively. However, further addition of steel fibers at 1.5% by volume lowered the mechanical strength properties. The optimal mixture of QRD incorporated FA-SG-based GPC (QFS-GPC) was observed with 15% QRD and 0.75% steel fibers contents considering the performance in workability and mechanical properties. The results also showed that under elevated temperatures up to 800 °C, the weight loss of QFS-GPC specimens persistently increased with a consistent decrease in the residual compressive strength for increasing QRD content and temperature. Furthermore, the microstructure characterization of QRD blended GPC mixes were also carried out by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

Upaya Pencegahan Covid-19 Dengan Pembagian Masker Kepada Masyarakat Lingkar Tambang Batuan di Kelurahan Kalumata Kota Ternate Selatan

The corona virus or Covid-19 has continued to be a public concern since the beginning of 2020. This is because the virus that originated in Wuhan, China, quickly spread throughout the world, including Indonesia, especially North Maluku. With the spread of the virus, the global community is worried and afraid. The government, the private sector and the community have begun to take part in helping others who are experiencing economic downturn during the pandemic. As an effort to participate in handling the prevention of the corona virus, the Faculty of Engineering, Khairun University feels compelled to participate. Participation is carried out in the Community Service (PkM) program. The Covid-19 prevention effort by distributing masks to the community around the rock quarry in Kalumata Village, South Ternate City has been carried out by involving 5 students, non-medical masks consisting of two layers of cloth as many as 150 pieces that can be used repeatedly and can be washed were successfully distributed for free to the public within 2 days. The community feels very helped by this activity, with this activity it is hoped that it can increase public awareness in an effort to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19, namely in an orderly manner and always wear masks when outside the home, besides that the community is expected to always apply a clean and healthy lifestyle by wash your hands often and use hand sanitizer regularly, keep your distance, take vitamins, and obey the advice to stay at home

Effect of Quarry Rock Dust as a Binder on the Properties of Fly Ash and Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to Ambient and Elevated Temperatures

This study presents the performance of quarry rock dust (QRD) incorporated fly ash (FA) and slag (SG) based geopolymer concretes (QFS-GPC) exposed to ambient and elevated temperatures. A total of five QFS-GPC mix types were prepared. The quantity of FA (50%) was kept constant in all the mixes, and SG was replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of QRD. The fresh, hardened properties of the QFS-GPC mixes, viz., workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strengths, and XRD for identification of reaction phases were evaluated. The prepared mixes were also heated up to 800 °C to evaluate the residual compressive strength and weight loss. The workability of the QFS-GPC mixes was observed to be reduced by increasing the dosage (0 to 20%) of QRD. Superplasticizer (SP) was used to maintain the medium standard of workability. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths were increased by replacing SG with QRD up to 15%, whereas a further higher dosage (20%) of QRD reduced the mechanical strengths of the QFS-GPC mixes. The strength of the QFS-GPC specimens, heated to elevated temperatures up to 800 °C, was reduced persistently with the increased contents of QRD from 0 to 20%. It was concluded from the study that QFS-GPC can be used to achieve 30 MPa strength of concrete.