Robotic Science Research Articles

Utility-Driven Approach to Onboard Scheduling and Execution for an Autonomous Europa Lander Mission

Jupiter’s icy moon Europa is among the most promising locations to explore for signs of extraterrestrial life in our solar system. However, searching for biosignatures on the surface of Europa presents an unprecedented set of challenges: immense uncertainty, limited energy, and few opportunities for operator feedback. Effectively carrying out a robotic science campaign under these conditions will require a system with a greater degree of autonomy than any planetary exploration mission to date. In particular, onboard scheduling and execution are required for robustness to uncertainty in surface conditions, variation in lander performance, and science discoveries to maximize the quantity and quality of science data returned to Earth during a fixed, limited lander lifetime. Here we represent a proposed Europa Lander surface mission as a utility-driven hierarchical task network and establish through analysis that onboard autonomy using automated mission planning with execution feedback and predictive task models results in mission execution that is more consistently productive compared to traditional static approaches. We design a simulated onboard autonomy framework built by integrating two software components—Multi-mission EXECutive and Europa Lander Autonomy Prototype—to properly simulate the Europa Lander domain and demonstrate empirically that the proposed planning and execution system is capable of commanding a set of realistic surface scenarios as part of a larger Europa Lander surface autonomy software prototype. We expect that an approach to scheduling and execution grounded in decision theory will be an enabling technology for future tightly constrained planetary surface missions.

Exploring the frontiers: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of robotics in science education

The present bibliometric review focuses on the 50 research articles indexed in Scopus Database in robotics science education (RSE) between the years 2012 and 2024. The analysis of publications shows the steady growth rates which is especially notable for 2021 thereby specifying the growing demand in the field. These are researchers from universities named The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, The Kaunas University of Technology, and the NYU Tandon School of Engineering. The funding bodies that have greatly supported research work include National Science Foundation, CAS-TWAS Scholarships, and EPF Lausanne. The current study emphasizes that the topic of robotics in the learning process involves tendencies of the social sciences, engineering, computer science, psychology and other sciences. The United States leads in publication output, followed by countries like Greece, Turkey, and Lithuania, highlighting a global interest in leveraging robotics for educational innovation geographically. The location of the research studies points to the fact that, there is a need to reach out to various countries as a way of encouraging the use of robotics in the STEM curriculum. The following analysis offers insights into the current trends, risks, and opportunities of robotic innovations in education study and underlined the need for a continuous stakeholders’ discourse on the best use of robots in enhancing science learning. This bibliometric analysis emphasizes the dynamic growth, disciplinary integration, and international collaboration characterizing RSE, underscoring the importance of ongoing dialogue and cooperation to realize its transformative potential in STEM education.

A Review on the Form and Complexity of Human–Robot Interaction in the Evolution of Autonomous Surgery

As robotics and intelligence increasingly integrate into surgery, the pivotal role of human–robot interaction (HRI) in surgical procedures and outcomes becomes evident. However, debate rages over whether increasing robot autonomy will result in less human involvement. Some scholars assert that autonomy will reduce human participation, whereas others contend it will result in more complex interactions. To reveal the role of HRI in the evolution of autonomous surgery, this review systematically explores the HRI of robotic surgery with various levels of autonomy. The HRI is examined from both robotic science and clinical practice perspectives, incorporating relevant case studies. Two key components, intention detection and situation awareness, are especially concerned with a brief description of the interfaces and control strategies they rely on. Additional insights are drawn from analogous technologies in aviation, industrial robotics, and autonomous vehicles. The analysis suggests that HRI complexity tends to increase as the robot transitions from no autonomy to conditional autonomy and is predicted to subsequently decrease with a substantial shift in the interaction form when moving toward full autonomy. It is concluded by highlighting challenges from technical and clinical perspectives and delineating research trends in this rapidly evolving field.

Discussion on different controllers used for the navigation of mobile robot

Robots that can comprehend and navigate their surroundings independently on their own are considered intelligent mobile robots (MR). Using a sophisticated set of controllers, artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), machine learning (ML), sensors, and computation for navigation, MR's can understand and navigate around their environments without even being connected to a cabled source of power. Mobility and intelligence are fundamental drivers of autonomous robots that are intended for their planned operations. They are becoming popular in a variety of fields, including business, industry, healthcare, education, government, agriculture, military operations, and even domestic settings, to optimize everyday activities. We describe different controllers, including proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, model predictive controllers (MPCs), fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), and reinforcement learning controllers used in robotics science. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate a comprehensive idea and basic working principle of controllers utilized by mobile robots (MR) for navigation. This work thoroughly investigates several available books and literature to provide a better understanding of the navigation strategies taken by MR. Future research trends and possible challenges to optimizing the MR navigation system are also discussed.

