Rock Mounds Research Articles

백제 한성기 횡혈식석실분의 분포 특성과 지방지배 방식의 다양성

The emergence and spread of stone chamber tombs with corridor(橫穴式石室墳) during Baekje’s Hanseong period are understood as closely linked to the rule of provinces however, these tombs are not evenly distributed across the area of Baekje, but concentrated in specific areas. The purpose of this article is to grasp the characteristics of the distribution of stone chamber tombs with corridor in the Hanseong period of Baekje, thereby looking into the historical and cultural implications of these characteristics. Stone chamber tombs with corridor adopted by the central Baekje in the late 4th century spread in three stages to various regions of Baekje ranging from Gyeonggi region to inland Chungcheong and the downstream region of Geumgang River. The aspects of the step-by-step distribution of stone chamber tombs with corridor show the process of Baekje’s power expansion to the area of Mahan, and verify that Baekje’s governing strategy was reflected in this process. While such a distribution of stone chamber tombs with corridor is hardly found in the distribution area of rock mound tombs (積石墳丘墓) among tomb systems in Mahan, its close correlation is confirmed in the distribution areas of earth mound tombs (盛土墳丘墓) and of ring ditched pit tombs (周溝土壙墓). And it was found that the distribution density is highest in the distribution area of ring ditched pit tombs. This implies that while Baekje tried to accomplish provincial rule by spreading stone chamber tombs with corridor intensively in the cultural area origin that was foreign to Baekje’s underlying culture, they needed not bother to spread stone chamber tombs with corridor in the cultural area because Baekje was able to govern the cultural area origin with relative ease on the basis of cultural and social sameness. That is, Baekje realized provincial rule by applying different systems according to areas of Mahan in the process of integrating the Mahan society. On the other hand, Baekje made the existing local traditional tombs disappear or coexist after spreading stone chamber tombs with corridor to local community in the distribution areas of earth mound tombs and of ring ditched pit tombs where underlying culture was different; or imposed indirect rule by granting prestige goods while respecting the existing local tombs as in the distribution area of rock mound tombs. And thus, the aspects of provincial rule were not uniform. This means that Baekje accomplished provincial rule through regulating the use of stone chamber tombs with corridor on the basis of the cultural sameness or difference of underlying culture in a broad framework, while adopting various governing strategies in detail in consideration of the circumstances of each provincial society. It appears that as for the province governing systems, multiple ruling strategies were applied, such as the central regulation and differentiation of tomb systems, the use of provincial desire for imitating the central tomb system, and the securing of support base through respect for the existing local tomb system. As a result, Baekje created circumstances in which it needed not proceed with multidirectional territorialization across all the areas including the distribution area of earth mound tombs, as well as the distribution area of rock mound tombs. And consequently, Baekje was able to win a victory in competition with Mokjiguk (目支國) and integrate the society of Mahan.

CAISSON DESIGN AND VERIFICATION OF FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF CAISSON FOUNDATION FOR TUAS PORT PHASE 1

Reinforced precast concrete caisson has been selected as wharf front structure for the project of Tuas Port Phase 1 in Singapore. The caisson structure and foundation were designed to withstand various loading cases comprising loads during both construction and operation stages. It was identified that sliding failure mode of the caisson structures could be one of the critical design checks. The friction tests were conducted under various conditions to assess the Coefficient of Friction (m) between rock mound surface and concrete slab of caissons. The results show that the design value mu of 0.6 for rock mound and concrete interface could be achieved for normal flat concrete surface.

Land-use changes interact with geology to facilitate dispersal of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and leishmaniasis across Israel and the West Bank.

Geology plays a fundamental role in establishing species' habitats, determining both physical (e.g., landscape morphology, soil texture) and chemical (e.g., mineral composition, water availability) properties. In the current Anthropocene epoch, human activity is transforming Earth's geology and ecosystems. Yet to date, there have been almost no studies incorporating geology when examining the effect of such land-use changes on species distribution. This study seeks to uncover how specific land-use changes interact with geology, in order to explain the recent and rapid expansion of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) across the mountains of central Israel and the West Bank. Hyraxes are dependent on rock mounds for their habitat, and their expansion seems to be correlated with increasing infrastructure construction. However, their expansion patterns differ among locations, even when the human land-use is similar. To explain the patterns of hyrax distribution observed over the past 46 years, we converted geological data into ecological data, which present the probability of the local bedrock breaking into boulders, whether due to either natural or anthropogenic weathering processes. We applied species distribution models (SDMs) and found that the expansion of rock hyrax populations was facilitated by means of the interaction of specific geological units with land-use practices (e.g., roads and construction), which resulted in the accumulation of large boulders, creating novel habitats and stepping stones in previously unsuitable areas for hyraxes. Since rock hyraxes are major hosts of the leishmaniasis pathogen, the findings from this study offer important insights into the progression and potential outbreaks of the disease in human populations. Understanding the role that geology plays in shaping a species' niche is expected to prove useful in studying the distribution of other wildlife species and is fundamental in studies seeking to predict the potential ecological impacts on local biodiversity associated with land-use change.

