Robinson Method Research Articles

Water Activity in Aqueous Amino Acid Solutions Containing Ammonium Sulfate at 298.2 K

Water activity in aqueous solutions of dl-alanine, glycine, or l-serine, with ammonium sulfate, molality ranging from 0.5 to 5.0, have been measured at 298.2 K. The new experimental data was correlated using three different theoretical schemes such as Zdanovskii–-Stokes–Robinson, its extension, or the Clegg–Seinfeld–Brimblecombe approach, with global average absolute deviations in the calculation of the osmotic coefficient of 3.46 %, 0.93 % and 1.95 %, respectively. The extended Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson method also enabled the prediction of unsymmetric molal activity coefficients of the electrolyte, in fair agreement with the experimental values found from literature measured by an electrochemical method. It is evidenced the usefulness of the experimental ternary data measured to extend the capabilities of thermodynamic models to higher salt and amino acid concentrations.

Lysosomal enzymes activity in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a complex systemic disorder of the extracellular matrix affecting the eye and visceral organs. Pseudoexfoliation material deposits on various structures of the anterior segment of the eye and around blood vessels of connective tissue. Animal studies have suggested that the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene is potentially important in PEX (Liton et al. 2009). Lysosomes are the cellular recycling centres responsible for the physiologic turnover of cell constituents. Inadequate enzyme activity results in disruption of the degradation process and accumulation of substrates for that specific enzyme, leading to variety of pathological changes. Increasing evidence suggests that the oxidative–antioxidative balance is disturbed in patients with PEX (Uçakhan et al. 2006; Lesiewska-Junk et al. 2013). The lysosomal proteolytic activity is compromised under oxidative stress conditions (Wenger et al. 2013). We studied 52 consecutive patients with PEX (16 males and 36 females), who presented for senile cataract surgery, median 75 years, range 59–89. The reference group consisted of 30 individuals (10 males and 20 females), matched for age and gender, with senile cataract without PEX, median 72 years, range 61–90. Both groups did not differ in stage of cataract nor body mass index and smoking habits. PEX was recognized based on typical material in the anterior segment seen after pupil dilation. The exclusion criteria were systemic and local diseases except cataract and PEX (including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lipid profile disorders, intraocular surgery in history). The activity of four lysosomal enzymes in plasma was assessed as follows: acid phosphatase (AcP) with the use of Bessey method, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) using Eriksson method, cathepsin D (CAT D) using Anson method and arylsulphatase (AS) using Robinson method. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data. Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of data from small size independent samples. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The values of activities of assessed enzymes are shown in Table 1. Reduced activity of proteolytic enzymes and subtle inflammatory processes may trigger the PEX-specific fibrotic matrix process (Schlötzer-Schrehardt 2012). Although Mizuno et al. (1980) found acid phosphatase activity significantly higher in the aqueous humour of eyes with PEX than in that of cataractous eyes without PEX, in our group, these values in blood plasma appeared to be lower in PEX patients. According to Cumurcu et al. (2008) serum A-1-AT activity was increased in patients with PEX, which is in accordance with our results. It may indicate the role of inflammation in this group of patients. To our best knowledge, this is the first study on AS and CAT D activities in PEX patients. Our observations may shed light on the complex metabolic contribution and molecular pathway of the disease.

Robinson’s cytological grading of breast carcinoma and its correlation with Scarff Bloom Richardson’s histologic grading

Background: Carcinoma of the breast is one of the most common cancers in women. Fine needle aspiration cytology is the most common preoperative diagnostic modality. Preoperative grading of breast carcinomas would be desirable for the selection of patients for neoadjuvant therapy. This study is aimed at to grade the Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) smears of breast carcinomas and to correlate with histological grading.Methods: FNAC of 45 patients with breast cancer were studied. The cytological grading was evaluated using Robinson method (RGS) and the histological grading using Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system (SBR). Statistical analysis was performed using the SSPS statistical software package (SSPS) (Chicago, Illinois, USA).Correlation was established using Spearman correlation coefficient.Results: There were 45 cases and the age of the patients ranged from 26 years to 75 years with a mean age of 53.6 years. Univariate analysis showed strong correlation. By doing multiple regression analysis of cytologic features revealed that cell size, uniformity and nucleoli were the most potent features. There was a significant association (P < 0.000) between the grades assigned to cytologic and histologic specimens.Conclusion:Cytological grade could be used to predict histological grade as significant relationship exist between grades assigned to cytology and histology specimensCytologic grade may provide relevant information on the aggressiveness of ductal breast carcinoma and could be a useful parameter to take into consideration while selecting cases for neoadjuvant therapy