The Cognitive Capacity of Free Will


 For several decades now, artificial intelligence - understood as a discipline but also as a set of increasingly advanced products of robotic science - has helped to rethink certain concepts typical of anthropology, and among these is that of free will, a cognitive capacity that has been seriously challenged by neurophysiology over the last fifty years and which nowadays, however, becomes central when algorithms are constructed to act. The intention of this contribution will be to indicate the necessary prerequisites for conducting an analogical reasoning between humans and algorithms regarding freedom, in order to demonstrate whether such an approach is at least methodologically appropriate for conducting a subsequent ethical reflection. In the last section, an attempt will then be made to define what the discrimen between humans and machines might be, and specifically whether this might be found in consciousness or freedom. 

Incrеаsing students ' interest in the subject of phуsics by integrating the science of robotics

The rapid advancement of technology has significantly influenced the field of scientific research and innovation. This includes various areas such as robotics, physics, integration, and the application of knowledge. Designing experiments to test and analyze the impact of these advancements requires careful consideration. This study was conducted in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan, specifically in the 8th grade at Aset Beyseuov schools, to assess the learning outcomes of students in robotics in the 2022-2023 academic year. The participants were selected based on the school's curriculum and were part of a specialized cluster for robotics education. Following the eighth session, a questionnaire based on Torranstyn's study (1979) was administered to gather data on variables such as intrinsic motivation, student engagement, innovations, and career aspirations. As a result, 10 different tests and physics-related robotic construction activities were conducted. Covariance analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed a positive correlation between robotics education and students' academic progress in physics.

Emerging Robotic Innovations and Artificial Intelligence in Endotracheal Intubation and Airway Management: Current State of the Art.

Robotic sciences have rapidly advanced and revolutionized various aspects of medicine, including the field of airway management. Robotic endotracheal intubation is an innovative method that utilizes robotic systems to aid in the accurate placement of an endotracheal tube within the trachea. This cutting-edge technique shows great promise in improving procedural precision and ensuring patient safety. In this comprehensive overview, we delve into the present status of robotic-assisted endotracheal intubation, examining its advantages, obstacles, and the potential implications it holds for the future. In addition, this review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature and references on recent advances in robotic technology and artificial intelligence related to airway management.

Towards The Review of Artificial Intelligence Programme Curriculum and Effective Collaborations among Academia for AI Programme Development in Africa

Abstract. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of Computer Science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent systems that work, reasons and react like humans. In recent times information and computing solutions are leveraged on the concept of Artificial Intelligence with regard to Artificial Neural Network, Machine Learning, Fuzzy logic, Deep learning and Robotic Science. Applications of AI solutions have being highly effective in all sectors of human endeavors. During the Covid 19 pandemic, AI applications resulted in the rapid development and implementation of solutions which ordinarily would have taken years to achieve especially in the area of vaccine. Despite the gains of AI, we realized that less emphasis is placed in this trending area of computer science by the educational systems in Africa especially at university level. This research seeks to demand for an urgent need for a review of our educational curriculum to include AI and other trending disciplines in the frontiers of Information Technology. A multidisciplinary cloud based research model was also formulated which can be adopted in our educational system to foster multidisciplinary research. This will improve quality and efficient research outputs from universities in Africa. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning, Curriculum Review, AI Applications, academic-collaboration-models

Towards The Review of Artificial Intelligence Programme Curriculum and Effective Collaborations Among Academia for AI Programme Development in Africa

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of Computer Science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent systems that work, reasons and react like humans. In recent times information and computing solutions are leveraged on the concept of Artificial Intelligence with regard to Artificial Neural Network, Machine Learning, Fuzzy logic, Deep learning and Robotic Science. Applications of AI solutions have being highly effective in all sectors of human endeavors. During the Covid 19 pandemic, AI applications resulted in the rapid development and implementation of solutions which ordinarily would have taken years to achieve especially in the area of vaccine. Despite the gains of AI, we realized that less emphasis is placed in this trending area of computer science by the educational systems in Africa especially at university level. This research seeks to demand for an urgent need for a review of our educational curriculum to include AI and other trending disciplines in the frontiers of Information Technology. A multidisciplinary cloud based research model was also formulated which can be adopted in our educational system to foster multidisciplinary research. This will improve quality and efficient research outputs from universities in Africa. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning, academic-collaboration-models, Curriculum Review, AI Applications

A Review on Robotics Technology and Its Applications


 
 
 
 The introduction of new creations greatly accelerates technological development. One such invention to lessen the current labour cost difficulties is the robot. It is an intermediate field with a scope that includes computer science, mechanical, electrical, and electronic design. These days, robots assist humans in numerous areas, making life easier and delivering goods more quickly than humans could. The science and technology of robotics are introduced in this review paper. We present the background of robotics technology, science, the components used in robot manufacture, the construction of robots, their benefits and drawbacks, and their applications. 
 
