Robust Connectivity Research Articles

C-SLA-MLO: Enhancing SLA Compliance in Industrial Wi-Fi through Cooperative Multilink Operation

In the dynamic landscape of Industry 4.0, robust wireless connectivity emerges as a critical enabler for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. With the advent of Wi-Fi 7’s multilink operation (MLO), the demand for schedulers capable of meeting diverse Service Level Agreement (SLA) requirements within industrial environments becomes paramount. Addressing this need, this paper introduces Cooperative SLA-MLO (C-SLA-MLO), a novel distributed multilink scheduler that balances data across MLO channels to fulfill the SLA of STAs operating within the same BSS. We provide a simulation-based evaluation where we compare C-SLA-MLO with other benchmark approaches, in terms of SLA compliance when varying the SLA characteristics, the level of QoS, or background traffic, showcasing an average reduction of 90% in SLA deviation in the industrial use case. This study contributes practical insights for enhancing wireless connectivity in IIoT, offering potential benefits for industrial network optimization by exploiting the MLO feature brought by the new IEEE 802.11be.

Economic Growth Through Tourism: A Global Analysis Using CS-ARDL Approach

This paper examines the effects of tourism receipts and governance on economic growth in a panel of 103 countries. The short-run results of the Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model, indicate that labour force and fixed capital positively impact on economic growth, highlighting the significance of investing in infrastructure and maintaining a vibrant workforce. The validity of the Tourism-Led Growth (TLG) theory in the short and as well as in the long-run has been proved by a robust and significant positive connection between tourism receipts and GDP growth. Surprisingly, the presence of mobile cellular subscriptions (ICT) in the model does not affect economic growth significantly, indicating the possibility of reaching a point of technical saturation. Trade has a substantial influence on short-term GDP growth, while the role of governance in economic development is complex and might depend on contextual settings. The results indicate that attraction of worldwide tourists can substantially impact economic growth. Further research should investigate the time-based and regional aspects of these connections to improve our comprehension of the dynamics of economic growth.

Fatigue performance of composite-steel injected connectors at room and elevated temperatures

The integration of Glass Fibre-Polymer composite (a.k.a. GFRP) deck panels in bridge infrastructure is hindered by lacking a robust connection technology. A promising bolted connection, utilising injected steel reinforced resin (iSRR) material, has demonstrated lower creep deformation and sustained significantly more shear load cycles than conventional bolts. Nonetheless, the production and testing conditions in all prior experimental campaigns followed idealized lab set-ups. This study bridges the gap between laboratory conditions and the challenges arising during connector’s fabrication under representative conditions, coupled with cyclic load testing at room and elevated temperatures. The iSRR connectors design is modified and tested in actual composite sandwich web core panels, revealing excellent fatigue performance. The statistical analysis yielded F-N curves for shear performance of the connectors that can be used in the design. The slopes of the F-N curves of − 6.6 and − 5.8 were found at room and elevated temperatures, respectively. Finally, with post-cyclic static tests displaying significant connectors’ residual stiffness, resistance, and ductility, the research provides a step forward in enabling the integration of glass fibre composite deck in infrastructure.

TOWARD ROBUST IN-CAR CONNECTIVITY: SIMULATIVE INSIGHTS INTO THE BEHAVIOUR OF SINGLE PATCH AND 2x2 ARRAY ANTENNAS FOR 2.4 GHZ WI-FI APPLICATIONS

The incessant demand for reliable and robust in-car connectivity drives the evolution of automotive wireless communication. In this pivotal research, we ventured into the realm of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi applications, emphasising refining antenna designs that focused specifically on the Bio-composite material single patch and the 2x2 array configurations. Our simulations, executed meticulously in CST Microwave Studio, yielded noteworthy findings. The single patch antenna, fortified with a quarter-wave feeding line, delivered an efficiency of 51% and a gain of 2.83 dBi. While promising, its bandwidth limitations beckoned a deeper dive into alternative configurations. Subsequently, our exploration of the 2 x 2 array antenna, enriched with a power divider, stood out as a beacon of improvement. Notably, it exhibited a significant gain elevation, registering at 5.79 dBi. This uptick underscores the 2 x 2 array's superiority over its single-patch counterpart in amplifying in-car Wi-Fi strength and hints at its potential to set a new benchmark in automotive wireless solutions. In synthesis, this research does more than just present empirical data; it offers a roadmap for automotive manufacturers and WiFi solution providers, leading them towards more efficient and robust in-car wireless ecosystems. Beyond its immediate implications, our study lays a strong foundation for future explorations, potentially steering the discourse towards more intricate array antenna designs tailored for vehicular environments.

