Robust Tolerance Research Articles

Research on Application of Artificial Neural Network in Fault Diagnosis of Chemical Process

Chemical processes are usually toxic, corrosive, flammable and explosive. If the process fails, the danger is extremely high. Traditional model-based fault diagnosis methods need to establish an accurate mathematical model of the system, while modern engineering processes are usually large in scale and complex, and it is difficult to establish an accurate mathematical model. Artificial neural network has been widely used in chemical process because of its advantages of parallel processing, self-adaptation, robustness, learnability and fault tolerance. Artificial neural networks based on "deep learning" have been successfully applied to fault diagnosis in various chemical processes. This article summarizes the principle and development process of artificial neural networks, and analyzes the research progress and application status of deep neural networks in chemical process fault diagnosis based on cases. Finally, it is pointed out that deep neural network in the field of chemical process fault diagnosis is of great significance in solving the impact of less fault data and system state changes on the fault detection rate, and promoting the industrial application of fault diagnosis models.

Sensor placement for robust burst identification in water systems: Balancing modeling accuracy, parsimony, and uncertainties

Urban water systems are seeing an uptake in using advanced sensing technology. Incorporating sensors for monitoring water distribution systems (WDSs) provides promising benefits to water utilities by enabling a shift from reactive to proactive pipe failure detection and from delayed water loss management to automatic sense-and-respond capabilities. Despite the opportunities that new sensing technologies create, a budget-constrained utility is challenged with identifying sensing locations in the WDS that will maximize information gain. To address this gap, this paper studies the problem of optimal placement of high-frequency pressure sensors in WDSs for pipe burst identification. This paper proposes a sensor placement strategy to address the challenges of data and modeling uncertainty by incorporating robust representation and tolerance analysis into an optimization framework with the objective of achieving the best detection and identification of burst events. Transient simulations are first used to predict system’s response to burst events, demonstrating the importance of modeling accuracy over approximation methods. A robust event representation approach is then presented to summarize system response to pipe bursts using signature matrices. Subsequently, the identification problem is cast as a minimum test cover problem when the number of available sensors is unlimited, and as the maximum covering test problem when the number of available sensors is limited. The optimization problems are then formulated and solved using mixed integer linear programming. Four complementary metrics are suggested to evaluate the performance of the sensor placement designs. Multiple criteria decision analysis is then applied to select the placement design while balancing information gain and cost. The results show that incorporating more information can improve event identification, but sufficient accuracy of the extracted information is required to accrue the benefits.

Using a Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategy That Proved Effective for High Resolution Epitope Mapping to Characterize the Elusive Immunogenicity of Survivin.

Simple SummaryThe generation of tumor-specific T cells remains a pillar of modern cancer immunotherapy. Exogenous vaccines often rely on targeting tumor-associated antigens. The anti-apoptotic protein survivin has been deemed a high priority target due to its overexpression in a wide variety of tumor types. To support the analysis of tumor-associated T cell responses, optimization of epitope mapping would be valuable. A heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy was designed to target survivin to induce anti-tumor immune responses. However, survivin-specific T cell responses could not be detected in mice. Potential mechanisms to explain this failure were explored. To confirm the robustness of the vaccination platform, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was targeted since it has been defined as a protein with relatively low immunogenicity. In this context the vaccination strategy uncovered novel T cell epitopes from eGFP in two strains of mice. This research highlighted the utility of the vaccine platform to triage potential target antigens based on their immunogenicity.Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins and has been reported to be highly expressed in a variety of cancer types, making it a high priority target for cancer vaccination. We previously described a heterologous prime-boost strategy using a replication-deficient adenovirus, followed by an oncolytic rhabdovirus that generates unprecedented antigen-specific T cell responses. We engineered each vector to express a mutated version of full-length murine survivin. We first sought to uncover the complete epitope map for survivin-specific T cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice by flow cytometry. However, no T cell responses were detected by intracellular cytokine staining after re-stimulation of T cells. Survivin has been found to be expressed by activated T cells, which could theoretically cause T cell-mediated killing of activated T cells, known as fratricide. We were unable to recapitulate this phenomenon in experiments. Interestingly, the inactivated survivin construct has been previously shown to directly kill tumor cells in vitro. However, there was no evidence in our models of induction of death in antigen-presenting cells due to treatment with a survivin-expressing vector. Using the same recombinant virus-vectored prime-boost strategy targeting the poorly immunogenic enhanced green fluorescent protein proved to be a highly sensitive method for mapping T cell epitopes, particularly in the context of identifying novel epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells. Overall, these results suggested there may be unusually robust tolerance to survivin in commonly used mouse strains that cannot be broken, even when using a particularly potent vaccination platform. However, the vaccination method shows great promise as a strategy for identifying novel and subdominant T cell epitopes.