A novel translabial platform utilizing bioexcipients from Litchi chinesis for the delivery of rosiglitazone maleate

The aim of this study was to formulate drug-loaded bio-lipstrips using novel bioexcipients isolated from the fruit pulp of Litchi chinesis (biomaterial L) and to explore the potentiality of lip skin as a novel translabial drug delivery system. The biomaterial, prepared by a simplified economical process and purified by hot dialysis, was subjected to various physicochemical evaluations along with spectral analysis including UV, FT-IR, Mass and 1H NMR. The lipstrip formulated with the novel bioexcipients was screened for its functional properties, including filmability using a film-casting method, and bio/muco-adhesitivity using a shear-stress method, the Park and Robinson method and a rotating cylinder method. Rosiglitazone-loaded bio-lipstrips were formulated by using biomaterial L as a strip former and dextrose as a flexicizer. The formulated strips were subjected to various evaluations, including thickness, folding endurance, in-vitro release and in-vivo release. The release of rosiglitazone maleate was maintained over 24h, which was confirmed in in-vitro and in-vivo release experiments. Our results reveal that this biopolymer possesses promising stripability as well as bio-adhesitivity. The formulated bio-lipstrips are feasible for delivering rosiglitazone maleate by translabial administration.

The Cytological Grading of Malignant Neoplasms of The Breast and Its Correlation With The Histological Grading

Breast carcinoma is one of the leading causes of malignancy in females. The diagnosis of breast carcinoma is often made by fine needle aspiration cytology. Nuclear grading is an important prognostic factor. It is important to grade breast carcinomas, which will provide valuable information to the treating oncologists to plan their management. The purpose of this study was to compare the cytological grading and typing with the histological grading and typing and the regional lymph node metastasis. This retrospective and prospective study was done on 60 cases with malignant and suspicious diagnoses on FNAC, which had histopathological correlations, from January 2004 to December 2007. The cytological grading was done by Robinson's Method and the histopathological grading was done by the modified Scarff Bloom Richardson method. Cytological and histological typings were also done. The statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS software: The Chi square test was used and a contingency tale analysis (cross tabs procedure) was also done. The cytohistological grading correlation was accurate in 7 cases (100%) of grade 1, 22 cases (71%) of grade 3 and 9 cases (42.9%) of grade 2 cancers. The accuracy was 62.7% (P < 0.001). A higher cytological grade was associated with a nodal metastasis. (cc : 0.399, P < .006) The cytological typing was accurate in 44 cases out of the 60 cases. The cytological grade correlated well with the histological grading accuracy (62.7%) and a higher grade was associated with a nodal metastasis (P < 0.006), Hence the cytological grading and typing should be routinely incorporated in the cytology reports and they can be of great value in guiding the choice of the treatment protocols.

An algorithm for the construction of generalized kinematic chains

One of the major steps in the creative, conceptual, or structural synthesis of mechanical devices is to generate the necessary atlas of kinematic graphs or chains. The atlas of generalized kinematic chains includes the atlas of kinematic chains for mechanisms and the atlas of rigid chains for structures (clamping devices). This study provides an enumeration algorithm for constructing various atlases of generalized kinematic chains based on link assortments, Robinson's method, generating function of planar blocks, Euler's formula, and graph theory. Examples are provided. And, the numbers of generalized kinematic chains with up to twelve links are listed.

Cómo mejorar la comprensión lectora a partir de estrategias de aprendizaje en alumnado de 6.° de Primaria

Our study looks at two of the main problems that concern parents, teachers, and students, which are poor school performance and the high rate of school failure (Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA report 2003). We believe that a good method to develop pupil skills should be provided in order to improve reading comprehension and school performance. The speech therapist is the specialist who must work on reading comprehension as a basis for academic performance. Our study aims to verify: i) If study skills affect reading comprehension. ii) If a methodology based on this systematic teaching of the organization of study may have implications for improving reading comprehension for pupils with high or low ability. We focus on two classes of the 6th year, in a private school in the central area of Madrid province. We studied 47 pupils, 21 boys and 26 girls. We used a pre-test-treatment-post-test methodology during one school year. In each of these phases we performed: i) Protest: to identify the reading comprehension level from which we start. An individual test (ECL 2) was applied. ii) Treatment: the methods used varied throughout the academic year, depending on the mediation used: a) Control Group: they were given a summary booklet with several study techniques. b) Experimental Group: they received the booklet and a speech therapist worked with them in the classroom using study skills following the Robinson method. By processing and analysing the data statistically, we can conclude that the class led by the speech therapist improved reading comprehension for pupils with high and low aptitudes. It is suggested that this type of research should be considered, in which the speech therapist comes into play as a technical specialist in reading comprehension strategies towards improved pupil performance.