Comparative study of novel packet loss analysis and recovery capability between hybrid TLI-µTESLA and other variant TESLA protocols

Analyzing packet loss, whether resulting from communication challenges or malicious attacks, is vital for broadcast authentication protocols. It ensures legitimate and continuous authentication across networks. While previous studies have mainly focused on countering Denial of Service (DoS) attacks' impact on packet loss, our research introduces an innovative investigation into packet loss and develops data recovery within variant TESLA protocols. We highlight the efficacy of our proposed hybrid TLI-µTESLA protocol in maintaining continuous and robust connections among network members, while maximizing data recovery in adverse communication conditions. The study examines the unique packet structures associated with each TESLA protocol variant, emphasizing the implications of losing each type on the network performance. We also introduce modifications to variant TESLA protocols to improve data recovery and alleviate the effects of packet loss. Using Java programming language, we conducted simulation analyses that illustrate the adaptability of variant TESLA protocols in recovering lost packet keys and authenticating previously buffered packets, all while maintaining continuous and robust authentication between network members. Our findings also underscore the superiority of the hybrid TLI-µTESLA protocol in terms of packet loss performance and data recovery, alongside its robust cybersecurity features, including confidentiality, integrity, availability, and accessibility. Additionally, we demonstrated the efficiency of our proposed protocol in terms of low computational and communication requirements compared to earlier TESLA protocol variants, as outlined in previous publications.

Finite-time consensus of second-order multi-agent connectivity preserving based on adaptive sliding mode control

This study addresses the problem of robust finite-time connectivity preserving consensus for second-order multi-agent systems (MASs) with a limited communication range. Considering that the communication ability of agents in practical applications is limited, this study introduces an innovative approach to the consensus protocol, which involves the incorporation of a potential function aimed at ensuring sustained communication connection within a MAS. In addition, a finite-time fault-tolerant consensus protocol for a second-order MAS with actuator additive faults and external disturbances is designed by combining sliding mode control (SMC) and adaptive control. Following the homogeneous theorem and the finite-time consensus theory, this study concludes that, under specific conditions, a MAS can achieve finite-time consensus. Moreover, an advanced control protocol named a super-twisting sliding mode control protocol is introduced to mitigate the undesirable chattering phenomenon in the SMC. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are verified by numerical examples.

Iron metabolism and arthritis: Exploring connections and therapeutic avenues.

Iron is indispensable for the viablility of nearly all living organisms, and it is imperative for cells, tissues, and organisms to acquire this essential metal sufficiently and maintain its metabolic stability for survival. Disruption of iron homeostasis can lead to the development of various diseases. There is a robust connection between iron metabolism and infection, immunity, inflammation, and aging, suggesting that disorders in iron metabolism may contribute to the pathogenesis of arthritis. Numerous studies have focused on the significant role of iron metabolism in the development of arthritis and its potential for targeted drug therapy. Targeting iron metabolism offers a promising approach for individualized treatment of arthritis. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which the body maintains iron metabolism and the impacts of iron and iron metabolism disorders on arthritis. Furthermore, this review aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets and active substances related to iron metabolism, which could provide promising research directions in this field.

Error mitigation in LPWAN systems: A study on the efficacy of Hamming-coded RPW.

