With the irreversible trend towards cleaner and lower carbon energy alternatives on a global scale, the Lined Rock Cavern (LRC) compressed air energy storage technology emerges as a promising solution, offering vast prospects for large scale energy storage. This study explores the thermodynamic behaviors that arise from complex factors under high-frequency charging and discharging conditions in compressed air energy storage. It comprehensively considers transient gas flow, heat transfer, and real air properties, employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. The simulations and analyses focus on the temperature and pressure variations inside the cavern during the initial inflation and cyclic operational conditions, along with the heat transfer characteristics of the sealing layer steel plate, concrete lining, and surrounding rock. As revealed by the research results, the inlet temperature and the air mass flow rate are two key factors affecting the average temperature inside the cavern during the initial inflation. Specifically, the inlet temperature shows a linear relationship with the average temperature while the air mass flow rate exhibits a nonlinear relationship. By fitting the simulation results, expressions that enable effective control of the average temperature are obtained. Under cyclic operational conditions, the pressure inside the cavern fluctuates within the range of 6 MPa to 10 MPa, displaying regular oscillations. With an increase in the number of cycles, the average temperature inside the cavern exhibits a decreasing trend, eventually stabilizing within a fixed range of fluctuations, indicating that the cavern has reached a steady state. The temperature of the steel plate and concrete lining undergoes significant changes throughout the entire operational cycle, influenced by both convective heat transfer and thermal conduction. With an increase in the number of cycles, their temperature variations align with the changes in the average temperature inside the cavern. In contrast, the temperature of the surrounding rock fluctuates within a narrow range throughout the process. The research findings of this study enable a more accurate estimation of the temperature variation range inside the cavern, facilitating the optimization of cavern design and providing crucial guidance for the application of lined rock caverns compressed air energy storage systems.