Interfacial engineered PdRu/C with robust poison tolerance for oxygen reduction reaction and zinc-air battery

Developing a highly efficient and robust poison tolerance catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is significantly critical for sustainable energy convert systems. Herein, an interfacial engineered PdRu/C is prepared by reduction of silicon-hydrogen bonds. The interface between Pd and Ru is beneficial for exposing the active site, enhancing charge transfer and adjusting the adsorption energy barrier, resulting in the excellent ORR performances. Compared with commercial Pt/C (0.84 V) and commercial Pd/C (0.84 V), the optimal Pd9Ru1/C demonstrates high electrocatalytic activity with half-wave potential up of 0.86 V in 0.1 M KOH solution. Meanwhile, the experimental results indicate that bimetallic interface engineering can greatly enhance toxicity resistance to various poisons, including CO, methanol, NOx, SOx and POx. When they are applied to zinc-air battery as an air cathode, the battery exhibits an open circuit voltage of 1.48 V. Interestingly, the power density reaches up to 240 mW cm−2, which is superior to those of commercial Pt/C (219 mW cm−2) and commercial Pd/C (128 mW cm−2). This work opens up an effective strategy to conceive interfacial hybrid for electrocatalysis.

Metapopulations with habitat modification

Across the tree of life, organisms modify their local environment, rendering it more or less hospitable for other species. Despite the ubiquity of these processes, simple models that can be used to develop intuitions about the consequences of widespread habitat modification are lacking. Here, we extend the classic Levins metapopulation model to a setting where each of n species can colonize patches connected by dispersal, and when patches are vacated via local extinction, they retain a "memory" of the previous occupant-modeling habitat modification. While this model can exhibit a wide range of dynamics, we draw several overarching conclusions about the effects of modification and memory. In particular, we find that any number of species may potentially coexist, provided that each is at a disadvantage when colonizing patches vacated by a conspecific. This notion is made precise through a quantitative stability condition, which provides a way to unify and formalize existing conceptual models. We also show that when patch memory facilitates coexistence, it generically induces a positive relationship between diversity and robustness (tolerance of disturbance). Our simple model provides a portable, tractable framework for studying systems where species modify and react to a shared landscape.

Induction of Immune Tolerance in Islet Transplantation Using Apoptotic Donor Leukocytes.

Allogeneic islet transplantation has become an effective treatment option for severe Type 1 diabetes with intractable impaired awareness due to hypoglycemic events. Although current immunosuppressive protocols effectively prevent the acute rejection associated with initial T cell activation in recipients, chronic rejection has remained an obstacle for achieving long-term allogeneic islet engraftment. The development of donor-specific immune tolerance to the allograft is the ultimate goal given its potential ability to overcome chronic rejection and disregard the need for maintenance immunosuppression, which may be toxic to islet grafts. Recently, a breakthrough in tolerance induction during allogeneic islet transplantation using apoptotic donor lymphocytes (ADLs) in a non-human primate model had been reported. Several studies have suggested that the clonal depletion, anergy, and expansion of the antigen-specific regulatory immune network are the mechanisms for donor-specific tolerance with ADLs, which act synergistically to induce robust transplant tolerance. This achievement represents a huge step forward toward the clinical application of immune tolerance induction. We herein summarize the reported operational induction therapies in islet transplantation using the ADLs. Moreover, a few obstacles for the engraftment of transplanted islets, such as islet immunogenicity and instant blood-mediated response, which need to be resolved in the future, are also discussed.