Rotating Polarization Wave (RPW) is a novel Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology for robust connectivity and extended coverage area as compared to other LPWAN technologies such as LoRa and Sigfox when no error detection and correction is employed. Since, IoT and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication demand high reliability, RPW with error correction can significantly enhance the communication reliability for critical IoT and M2M applications. Therefore, this study investigates the performance of RPW with single bit error detection and correction using Hamming codes to avoid substantial overhead. Hamming (7,4) coded RPW shows a remarkable improvement of more than 40% in error performance compared to uncoded RPW thereby making it a suitable candidate for IoT and M2M applications. Error performance of coded RPW outperforms coded Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation used in LoRa under multipath conditions by 51%, demonstrating superior adaptability and robustness under dynamic channel conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into the ongoing developments in wireless communication systems whilst reporting Q-RPW model as a new and effective method to address the needs of developing LPWAN and IoT ecosystems.

Philosophy and Ethics in Halal Tourism: A Conceptual Analysis

This research investigates the idea of Muslim-Friendly Tourism, specifically exploring its reassessment from the standpoint of philosophy and ethics. The underlying principles of this particular type of tourism encompass a commitment to Sharia, reverence for indigenous cultures, and a comprehensive comprehension of the Islamic faith. The concept of ethics in Muslim-Friendly Tourism pertains to the behaviour of tourists that demonstrates respect for local values and traditions, as well as appropriate conduct in Islamic settings. This study highlights the importance of maintaining a harmonious equilibrium between religious and cultural elements within the tourism industry. It emphasises the significance of cultivating a climate of mutual comprehension, as well as facilitating interfaith discourse and developing tolerance. The research elucidates that this particular notion yields favourable consequences for the regional economy, improves the perception of the destination, and generates great prospects for educational and cultural interchange. The notion is subject to ongoing development within the context of the progressively major and influential domain of tourism. This reevaluation offers a comprehensive analysis of the underlying principles that influence Muslim-Friendly Tourism, with a particular emphasis on the comprehension of religion, culture, and ethics within the tourism industry. The study highlights the significance of comprehending religion and culture within the context of tourism, emphasising the worth of engaging in interfaith and intercultural discussion. Within the realm of tourism, this phenomenon serves to enhance the local economy, foster cultural comprehension, and cultivate more robust international connections.

Toward Cost-Effective Timber Shell Structures through the Integration of Computational Design, Digital Fabrication, and Mechanical Integral ‘Half-Lap’ Joints

In a global context, where the construction industry is a major source of CO2 emissions and resource use, is dependent on concrete and its risks, and lags behind in digitalization, a clear need arises to direct architecture towards more practical, efficient, and sustainable practices. This research introduces an alternative technique for building timber space structures, aiming to expand its applications in areas with limited access to advanced technologies such as CNCs with more than five axes and industrial robotic arms. This involves reconfiguring economic and ecological constraints to maximize the structural and architectural advantages of these systems. The method develops a parametric tool that integrates computational design and manufacturing based on two-axis laser cutting for shells with segmented hexagonal plywood plates. It uses a modified ‘half-lap joint’ mechanical joint, also made of plywood and without additional fasteners, ensuring a precise and robust connection. The results demonstrate the compatibility of the geometry with two-axis CNC machines, which simplifies manufacturing and reduces the cuts required, thus increasing economic efficiency. The prototype, with a span of 1.5 m and composed of 63 plywood panels and 163 connectors, each 6 mm thick, supported a point load of 0.8 kN with a maximum displacement of 5 mm, weighing 15.1 kg. Assembly and disassembly, carried out by two students, took 5 h and 1.45 h, respectively, highlighting the practicality and accessibility of the method. In conclusion, the technique for building timber shells based on two-axis CNC is feasible and effective, proven by practical experimentation and finite element analysis.