A Study Coastal Protection Using Stones Crushed and Tetrapod (Case study at Ujong Blang Beach)

Ujong Blang Beach and Jagu Beach are in Lhokseumawe City. The purpose of this study was to plan a breakwater along the coast of Ujong Blang as an alternative for coastal protection. This includes specifying the details of the breakwater layers and calculating the dimensions of the breakwater. Applying the Hudson method to obtain the diameter and weight of stones grains. The protective layer material uses crushed stones and tetrapods. The results of the analysis obtained breakwater dimensions obtained based on a slope of 1: 2. The results of the analysis that have been obtained are made in the drawing 2D as a result of designing rock mounds with a slope of 1: 2. Breakwaters are planned in a position to protect the coast from waves. The planned breakwater height is 6.32 meters so it has the same elevation and crest dimensions, but the material volume will change less due to the lower contour differences in the sea.This type of breakwater is suitable for Ujong Blang beach, because it will have a good effect on the tourism business. The number of protected layer grains on a slope of 1:2 has a material use of 0.23 tons of tetrapods and a peak width of 3.5 meters.

Rock mound to reduce wave overwash and crest lowering of a sand barrier

ABSTRACT The quantitative understanding of sand transport in the vicinity of porous coastal structures is still rudimentary. In this study, irregular wave overwash and landward migration of a narrow sand barrier were investigated in a laboratory experiment for three different barriers with no structure, a rock mound, and a rock cover. The rock mound consisting of three layers of stable stones reduced the landward migration and crest lowering of the sand barrier but sand transport through the porous structure was appreciable. The rock cover consisting of a single layer of stable stones was not effective in reducing the barrier deformation because of the stone settlement and spreading and the exposure of underlying sand to direct wave action. The cross-shore model CSHORE was calibrated for a rock structure placed directly on an eroding sand barrier. The mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation and cross-shore velocity were predicted within errors of about 20 except for small transmitted waves. The bed load parameter was increased by a factor of five to reproduce the degree of the profile deformation of the sand barrier without and with the rock mound or cover.

Quantifying the Qualitative: Locating Burial Mounds in Northcentral Kansas

Scattered through parts of north-central Kansas are prehistoric burial sites in the form of low rock and earthen mounds located atop bluffs overlooking stream valleys. The state's Unmarked Burial Sites Preservation Act (UBS) protects these sites by making it illegal to knowingly disturb them and preventing further damage when they are unintentionally disturbed. This law is most effective if sites' locations are known. The goal of this project is to predict and identify areas with high potential for past use as prehistoric burial sites in order to facilitate their protection and preservation. This has been accomplished through a distributional analysis of known mounds using GIS and simple statistical procedures followed by initial testing through targeted pedestrian survey. The models have the potential to aid researchers, cultural resource managers, and government officials in efficiently locating mound sites. They could also raise the effectiveness of the UBS law.

Enhanced Rock Oyster Mounds As Breakwater System

The existing rock mound technology specifically those erected for rock oyster (saccustrea cucullata) posed several problems such as growth efficiency, water circulation, sediment accumulation and durability against waves. This paper investigated in a laboratory scale using a physical model of a coastal zone. About 141 test runs were made to measure and observe resilience, wave breaking ability, sediment transport and water circulation of five different rock mound shape and set-ups/arrangement. Data showed that the droplet and the diamond shape arranged in staggered formation was the optimum design. The droplet shape provided the more cost-effective design as a rock oyster mound and as a breakwater set-up. Validation of the design in an actual environment is recommended.

Ancient Methane Seeps Tell Tale of Sudden Warming

Newly discovered rock mounds left by ancient methane seeps give scientists clues that methane on ancient ocean floor was released by ancient global warming.