Transcriptomic Responses of Potato to Drought Stress

AbstractTranscriptomic changes in plants during drought stress give insights into the mechanisms with which plants stabilise their metabolic processes in order to cope with the drought condition. In potato, understanding such drought-induced transcriptomic changes is critical because prolonged field drought interferes with tuber formation and bulking period of potato development, which eventually affects yield. We hypothesised that phenotypic drought responses of potato genotypes may be linked to differences in transcriptomic changes. Using an RNA sequencing approach, we investigated such transcriptomic changes in leaves of three cultivars (Biogold, Hansa and Lady Rosetta) under drought. We found more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the tolerant cultivars, Lady Rosetta and Biogold, than in the sensitive cultivar (Hansa). The differential gene expression trend reflected the phenotypic drought responses of the cultivars. For instance, we found in both Biogold and Lady Rosetta but not in Hansa, an upregulation of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., Alpha-glucosidase), flavonoid biosynthesis (e.g., Flavanone 3 beta-hydroxylase), lipid biosynthesis/transfer (e.g., nonspecific Lipid Transfer Proteins), heat shock proteins and secondary metabolites like phenolics and lignins. Furthermore, a prolonged drought stress resulted in reduced DEGs in Biogold and Hansa, but not in Lady Rosetta that also maintained its tuber yield under such prolonged stress suggesting a more robust drought tolerance. Our findings suggest that a synergistic expression of genes involved in several different aspects of drought response is required in order to obtain a robust tolerance.

Physiological and transcriptome analysis of Magnolia denudata leaf buds during long-term cold acclimation

BackgroundMagonlia denudata is an important perennial tree species of the Magnoliaceae family, known for its ornamental value, resistance to smoke pollution and wind, role in air purification, and robust cold tolerance. In this study, a high-throughput transcriptome analysis of leaf buds was performed, and gene expression following artificial acclimation 22 °C, 4 °C and 0 °C, was compared by RNA sequencing.ResultsOver 426 million clean reads were produced from three libraries (22 °C, 4 °C and 0 °C). A total of 74,503 non-redundant unigenes were generated, with an average length of 1173.7 bp (N50 = 1548). Based on transcriptional results, 357 and 235 unigenes were identified as being upregulated and downregulated under cold stress conditions, respectively. Differentially expressed genes were annotated using Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses. The transcriptomic analysis focused on carbon metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction associated with cold acclimation. Transcription factors such as those in the basic helix-loop-helix and AP2/ERF families were found to play an important role in M. denudata cold acclimation.ConclusionM. denudata exhibits responses to non-freezing cold temperature (4 °C) to increase its cold tolerance. Cold resistance was further strengthened with cold acclimation under freezing conditions (0 °C). Cold tolerance genes, and cold signaling transcriptional pathways, and potential functional key components for the regulation of the cold response were identified in M. denudata. These results provide a basis for further studies, and the verification of key genes involved in cold acclimation responses in M. denudata lays a foundation for developing breeding programs for Magnoliaceae species.

A C2H2-Type Zinc-Finger Protein from Millettia pinnata, MpZFP1, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis.

C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) play important roles in plant development and response to abiotic stresses, and have been studied extensively. However, there are few studies on ZFPs in mangroves and mangrove associates, which represent a unique plant community with robust stress tolerance. MpZFP1, which is highly induced by salt stress in the mangrove associate Millettia pinnata, was cloned and functionally characterized in this study. MpZFP1 protein contains two zinc finger domains with conserved QALGGH motifs and targets to the nucleus. The heterologous expression of MpZFP1 in Arabidopsis increased the seeds’ germination rate, seedling survival rate, and biomass accumulation under salt stress. The transgenic plants also increased the expression of stress-responsive genes, including RD22 and RD29A, and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results indicate that MpZFP1 is a positive regulator of plant responses to salt stress due to its activation of gene expression and efficient scavenging of ROS.

Robust dynamic inversion control of flight control system based on L1 adaptive structure

Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion(NDI) control has excellent rapidity and decoupling ability, unfortunately it lacks the essential robustness to disturbance. From the perspective of enhancing the robustness, an adaptive NDI method based on L1 adaptive structure is proposed. The L1 adaptive structure is introduced into the NDI control to enhance its robustness, which also guarantees the stability and expected dynamic performance of the system suffering from the disturbance influence. Secondly, the flight control law of the advanced aircraft is designed based on the present method to improve the robustness and fault tolerance of the flight control system. Finally, the effectiveness of the flight control law based on the present approach is verified under the fault disturbance. The results showed that the flight control law based on L1 adaptive NDI has excellent dynamic performance and strong robustness to parameter uncertainties and disturbances.