A self‐reported instrument to measure and foster students' science connection to life with the CARE‐KNOW‐DO model and open schooling for sustainability

AbstractNational governments are concerned about the disconnection of young people from science, which hampers the development of a scientifically literate society promoting sustainable development, wellbeing, equity, and a green economy. Introduced in 2015 alongside Agenda 2030, the “open schooling” approach aims at enhancing students' science connections through real‐life problem solving with families and scientists, necessitating solid evidence for scalability and sustainability. This study conceptualizes “science connection,” a term yet underexplored, as the integration of science's meaning and purpose into personal, social, and global actions informed by socioscientific thinking. It details a novel 32‐item self‐report questionnaire developed and validated from insights of 85 teachers into “science connection”‐enhanced learning. A new consensual qualitative analysis method with visual and textual snapshots enabled developing quantitative measures from the qualitative findings with rigor. The multilanguage instrument provided just‐in‐time actionable data, enhancing the immediacy and applicability of the feedback to 2082 underserved students aged 11–18 across five countries participating in open schooling activities using the CARE‐KNOW‐DO model. This innovative feature supports open science and responsible open research, offering real‐time insights and fostering immediate educational impact. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed five components of science connection: Confidence and aspiration in science; Fun participatory science with teachers, family, and experts; Active learning approaches; Involvement in‐and‐outside school science activities; and Valuing science's role to life‐and‐society. Many students felt connected to science— Brazil: 80%, Spain: 79%, Romania: 73%, Greece: 70%, UK: 57%— with boys: 75%, girls: 73%, nonbinary students: 56%. These differences need in‐depth research. Results suggest that science connections decline from the primary to secondary education, but the CARE‐KNOW‐DO model may reengage older students. A robust science connection enhances scientific literacy and builds science capital. This instrument aids policymakers, educators, and learners in identifying factors that facilitate or impede students' engagement with science for sustainable development efforts.

Our Heritage, Our Stories: developing AI tools to link and support community-generated digital cultural heritage

PurposeCommunity-generated digital content (CGDC) is one of the UK’s prime cultural assets. However, CGDC is currently “critically endangered” (Digital Preservation Coalition, 2021) due to technological and organisational barriers and has proven resistant to traditional methods of linking and integration. The challenge of integrating CGDC into larger archives has effectively silenced diverse community voices within our national collection. Our Heritage, Our Stories (OHOS), funded by the UK’s AHRC programme Towards a National Collection, responds to these urgent challenges by bringing together cutting-edge approaches from cultural heritage, humanities and computer science.Design/methodology/approachExisting solutions to CGDC integration, involving bespoke interventionist activities, are expensive, time-consuming and unsustainable at scale, while unsophisticated computational integration erases the meaning and purpose of both CGDC and its creators. Using innovative multidisciplinary methods, AI tools and a co-design process, previously unfindable and unlinkable CGDC will be made discoverable in our virtual national collection.FindingsThere currently exists a range of disconnected, fragile and under-represented community-generated heritage which is at increasing risk of loss. Therefore, OHOS will work to ensure the survival and preservation of these nationally important resources, for the future and for our shared national collection.Originality/valueAs we dissolve barriers to create meaningful new links across CGDC collections and develop new methods of engagement, OHOS will also make this content accessible to new and diverse audiences. This will facilitate a wealth of fresh research while also embedding new strategies for future management of CGDC into heritage practice and training and fostering newly enriching, robust connections between communities and archival institutions.

Internet of things (IoT) driven structural health monitoring for enhanced seismic resilience: A rigorous functional analysis and implementation framework

Civil engineering infrastructures are increasingly becoming exposed to seismic loads, and at such a stage there is an increased need for alternative methods to fortify and enhance the resilience. The present study deals with the intricate linkage of internet of things (IoT) devices and the resilience of structures in a seismically affected zone. From the literature, the role of adaptive structural control, data acquisition and transmission, early warning systems, integration with building standards and codes, and real-time analytics and monitoring have been found to be the topmost aspects of ensuring resilience to seismic events. The seismically affected area of concern provides an in-depth analysis of the practical applications of the IoT in buildings in a seismic area. A survey was distributed to 239 respondents, and a very solid 58.99 % response rate proved the interest and participation of the respondents in the study. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the researchers frame a measurement model which is applied to analyze the reliability and validity of the IoT constructs. Further, the bootstrap resampling mechanisms are adopted to test the five hypotheses rigorously. The findings establish robust connections between adaptive structural control, data acquisition, early warning systems, integration with building codes and standards, real-time monitoring and analytics, and IoT, contributing to enhanced seismic resilience. Infrastructure developers can draw management implications from these findings, while empirical researchers can utilize the verified framework to guide future studies.