Geology and biology of the “Sticky Grounds”, shelf-margin carbonate mounds, and mesophotic ecosystem in the eastern Gulf of Mexico

Shelf-margin carbonate mounds in water depths of 116–135m in the eastern Gulf of Mexico along the central west Florida shelf were investigated using swath bathymetry, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom imaging, rock dredging, and submersible dives. These enigmatic structures, known to fisherman as the “Sticky Grounds”, trend along slope, are 5–15m in relief with base diameters of 5–30m, and suggest widespread potential for mesophotic reef habitat along the west Florida outer continental shelf. Possible origins are sea-level lowstand coral patch reefs, oyster reefs, or perhaps more recent post-lowstand biohermal development. Rock dredging recovered bioeroded carbonate-rock facies comprised of bored and cemented bioclastics. Rock sample components included calcified worm tubes, pelagic sediment, and oysters normally restricted to brackish nearshore areas. Several reef sites were surveyed at the Sticky Grounds during a cruise in August 2010 with the R/V Seward Johnson using the Johnson-Sea-Link II submersible to ground truth the swath-sonar maps and to quantify and characterize the benthic habitats, benthic macrofauna, fish populations, and coral/sponge cover. This study characterizes for the first time this mesophotic reef ecosystem and associated fish populations, and analyzes the interrelationships of the fish assemblages, benthic habitats and invertebrate biota. These highly eroded rock mounds provide extensive hard-bottom habitat for reef invertebrate species as well as essential fish habitat for reef fish and commercially/recreationally important fish species. The extent and significance of associated living resources with these bottom types is particularly important in light of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the northeastern Gulf and the proximity of the Loop Current. Mapping the distribution of these mesophotic-depth ecosystems is important for quantifying essential fish habitat and describing benthic resources. These activities can improve ecosystem management and planning of future oil and gas activities in this outer continental shelf region.

Burned Rock Mounds in North-Central and Northeastern Oklahoma

Burned rock mounds haven been identified in Oklahoma since the early twentieth century. The Oklahoma River Basin Survey pioneered the study of these features of the cultural landscape in the 1960's- 1970's; however, little research has taken place since that time. This paper reports on the history of research pertaining to burned rock mound features, examines their distribution on the cultural landscape and their construction, analyzes the artifact content of the mounds, and presents some thoughts on the purpose of mound construction and use

Middle/Late Archaic Occupations on the Southern Edge of the Edwards Plateau, Camp Bullis, Texas

Middle/Late Archaic (6,000-1,200 B.P.) land use of south-central Texas is poorly understood. Current data indicate that aboriginal populations exhibited a complex series of seasonal movements, based upon seasonal availability of resources. Site distributions produce a dual, or two-level settlement pattern, in which generalized base camps were situated along low terraces and floodplains proximate to Salado Creek, where populations exploited a variety of mammal and wild plant resources during the warmer (summer-fall) months. Conversely, sites predominantly contained within adjacent drainage systems may represent more specialized burned rock mounds and extractive stations. While burned rock mounds generally tend to be found on elevated terraces along smaller, feeder tributaries, and more specialized extractive stations are usually found even farther from major streams and on even higher elevated (upland) landforms, both of these site types tend to exhibit south-facings, which might imply occupation of these areas during the colder months (winter-early spring) of the year.

Experimental Burned Rock Studies on the Edwards Plateau: A View from Camp Bullis, Texas

This article presents an experimental study concerning the use of thermally altered stone, commonly referred to as fire-cracked, or burned rock. A series of controlled cooking experiments were initiated as limestone cobbles were placed within a prepared earth-oven and re-heated; this type of earth-oven is similar to those found within prehistoric burned rock mounds on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. Twelve experiments were conducted in this study, as four different sets of cobble assemblages were each re-heated three times, at six, twelve, twenty-four, and forty-eight hour intervals. These heated limestone cobbles were then analyzed for thermal alteration characteristics such as color change, cracking, and spalling, for comparative purposes. Quantitative analyses were then applied to the data in order to establish whether different patterns of thermal alteration exist dependent upon short-term and long-term re-uses.

自律型水中ロボットによる人工構造物の観測

There is a great demand for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) not only for wide area surveys but also for condition surveys of artificial underwater structures such as breakwater caissons, pillars, ship hulls, and installations of offshore oilfields. This paper proposes a navigation method for AUVs operating around structures, whose major configuration is given in advance. By referring to sensory data and the map of the environment where the AUV is deployed, the method enables it to localize in real-time and follow pre-given way-points without any external help as needed for conventional acoustic positioning method. Probabilistic approach called “Particle filter” utilizes multi-sensor data to realize robust and stable navigation even at harsh condition where single sensor systems might fail. This method was implemented on the AUV ”Tri-Dog 1” and experiments were carried out around breakwater caissons at the mouth of Kamaishi bay, Iwate Prefecture. The vehicle took accurate images of the surface of a caisson, foot protection blocks, and rock mound. Mosaics of the bottom and the surface of the caisson are made from these images based on the precise vehicle's position estimated at each time of the mission and their quality verifies the performance of the method. This is the first time in world that caissons have ever been observed fully autonomously by an AUV.