Molecular characterization of Vigna marina (Burm.f.) Merr. from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands for salt tolerance using SSR markers

AbstractBeachpea (Vigna marina) is a halophytic wild leguminous plant which occurs throughout tropical and subtropical beaches of world. As quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for salt tolerance in V. marina and its crossability with other Vigna species are known, the current study was undertaken to know the presence of these QTLs in the V. marina accessions along with check varieties of pulses. Accordingly, 20 Vigna genotypes (15 accessions of V. marina collected from sea-shore areas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands along with five check varieties of green gram and black gram) were subjected to molecular characterization using seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with salt tolerance. Of the markers used, only four SSR markers amplified in the studied germplasm. Number of alleles detected per primer and size of alleles ranged from 1 to 3 and 100 to 325 bp, respectively. Polymorphism information content and heterozygosity values ranged from 0.305 to 0.537 and 0.375 to 0.612, respectively. Three major clusters, cluster I, II and III were obtained at Jaccard's similarity coefficient value of 0.48 through the un-weighted paired group method with arithmetic means method of cluster analysis. It grouped green gram and black gram genotypes in clusters I (04) and II (01), whereas all V. marina genotypes were grouped in cluster III (15). Principal co-ordinate analysis explained 85.9% of genetic variation among genotypes which was further confirmed by cluster analysis. This study indicated the effectiveness of SSR markers in separating cultivated Vigna species from wild V. marina. The findings will be useful for transferring trait of robust salt tolerance of V. marina in cultivated Vigna species using marker-assisted breeding.

Efficient hydrolysis of raw starch by a maltohexaose-forming α-amylase from Corallococcus sp. EGB

The process of raw starch conversion has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its high energy conversion efficiency and saving of operational costs. In this study, extensive hydrolysis of raw starch by α-amylase AmyM from Corallococcus sp. EGB was investigated with robust substrate and products tolerance. AmyM showed broad substrate specificity toward raw starches with different types, and kept active and stable over a wide range of temperatures (30–70 °C) and pH values (5.0–9.0) and recycling. The Vmax values of AmyM towards wheat and corn raw starch were 1111 and 741 μmol/min/mg without depending on Ca2+, respectively. SEM analysis showed that AmyM hydrolysis results in the formation of porous and creviced surfaces around the starch granules peripheries. The cost-effective conversion of raw starch for the production of malto-oligosaccharides (MOSs) was identified. AmyM achieved high hydrolysis degree of 90% for 30% wheat and corn raw starch after 20 h at 45 °C with 5 U per mg of raw starch, resulting in formation of 70% MOSs and 30% dextrin. During this process, maltose (G2), maltotriose (G3) and maltotetraose (G4) were produced synchronously with G9 and G11, indicating the potential application in enzymatic conversion of raw starch under low temperature.

Toll-like receptor-4 null mutation causes fetal loss and fetal growth restriction associated with impaired maternal immune tolerance in mice

Maternal immune adaptation to accommodate pregnancy depends on sufficient availability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to enable embryo implantation. Toll-like receptor 4 is implicated as a key upstream driver of a controlled inflammatory response, elicited by signals in male partner seminal fluid, to initiate expansion of the maternal Treg cell pool after mating. Here, we report that mice with null mutation in Tlr4 (Tlr4−/−) exhibit impaired reproductive outcomes after allogeneic mating, with reduced pregnancy rate, elevated mid-gestation fetal loss, and fetal growth restriction, compared to Tlr4+/+ wild-type controls. To investigate the effects of TLR4 deficiency on early events of maternal immune adaptation, TLR4-regulated cytokines and immune regulatory microRNAs were measured in the uterus at 8 h post-mating by qPCR, and Treg cells in uterus-draining lymph nodes were evaluated by flow cytometry on day 3.5 post-coitum. Ptgs2 encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, cytokines Csf2, Il6, Lif, and Tnf, chemokines Ccl2, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Cxcl10, and microRNAs miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-223 were induced by mating in wild-type mice, but not, or to a lesser extent, in Tlr4−/− mice. CD4+ T cells were expanded after mating in Tlr4+/+ but not Tlr4−/− mice, with failure to expand peripheral CD25+FOXP3+ NRP1− or thymic CD25+FOXP3+ NRP1+ Treg cell populations, and fewer Treg cells expressed Ki67 proliferation marker and suppressive function marker CTLA4. We conclude that TLR4 is an essential mediator of the inflammation-like response in the pre-implantation uterus that induces generation of Treg cells to support robust pregnancy tolerance and ensure optimal fetal growth and survival.

