Robusta Coffee Plants Research Articles

Attack Intensity of Twig Borer Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Four Robusta Coffee Clones

<p>Xylosandrus compactus <em>(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one main pest in coffee plant which damages the branches. </em><em>Each Robusta coffee clones has unique genetical, physiological, and morphological characteristics, thus presumably has different resistance levels to </em>X. Compactus<em>. This study aimed to determine the attack intensity of </em>X. compactus<em> o</em><em>n four Robusta coffee clones (SA 237, BP 308, BP 358 and RBGN 371) in the field. The research was conducted at Pakuwon Experimental Station and Integrated Laboratory of the Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from September to Desember 2016. Three years old Robusta coffee plants of SA 237, BP 308, BP 358, and RBGN 371 clones were used, with 2.5 m x 2.5 m spacing and </em>Gliricidia sepium, Musa paradisiaca, <em>and</em> Aleurites trisperma<em> as shading plants. Variables observed were the attack symptoms in the hole, the insects stadia, the hole diameter, number and length of eggs, number and length of larvae, length and width of </em>X. compactus<em> imago, the attack symptoms and intensity. Moreover, sunlight intensity and water content of coffee branch was also observed as supportiing data. Data were analyzed by anova of completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments of coffee clones and 6 replications. The results showed that attack of </em>X. compactus<em> was occurred at the branch of coffee plant, which potentially causing crops damage. Of the four Robusta coffee clones observed showed that the highest attack intensity and number of holes occurred in SA 237 clone, and the lowest in RBGN 371 clone.</em></p>

Enhanced broadband greenness in assessing Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoid, and Nitrogen in Robusta coffee plantations using a digital camera

Direct-leaves measurement of spectral indices using a digital camera with a portable small chamber and custom illumination is used to take images of 600 leaves from 40 coffee plants. In this research, several vegetation indices (VIs) are developed and evaluated. Through a series of experiments, Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoids, and Nitrogen critical level of Robusta coffee plants are analyzed and evaluated using selected VIs obtained from spectra of different tools like Spectrometer, digital camera, and SPAD-502 Chlorophyll meter. The actual Nitrogen critical level was determined using Kjeldahl laboratory test. Beside Hue, the newly proposed VIs could significantly improve the correlation in estimating photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoids) and Nitrogen critical level of Robusta coffee plant. Finally, consumer-grade digital camera with custom chamber is shown to be used for rapid and accurate in situ estimation of Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoids, and Nitrogen critical level of Robusta coffee plant from direct-leaves measurement.

Condition of Soil Fertility and Sensory Profile of Smallholder Robusta Coffee in Jember District

Jember district is one of the centers for smallholder plantation of the Robusta coffee in East Java. However, there are still limited reports about environmental conditions, particularly soil fertility of existing smallholder plantations and its effect on coffee flavor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soil fertility on flavor of coffee in existing smallholder Robusta coffee plantations in Jember district. This research was carried out by survey method in several area of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in Jember. Evaluation of sensory profile was carried out using cup test organoleptic method based on Standard cupping method of the Specialty Coffee Association of America. Research locations as subdistricts were chosen by purposive sampling method, namely Panti, Silo, Rambipuji, Sukorambi, and Tanggul subdistricts. Results of this study showed that soil of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in research locations possessed low organic carbon content in Sukorambi subdistrict and medium concentration in other locations. Nitrogen content was low in all locations, potassium in Sumber Baru subdistrict was high whereas other locations were medium. Phosphorus availability was high in all locations. Calcium and magnesium were medium in Panti, Sukorambi, Sumber Baru, and Silo subdistricts. Soil acidity was low in all locations. Results of the sensory analysis of smallholder’s Robusta coffee was from divided into three groups. First, categorized as fine Robusta coffee was smallholder’s Robusta coffee samples obtained from Silo and Sukorambi subdistricts. Second, good quality Robusta coffee was from smallholder Robusta coffee samples from Panti and Sumber Baru subdistricts. Third, medium quality Robusta coffee was from smallholder’s Robusta coffee from Tanggul subdistrict. Total scores of coffee testing from samples of Panti, Sukorambi, Sumber Baru, Tanggul, and Silo subdistrict were 79.8, 82.0, 79.9, 76.0, and 82.5, respectively

Humification degree and its relationship with some soil physical characteristics on robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) plantation

Soil moisture stress in coffee plant impacts on the productivity of coffee fruit at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII, it is because the low ability of the soil to store water. The ability of the soil to store water can be increased by increasing the organic matter content of soil, especially humic substances. Soil organic matter plays an important role in the improvement of soil physical properties, especially the availability of soil moisture for plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze several humification parameters at four age of plantations plots of coffee and its relation to the water distribution potensial on Inceptisol PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII Malang district. The research was conducted at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII were taken soil samples from 8, 28, 40, and 80 years old robusta coffee plots at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil depth. The results showed that the increasing the age of the coffee plantations significantly increased the input of organic matter in the soil, with indicators of increased litter on soil surface, increased levels of soil C-organic and N-total, humic acid and soil pH. Increasing age of coffee plantations until 80 years did not affect to the value of humification parameters (C/N ratio, HA/FA ratio, E4/E6 ratio, and the humification rate (HR)). The age of coffee plantations affected the total acidity, carboxylic groups and phenolic OH, where the values tended to decrease with the older of coffee plantations in the 0-30 cm of soil layers and increased in 30-60 cm. Increasing age of coffee plantations improved the total pores and available water content in the 0-30 cm of soil layer.