Experimental research of wave energy dissipating structure with multi slit walls and slant-ceiling panel

Wave energy dissipating structures with multi sli t walls and a slant-ceiling panel are studiedexperimentally. Wave transmission coefficient, wave reflection coefficient, and wave set-up are measuredin 2-dimensional channel. Wave energy dissipating capacity of the hybrid structure presented arecompared with that of rock mound artificial reef, with that of pr e-cast concrete block mound artificial reef, and wave energy dissipating structure with slant ceiling panel. The present structure is more compactthan those of structures compared, to achieve similar wave energy dissipating capacity. Four-sensortechnique is also discussed to identify transfer matrix of slit walls. Wave energy dissipating capacity ofthe multi -slit walls are calculated using transfer matrix identified and compared with experiment s. Goodagreements suggest that wave energy dissipating structure with multi -slit walls can be predicted usingtransfer matrix without wave overtopping condition.

Change of biota after construction of “high crest” submerged breakwater

A submerged breakwater, its crest nearly coincided with the H.W.L., was constructed off Hagino, the Iburi Coast in Hokkaido. Echo-freindly units were used for this “high crest” submerged breakwater. The new units have large empty spaces to allow sunlight to go through onto the rock mound. A study on organisms attaching themselves and macrobenthos in the surroundings was performed over a period of 3 years. Kelp (Laminaria angustata) forests formed on the insidewalls of both units and the rock mound. The standing crop was 10-25 times that found on flat crest blocks (used as a control). This distinction was due to the complex unit structure and the variation in depth substrata. As the sand particle size on the landward side of the breakwater increased slightly with every year, macrobenthos such as annelida became more abundant. In addition, rock fish were seen to frequent the breakwater. The “high crest” submerged breakwater using the new units functioned not only protected the coast, but also acted as a rocky ecosystem and feeding point on the sandy bottom.

Studies on Sedimentology of Shell Beds on Bermudian Patch Reefs: ABSTRACT

The upper surfaces of two patch reefs on the northern edge of the Bermuda platform were observed to consist of coral-coralline algal rock mounds amid a complex system of low-lying channels containing coarse- to fine-grained calcareous detritus. The rock mounds on the larger of the two reefs are noticeably concentrated toward the periphery. Detailed mapping of a part of one of these reefs indicates that the distribution of Spondylus valves and other coarse detritus bears a strong relation to the shape and width of the intermound channels. Oddly, 79% of the shells lay with the concave side up. The apparent preference for this generally unstable orientation is attributed to the lofting of shells during transport and the preferential burial of shells lying concave-side-downwa d. The mode of the fine fractions of samples taken from shelly areas consistently is toward the right of the mode of samples taken from adjacent nonshelly areas. It thus appears that the shells act as baffles to permit the local deposition of fine sediment. It is concluded that shell-bed sedimentology reflects the existence of two wave-energy regimes throughout the year. In winter, powerful storm waves determine the distribution of shell beds; calmer seas prevailing in summer months promote the preferential deposition of fines among the shelly material. Further, the rock-sand configuration on larger patch reefs suggests that the reefs may concentrate unimodal sand toward the center and bimodal sediments in the more narrow, circuitous, shell-rich channels toward the periphery. End_of_Article - Last_Page 736------------

MODEL STUDIES OF A PERFORATED BR<-JKV.'ATER

The breakwater proposed for a yacht harbour on the Sussex coast of England comprises a solid base up to the level of low water and a cellular structure, having a perforated front wall and solid backwall, above low water level. A model of the breakwater (scale 1:48) was tested m a flume at the Hydraulics Research Station, Wallmgford, and measurements were made of wave reflections and wave forces. For comparison force measurements were also made on a solid faced breakwater. The reflection tests were carried out with waves of normal incidence and at 1+5 to the breakwater for waves (prototype) m the range h to 15 seconds and up to 15 ft. in height. The results are presented in graphical form and a simplified analysis Is put forward to explain them. The force measurements were made for 7 and 10 second waves (prototype) up to 22 ft. in height. The results are presented as a non-dimensional plot with envelope curves of maximum force. The results are also given of stability tests on a rock mound against the solid base of the breakwater.

What Are the Burnt Rock Mounds of Texas?

In the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos regions of southwestern Texas are a large number of archaeological sites which have been referred to as “burnt rock mounds.” Although this name is now well established in the archaeological literature of Texas, one looks in vain for a satisfactory statement concerning the origin and nature of these rather unusual sites. Quite a number have been excavated, but as yet few detailed reports on individual sites have appeared. The authors of recent reports assume that the term “burnt rock mound” is well understood and, although implying that it represents a distinct culture trait, do not explain what it means. It is evident that many archaeologists do not understand its meaning, for at recent archaeological meetings outside of Texas the writers of this paper have frequently been asked, “Just what is a burnt rock mound?” In view of this, it seems advisable to put on record a brief summary of what is known at present about the formation of these sites.