 
 

The Relationships between Organizational Factors and Systems Engineering Process Performance in Launching Space Vehicles

The launch vehicle industry has long been considered a pioneering industry in systems engineering. Launch vehicles are large complex systems that require a methodical multi-disciplinary approach to design, build, and launch. Launch vehicles are used to deliver payloads—such as humans, robotic science missions, or national security payloads—to desired locations in space. Previous research has identified deficient or underperforming systems engineering as a leading contributor to launch vehicle failures. Launch vehicle failures can negatively affect national security, the economy, science, and society, thus highlighting the importance of understanding the factors that influence systems engineering in launch vehicle organizations in the United States. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the relationships between organizational factors and systems engineering process performance. Structural equation modeling was used to develop a model of the relationships of these factors and test hypotheses. The results showed that organizational commitment, top management support, the perceived value of systems engineering, and systems engineering support significantly influence systems engineering process performance in the launch vehicle industry. Implications of this study for improving the performance of systems engineering in launch vehicle organizations are discussed.

The LEGOLAS Kit: A low-cost robot science kit for education with symbolic regression for hypothesis discovery and validation

The LEGOLAS Kit: A low-cost robot science kit for education with symbolic regression for hypothesis discovery and validation

Mechanical design of a differential drive mobile robot platform

Mobile robotics science has been influenced by developments in electronics and software sciences and it has reached significant levels in the last 50 years. This study aims to present the design of an indoor mobile robot platform (MAVI-BOT). The platform consists of a chassis made of aluminum, a 2D light detection and ranging sensor (LIDAR), an inertial measurement unit (IMU), an infra-red camera and a LED projection, and an industrial PC. The platform, based on the differential drive model, has a 2-wheel drive. The active wheels are pneumatic and the third wheel is positioned as a rubber-filled caster. A study was also carried out to identify the actuators that met the given dynamic criteria. Real-time applications made on the developed wheeled mobile robot (WMR) are discussed. Keywords: Actuator; LIDAR; MAVI-BOT; Mobile robot; mechanical design.

Flexible Shoulder in Quadruped Animals and Robots Guiding Science of Soft Robotics

Cursorial quadrupeds have different connections to the trunk for forelimbs and hindlimbs: a flexible connection through the muscles to the forelimb, and a secure connection through the hip joint to the hindlimb. Although anatomical and biological studies have described the structure and behavior of cursorial quadrupeds by focusing on flexible shoulders, the functionality of the flexible shoulder remains unclear. In this study, we first survey the anatomical and biological studies. Second, we introduce our robotics studies, which focus on flexible connections for proximal limb joints. Further, we discuss future directions for extracting a design principle based on complex animal body structures, and we suggest the potential for interdisciplinary research between anatomy and soft robotics.

COVID-19: Role of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning During the Pandemic.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a global health emergency. Emerging from China, it has now been declared as a pandemic. Owing to the fast pace at which it spreads, its control and prevention have now become the greatest challenge. The inner structural analysis of the virus is an important area of research for the invention of the potential drug. The countries are following different strategies and policies to fight against COVID-19; various schemes have also been employed to cope up with the economic crisis. While the government is struggling to balance between the public health sector and the economic collapse, the researchers and medicine practitioners are inclined towards obtaining treatment and early detection of the deadly disease. Further, the impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry is alarming and posing severe threats to the professionals as well. Now, the technology is helping the countries fight against the disease. ML and AI based applications are substantially aiding the process of detection and diagnosis of novel coronavirus. Science of Robotics is another approach followed with an aim to improve patient care.