Novel Systemic Inflammatory Markers Predict All-Cause Mortality in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Clinically useful predictors for risk stratification of long-term survival may assist in selecting patients for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR) procedures. This study aimed to analyze the prognostic significance of peroperative novel systemic inflammatory markers (SIMs), including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), hemoglobin-to-red cell distribution width ratio (HRR), systemic immune-inflammatory index (SIII), and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), for long-term mortality in EVAR. A retrospective analysis was performed on 147 consecutive patients who underwent their first EVAR procedure at the Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital. The patients were divided into the mortality group (n = 37) and the survival group (n = 110). The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to ascertain the threshold value demonstrating the most robust connection with mortality. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed between each SIM and mortality. The relationship between SIMs and survival was investigated using restricted cubic splines and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The study included 147 patients, with an average follow-up duration of 34.28 22.95 months. Deceased patients showed significantly higher NLR (p 0.001) and reduced HRR (p 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were considerably greater in the higher-NLR group (NLR 2.77) and lower-HRR group (HRR 10.64). The hazard ratio (HR) of 0.833 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.71-0.97, p 0.021) was determined to be statistically significant in predicting death in the multivariable analysis. Preoperative higher-NLR and lower-HRR have been associated with a lower long-term survival rate in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients undergoing elective EVAR. Multivariate Cox regression showed that decreased preoperative HRR is an independent risk factor that increases mortality risk following EVAR. SIMs, such as the NLR and HRR, could be used in future clinical risk prediction methodologies for AAA patients undergoing EVAR. However, additional prospective cohort studies are needed to identify these findings.

Study and Analysis of Steel, RCC, and Composite Structure Comparison

In India, plain concrete is a common building material, especially for medium- and low-rise buildings. Even while steel is still widely used in high-rise structures and composite construction is less frequent, it's possible that composite construction could prove more beneficial in these projects. Reinforced concrete is often used in construction projects. Steel beams are put into concrete to make reinforced concrete, an efficient composite material. The distinguishing feature of composite construction is the secure joining and bending of two load-bearing structural elements into a single piece. When compared to RCC most steel frames, composite constructions are considered to be some of the least expensive and transient building materials. The main component of a composite construction is an I-section column embedded or encased in building materials, or a tube of steel filled with steel and concrete. Composed of cold steel plates plus mortar, Part I consists of a beam plus a plate for the deck. The beams are connected to the top slab using fire-resistant and robust shear connections. Keywords— Steel Concrete Composite Building, RCC building, Seismic Analysis etc.

Public Health in Urban Areas: A Bibliometric Analysis of Strategies to Promote Wellbeing and Sustainable Development

This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore the landscape of research on urban public health and sustainability. Utilizing data extracted from major databases spanning from 1992 to 2024, the research identifies key thematic clusters, examines trends over time, identifies gaps presenting future research opportunities, and investigates author collaboration networks. The findings reveal a distinct shift towards integrating urban design with health outcomes, emphasizing the role of green spaces in enhancing mental and physical well-being. Emerging themes such as the impact of pandemics on urban health and the potential of blue spaces in urban settings are highlighted as under-researched areas that offer significant potential for future studies. Furthermore, the analysis of collaboration networks indicates robust intra-field connections and potential for new interdisciplinary partnerships. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the evolving dynamics within urban public health research and underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in addressing complex urban challenges.

Spillover dynamics in DeFi, G7 banks, and equity markets during global crises: A TVP-VAR analysis

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has become of significant interest for investors in both the financial and digital sectors. We use a time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) approach to estimate the static and dynamic connections between and within DeFi, G7 banking, and equity markets. We focus on critical events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the cryptocurrency bubble, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The results highlight interconnectedness and significant spillovers within and between the markets, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, there were significant spillover effects from the G7 banking and equity markets to Japan and DeFi assets. The findings demonstrate a robust connection between DeFi platforms, G7 banking, and stock markets throughout these tumultuous periods. Policymakers, investors, and entrepreneurs are recommended to keep a close eye on changes in traditional banking and equity markets to adjust the risk of DeFi assets.