Influence of Altitude Variation on Trigonelline Content during Ontogeny of Coffea Canephora Fruit

Trigonelline is a nicotinic acid related alkaloid abundant in coffee beans. The influence of altitude variations on trigonelline and its precursor nicotinic acid content of beans of Robusta coffee plants that collected from different elevations were investigated. Both nicotinic acid and trigonelline contents were always higher at all stages of coffee fruit ontogeny from plants grown at higher elevations. Maximum nicotinic acid and trigonelline content of 5.164 ± 0.131 mg and 975.8 ± 7.24 m g/100 g Fresh weight respectively was evident in stage V seeds (9 months DAF) of high altitude collected samples.

Comparative efficiency and accuracy of variable area transects versus square plots for sampling tree diversity and density

Agroforestry systems have been recognized as areas with high conservation potential, and there is a need to quickly assess the biodiversity and tree stocking density available in these systems. However, it is not clear if the commonly used fixed area plot is most efficient for sampling such landscapes, or if a different method could provide equivalent data with less effort. Thus, a field and simulation-based study was carried out to compare the efficiency and accuracy of a variable area transect versus the fixed area square plot. Field efficiency tests were carried out in three habitat types, robusta coffee plantations, arabica coffee plantations and a privately owned forest fragment, in Kodagu, southern India. A simulation study of bias, precision and accuracy of the two methods for tree density estimation also was carried out using various spatial distribution patterns and densities. The variable area transect was significantly more efficient per unit effort in the field than the fixed area square plot. In the simulation tests both methods performed equally well under random spatial distribution. However, under simulated aggregated distribution both methods were positively biased (square plot up to 12% at low density, variable area transect 9–12% at all densities), and under simulated regular distribution the variable area transect was slightly negatively biased (−5 to −7% at medium to high density). The variable area transect thus can be recommended over the square plot for rapid assessment of tree diversity and density, when the vegetation is expected to be randomly dispersed.

Use of Trapping for Controlling of Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei)

Studies on the field trapping of coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) have been conducted to evaluate trap color, trap design and lures (attractant substances). The trials were conducted in a Robusta coffee plantation in East Java during August to December 2004. The trap color evaluated were red, orange, yellow, green and blue, set up in the coffee plantation using a four funnels trap. The traps installed on wood poles at a height of 175 cm above ground and placed among coffee trees. Observations were conducted every day for a week. Result of the study showed that the red and blue color traps captured CBB significantly higher than the others. During a week, the red color captured 1694 CBB adults while the blue one captured 1619 CBB adults. Peak number of captured CBB of the red and blue trapping occurred on the third day with the number of CBB of 416 and 395, respectively. In the evaluation of trapping design, four types of trapping were tried at the same location. The types of trapping were single funnel red trapping, four funnel red trapping, bottle trap with two straight opposite holes, and bottle trapping with two-zigzag holes. Bottle trapping was made of plastic bottle of 1.5-litre capacity, provided with two holes at its opposite wall. Setting up of the trapping in the field and the observation time were in the same way with the trial in trapping color evaluation. Results obtained indicated that the bottle trapping with two straight opposite holes captured the highest number of CBB followed by four funnel red trapping i.e. 547 and 69 per week, respectively. The peak number of trapped CBB occurred at the third day, as at the color trials. Furthermore, four lures have been evaluated int order to obtain the most effective substances for CBB trapping. Substances of A, B, C and D were set up in a coffee plantation using two types of trapping, four funnel red trapping and bottle trapping with two straight opposite holes. The results showed that the substances of B, C and D captured higher CBB adult than A. Nevertheless, this results was not fully convincing since the number of CBB trapped was low, which was due to low population of the CBB during the last trial. Key words: Coffee, trapping, coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, trap color, trap desain, lure

Use of Trapping for Controlling of Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei)

Studies on the field trapping of coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) have been conducted to evaluate trap color, trap design and lures (attractant substances). The trials were conducted in a Robusta coffee plantation in East Java during August to December 2004. The trap color evaluated were red, orange, yellow, green and blue, set up in the coffee plantation using a four funnels trap. The traps installed on wood poles at a height of 175 cm above ground and placed among coffee trees. Observations were conducted every day for a week. Result of the study showed that the red and blue color traps captured CBB significantly higher than the others. During a week, the red color captured 1694 CBB adults while the blue one captured 1619 CBB adults. Peak number of captured CBB of the red and blue trapping occurred on the third day with the number of CBB of 416 and 395, respectively. In the evaluation of trapping design, four types of trapping were tried at the same location. The types of trapping were single funnel red trapping, four funnel red trapping, bottle trap with two straight opposite holes, and bottle trapping with two-zigzag holes. Bottle trapping was made of plastic bottle of 1.5-litre capacity, provided with two holes at its opposite wall. Setting up of the trapping in the field and the observation time were in the same way with the trial in trapping color evaluation. Results obtained indicated that the bottle trapping with two straight opposite holes captured the highest number of CBB followed by four funnel red trapping i.e. 547 and 69 per week, respectively. The peak number of trapped CBB occurred at the third day, as at the color trials. Furthermore, four lures have been evaluated int order to obtain the most effective substances for CBB trapping. Substances of A, B, C and D were set up in a coffee plantation using two types of trapping, four funnel red trapping and bottle trapping with two straight opposite holes. The results showed that the substances of B, C and D captured higher CBB adult than A. Nevertheless, this results was not fully convincing since the number of CBB trapped was low, which was due to low population of the CBB during the last trial. Key words: Coffee, trapping, coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, trap color, trap desain, lure