Virtopsy: a new developing science in forensic odontology

Background ‘Virtopsy’ is made up of two words ‘virtual’ and ‘autopsy’. ‘Virtual’ means digitally available, while ‘autopsy’ means examination of deceased to find out the cause of death. Objective This review aims to provide an overall view about virtopsy in forensic odontology. Data sources A narrative review was performed with a literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. Study selection Reference lists included full papers of any study design, published in peer-viewed English till June 2022. Data extraction Current literature indicates various methods and applications of virtopsy in forensic odontology. Moreover, recent advances in forensic odontology are discussed. Data synthesis Virtopsy is a virtual alternative to traditional autopsy. Conventional autopsy has its own pitfalls as it is an invasive procedure and not socially as well as emotionally accepted in certain religions. Virtual autopsy is a better adjunct for conventional autopsy. Virtual autopsy has its own advantages as digital storage of data can be done. Virtopsy used in forensic odontology is known as ‘Virdentopsy’. Various equipment and robotic science have also developed in this field of Virdentopsy

An Enhancement for the Consistent Depth Estimation of Monocular Videos using Lightweight Network

Depth estimation has made great progress in the last few years due to its applications in robotics science and computer vision. Various methods have been implemented and enhanced to estimate the depth without flickers and missing holes. Despite this progress, it is still one of the main challenges for researchers, especially for the video applications which have more complexity of the neural network which af ects the run time. Moreover to use such input like monocular video for depth estimation is considered an attractive idea, particularly for hand-held devices such as mobile phones, they are very popular for capturing pictures and videos, in addition to having a limited amount of RAM. Here in this work, we focus on enhancing the existing consistent depth estimation for monocular videos approach to be with less usage of RAM and with using less number of parameters without having a significant reduction in the quality of the depth estimation.

The Pransky interview: Dr Nabil Simaan, Vanderbilt University Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science and Otolaryngology, Thought Leader in Medical Robotics

Purpose The following article is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry PhD and innovator regarding his pioneering efforts. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Dr Nabil Simaan, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science and Otolaryngology at Vanderbilt University. He is also director of Vanderbilt’s Advanced Robotics and Mechanism Applications Research Laboratory. In this interview, Simaan shares his unique perspective and approaches on his journey of trying to solve real-world problems in the medical robotics area. Findings Simaan received his BSc, MSc and PhD in mechanical engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. He served as Postdoctoral Research Scientist in Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University. In 2005, he joined Columbia University, New York, NY, as an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering until 2010, when he joined Vanderbilt. His current applied research interests include synthesis of novel robotic systems for surgical assistance in confined spaces with applications to minimally invasive surgery of the throat, natural orifice surgery, cochlear implant surgery and dexterous bimanual microsurgery. Theoretical aspects of his research include robot design and kinematics. Originality/value Dr Simaan is a leading pioneer on designing robotic systems and mechanisms for medical applications. Examples include technologies for snake robots licensed to Intuitive Surgical; technologies for micro-surgery of the retina, which led to the formation of AURIS Surgical Robotics; the insertable robotic effector platform (IREP) single-port surgery robot that served as the research prototype behind the Titan Medical Inc. Sport (Single Port Orifice Robotic Technology). Simaan received the NSF Career award for young investigators to design new algorithms and robots for safe interaction with the anatomy. He has served as the Editor for IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Robotics, Editorial Board Member of Robotica, Area Chair for Robotics Science and Systems and corresponding Co-chair for the IEEE Technical Committee on Surgical Robotics. In January 2020, he was bestowed the award of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Fellow for Robotics Advancements. At the end of 2020, he was named a top voice in health-care robotics by technology discovery platform InsightMonk and market intelligence firm BIS Research. Simaan holds 15 patents. A producer of human capital, his education goal is to achieve the best possible outcome with every student he works with.

Special needs and Social Intelligence in Interactive Hapy- Robotics

The new Autism Hapy- Robot could be useful in helping autistic children and ADHD develop their social skills, although the short duration of the cars test could have an effect. The development and testing of a robot on children with autism and the idea is that a sick child can, by interacting with the robot, improve his emotional, social and intellectual skills, and the robot, after its development, can “help” the therapist by expressing various emotions, so that he can develop various skills And suggesting educational games targeting the sick child and identifying him after determining a program equivalent to his condition, We are working to integrate the expertise of the field of behavioral therapy and robotics science in devising new methods to make the robot more useful in therapy sessions.

Predicting Motion Patterns Using Optimal Paths

The ability to navigate safely and efficiently through a given landscape is relevant for any intelligent moving object. Examples range from robotic science and traffic analysis, to the behavior within an ecosystem. Many objects tend to move in patterns depending on their nature. By establishing models of patterns of motion one may estimate the future motion within an area. We propose here a method for detecting regular patterns of motion by modeling the environment as an energy landscape, and locating optimal paths through it. As an example, we use maritime position Automatic Identification System (AIS) data as input to work out optimal routes between different start and end points when these are not located along the standard shipping lanes. These initial tests show that the method has potential for analyzing and determining regular patterns of motion.