How does the vulnerability of an evolving power grid change?

Topological robustness and fault tolerance of the power system are amongst the most studied topics when it comes to the assessment of grid vulnerability. The use of adequate methods and performance metric can greatly contribute to a number of actions, including operation planning, grid development and other specific measures. A shortcoming of several studies is that they fail to take the aspects of network evolution into consideration. In this paper the seven-decade historical dataset (1949–2019) of the Hungarian power system is used to perform vulnerability assessment applying a complex network approach. Damage tolerance of the network is examined against node and edge removals. The results show that the evolving grid has increased its tolerance against large disturbances very early, but vulnerability values show little variance from 1979, despite that the size of the network has increased significantly. It is also found that more efficient and more robust topologies impose slightly conflicting conditions for grid development planning.

An aptly industrialized bioprocess for lactic acid production from corn stover using thermotolerant microbial consortia.

Chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a critical step in the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and biochemical. The main drawback of this pretreatment process is the formation of inhibitors which exhibit combined toxicity to microorganisms and result to low product concentrations and yields. In this study, the selection of microbial consortia by enrichment on hydrolysate of H2SO4-pretreated corn stover (pre-CS) without detoxification has been investigated as an efficient way to develop new strategies for lignocellulose utilization. The analysis of cattle stomach-dervied microbial consortia domesticated to degrade hydrolysate of pre-CS to produce lactic acid (LA) at different temperatures was investigated. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses indicated that the three microbial consortia were taxonomically distinct and Enterococcus became dominant at high temperature. The highest glucose consumption rate was observed at 45°C, while the three microbial consortia showed similar consumption rates of xylose and arabinose. The selected microbial consortia DUT37, DUT45 and DUT47 showed preferable resistances to inhibitors in hydrolysate of pre-CS and abilities of xylose utilization. A batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process was developed by microbial consortium DUT47 at 47°C to produce LA from pre-CS under non-detoxified and non-sterile conditions. The LA concentration and yield were 43.73g/L and 0.50g/g-corn stover (CS), respectively. Microbial consortium DUT47 has been shown to be suitable for LA production from H2SO4-pretreated corn stover without detoxification due to its thermophilic growth characteristics, robust tolerance of inhibitors, and the simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose.

Imaging Tolerance Induction in Neonatal Mice: Hierarchical Interplay Between Allogeneic Adult and Neonatal Immune Cells.

In Medawar's murine neonatal tolerance model, injection of adult semiallogeneic lymphohematopoietic cells (spleen cells [SC] and bone marrow cells [BMC]) tolerizes the neonatal immune system. An eventual clinical application would require fully allogeneic (allo) cells, yet little is known about the complex in vivo/in situ interplay between those cells and the nonconditioned neonatal immune system. To this end, labeled adult SC and BMC were injected into allogeneic neonates; interactions between donor and host cells were analyzed and modulated by systematic depletion/inactivation of specific donor and host immune effector cell types. Consistent with effector cell compositions, allo-SC and allo-SC/BMC each induced lethal acute graft-versus-host disease, whereas allo-BMC alone did so infrequently. CD8 T cells from SC inoculum appeared naïve, while those of BMC were more memory-like. Age-dependent, cell-type dominance defined the interplay between adult donor cells and the neonatal host immune system such that if the dominant adult effector type was removed, then the equivalent neonatal one became dominant. Depletion of donor/host peripheral T cells protected against acute graft-versus-host disease and prolonged heart allograft survival; peripheral CD8 T-cell depletion together with CD4 T cell-costimulation blockade induced more robust tolerance. This comprehensive study provides direct observation of the cellular interplay between allogeneic donor and host immune systems, adds to our previous work with semiallogeneic donor cells, and provides important insights for robust tolerance induction. Induction of transplant tolerance in neonates will likely require "crowd sourcing" of multiple tolerizing cell types and involve depletion of immune effector cells with costimulation blockade.