Predicting combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine utilising coconut oil methyl ester and MoO3 nanoparticles

The present study used a blend of biofuel and nanoparticles to examine the effectiveness and emission properties of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine with an injection pressure of 250 bar. The use of MoO3 in biodiesel enhances its environmental sustainability and dependability, making it a promising substitute for traditional diesel fuel. The study emphasises the ecological advantages of using a combination of coconut oil and MoO3 to accomplish the production of renewable energy. MoO3 nanoparticles ultimately function as an oxidation catalyst, enhancing combustion. A study with MoO3 nanoparticles at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations was carried out. Utilising a photo spectrometer, stability was determined. The CI engine demonstrated improved thermal efficiency and reduced Fuel Consumption compared to diesel, both at full load conditions and at 64.5 bar pressure. The performance, combustion, and emission parameters were precisely forecasted using Design Expert, exhibiting a robust connection with the testing results. The Rb values for Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Peak Cylinder Pressure (P-CA), Net Heat Release Rate (NHRR), Crankcase Heat Release Rate (CHRR), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), and Smoke Opacity are 0.997, 0.9998, 0.8898, 0.979, 0.9838, 0.9815, 0.9917, 0.9958, and 0.9261 respectively.

Study of upwelling and mixing process in the Somali coastal region using satellite and numerical model observations: A Lagrangian approach

During the summer monsoon, the Somali region undergoes a significant upwelling phenomenon that enhances plankton productivity, thereby benefiting fisheries. Wind and coastal dynamics initially drive this upwelling, but eventually, eddy flows influence it. Our study explores the interplay between ocean currents, eddies, and chlorophyll-a concentrations using the backward Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents (bFSLEs) technique. We also delve into the specific role of Ekman transport in distributing chlorophyll-a across the region. The Great Whirl (GW), an anticyclonic eddy, predominantly causes strong downwelling, interrupting the summer monsoon upwelling along the Somali coast longitudinally. Despite the GW's significant impact on moving upwelled water offshore, the influence of downwelling diminishes northward. As a result, the northern Somali coast, especially around 9°N and 10°N, showcases the most extensive offshore upwelling, reaching as far as 55°E. Our findings highlight a robust connection between chlorophyll-a levels and oceanic dynamics, influenced by both currents and eddies, as evidenced by bFSLEs, and by cross-shore Ekman transport, particularly within chlorophyll-a concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mg m−3. The data suggests that Ekman transport-induced upwelling primarily drives coastal phytoplankton biomass. Furthermore, bFSLEs analysis underlines the supportive role of ocean currents and eddies in the offshore distribution of chlorophyll-a, especially near the coast. Further examination of lagged correlations reveals a temporal lag between peak concentrations of chlorophyll-a and Ekman transport; the lag increases offshore and is at least 9 days near the coast.

The Role of School Sports in Shaping Student Identity and Social Relationships

This qualitative study explores the impact of school sports on student identity and social relationships in Vietnamese secondary schools. Employing in-depth interviews, focus groups, and observational methods, the research examines the experiences of students, coaches, and administrators across three distinct school settings. Findings indicate that participation in school sports significantly enhances students' self-perception and identity, facilitates robust social connections, and fosters community. Additionally, the study reveals that school sports programs are efeectively integrated with Vietnamese cultural values, particularly emphasizing collectivism and community orientation. However, gender difeerences in sports participation highlight the need for more inclusive and gender-sensitive program designs. The study also identifies challenges related to resource limitations and balancing academic and sports commitments, suggesting areas for policy enhancement. This research contributes to the broader understanding of the educational value of extracurricular activities. It underscores the potential of school sports as a tool for personal and social development in academic settings. Importantly, the findings ofeer practical and actionable insights for educators and policymakers, providing a roadmap to optimize the benefits of school sports programs.