Reliable Wi-Fi Indoor Localization in Case of AP Loss by Using Integrated Model Based on Signal Anomaly Detector and Signal Distance Corrector

When developing a Wi-Fi indoor positioning system in a real-world environment, the problems we have to face are that some access points’ signal strength fluctuates extensively or even loses contact due to the cybersecurity threats, leading to the fact that the indoor location system cannot get reliable application in a real-world environment. To solve this problem, we propose a new integrated model based on signal anomaly detector and signal distance corrector to provide reliable position estimation when the access points’ signal is lost under cybersecurity threats. The signal anomaly detector improves recognition capability of the uncertain signal and noise, while the signal distance corrector improves the robustness and fault tolerance of the highly variable Wi-Fi signals. To fully reflect the performance of the proposed method, experiments have been carried out in the real environment of indoor parking lots. The results show that the proposed integrated model successfully provides reliable position estimation when the access points are lost under cybersecurity threats.

Regulation of Alloantibody Responses.

The control of alloimmunity is essential to the success of organ transplantation. Upon alloantigen encounter, naïve alloreactive T cells not only differentiate into effector cells that can reject the graft, but also into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that promote the differentiation of alloreactive B cells that produce donor-specific antibodies (DSA). B cells can exacerbate the rejection process through antibody effector functions and/or B cell antigen-presenting functions. These responses can be limited by immune suppressive mechanisms mediated by T regulatory (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, B regulatory (Breg) cells and a newly described tolerance-induced B (TIB) cell population that has the ability to suppress de novo B cells in an antigen-specific manner. Transplantation tolerance following costimulation blockade has revealed mechanisms of tolerance that control alloreactive T cells through intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, but also inhibit alloreactive B cells. Thus, the control of both arms of adaptive immunity might result in more robust tolerance, one that may withstand more severe inflammatory challenges. Here, we review new findings on the control of B cells and alloantibody production in the context of transplant rejection and tolerance.

ONLINE AND OFFLINE MANIFESTATION OF HINDUTVA IDEOLOGY IN INDIA DURING THE COVID-19 SPREAD

Towards the end of January 2020, COVID-19 made its headway into India. The irresponsible behaviour of the Modi government in containing the spread of Coronavirus forced it to opt for an ill-planned and hastily imposed lockdown. Meanwhile, the poor health infrastructure of the country collapsed. This outbreak also tested the socio-cultural robustness and religious tolerance in India. Pro-Hindutva media outlets and Hindu nationalists employed hate speech to securitize this outbreak as a Muslims-led controversy against India. Furthermore, pseudoscience-based remedies were portrayed as a potential cure for COVID-19. The online disinformation ecosystem of Hindutva extremist groups against minorities used trending campaigns, memes, and sharing of false content. They posted Islamophobic content so extensively that the impact of online disinformation contributed to offline harm to minorities in the form of violent attacks and social boycotts. This paper, therefore, analyses the online and offline activities of Hindu extremists and nationalists during the spread of COVID-19. It concludes with emphasis that the ongoing metamorphosis in the relationship between state, society, and religion in India is a pressing concern for the civilized world, especially the Indian political elite. Bibliography Entry Nabeel, Fahad, and Maryam Raashed. 2021. "Online and Offline Manifestation of Hindutva Ideology in India during the Covid-19 Spread." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 70-80.

Non-Conventional Yeasts as Alternatives in Modern Baking for Improved Performance and Aroma Enhancement

Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains the baker’s yeast of choice in the baking industry. However, its ability to ferment cereal flour sugars and accumulate CO2 as a principal role of yeast in baking is not as unique as previously thought decades ago. The widely conserved fermentative lifestyle among the Saccharomycotina has increased our interest in the search for non-conventional yeast strains to either augment conventional baker’s yeast or develop robust strains to cater for the now diverse consumer-driven markets. A decade of research on alternative baker’s yeasts has shown that non-conventional yeasts are increasingly becoming important due to their wide carbon fermentation ranges, their novel aromatic flavour generation, and their robust stress tolerance. This review presents the credentials of non-conventional yeasts as attractive yeasts for modern baking. The evolution of the fermentative trait and tolerance to baking-associated stresses as two important attributes of baker’s yeast are discussed besides their contribution to aroma enhancement. The review further discusses the approaches to obtain new strains suitable for baking applications.