A fractional cointegration analysis of Fisher hypothesis: evidence from Turkey

This paper examines the validity of Fisher hypothesis in Turkey over the period from 1990:01 through 2010:03 by using cointegration and fractional cointegration approaches. The findings from Engle and Granger cointegration test indicate that inflation and nominal interest rate series are cointegrated. Since the conventional cointegration tests do not provide strong evidence on the long run relationship, we also use fractional cointegration definition suggested by Cheung and Lai (J Bus Econ Stat 11:103–112, 1993) which requires only a mean reverting (d < 1) relationship between the series. The results from fractional cointegration tests based on GPH and Robinson methods show that inflation and nominal interest rate series are fractionally cointegrated. These findings support the validity of the Fisher hypothesis in Turkey.

The Piloty-Robinson reaction of N-substituted piperidin-4-one azines. A novel route for the synthesis of 3,6-diazacarbazole

The possibility of preparing 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octahydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-c:4,5-c']dipyridines using the Piloty-Robinson reaction has been studied under various conditions. A novel method is proposed for the synthesis of the aromatic 3,6-diazacarbazole (5H-pyrrolo[3,2-c:4,5-c']dipyridine) from 2,8-dibenzoyl-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octahydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-c:4,5-c']dipyridine obtained for the first time by the Piloty- Robinson method under thermal conditions.

Brown–Robinson method for interval matrix games

In this paper, two-person interval matrix games are considered, and by means of acceptability index, Brown–Robinson method to find a mixed-strategy equilibrium is adapted to interval matrix games. Numerical examples are also given.

Cytological grading of breast cancers and comparative evaluation of two grading systems

Aim:To evaluate and compare the cytograding of breast cancers using Robinson’s and Mouriquand’s grading methods.Materials and Methods:A 5-year retrospective (from Oct 2000 to Sept 2005) and 1-year prospective study (from Oct 2005 to Oct 2006). A total of 110 fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) cases of breast cancers were studied. These were graded according to Robinson’s and Mouriquand’s grading methods (grade I–III) followed by comparison of the two methods.Results:Of the 110 cases graded according to Robinson’s method, 28 (25.45%) cases were grade I, 46 (41.81%) grade II, and 36 (32.72%) were grade III, whereas using Mouriquand’s grading methods, 28 (25.45%), 42 (38.18%), and 40 (36.36%) cases were graded as grade I, II, and III, respectively. A high degree of concordance was observed between the two grading methods (90.9%). A highly significant relationship between the scores obtained by two methods was also observed (P=0.004).Conclusions:A comprehensive cytological grading of breast cancers is possible by using two different methods proposed by Robinson and Mouriquand. In spite of a high degree of concordance between the two methods, the Robinson’s grading system has been found to be easier and better because of more objective set of criteria and easy reproducibility.

A cubic interpolation algorithm for solving non-linear equations

A new Algorithm - based on cubic interpolation have been developed for solving non-linear algebraic equations. The Algorithm is derived from LaGrange's interpolation polynomial. The method discussed here is faster than the \Regular Falsi which is based on linear interpolation. Since this new method does not involve derivatives, it does not have the problem of non-convergence associated with the Newton - Raphson method, when a small derivative is encountered. The efficiency of the cubic interpolation method was ascertained by practical testing with Leonardo\'s cubic equation and Dranchuk, Purivis and Robinson method for calculating the Gas Compressibility Factor (z) of Natural Gases. The Watfor computer program (based on the new method) that was used to solve the Dranchuk Purivis and Robinson equation is also included in this paper. Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics Vol. 9 2005: pp. 317-324

Enlargements of schemes

In this article we use our previous constructions (L. Brunjes, C. Serpe, Theory Appl. Categ. 14:357-398, 2005) to lay down some foundations for the appli- cation of A. Robinson's nonstandard methods to modern algebraic geometry. The main motivation is the search for another tool to transfer results from characteristic zero to positive characteristic and vice versa. We give applications to the resolution of singularities and weak factorization.

Sedimentación de partículas con distribución de tamaño fractal

Desde hace varios años, el modelo de fragmentación fractal ha atraido la atención de los investigadores, como un camino lógico para describir e interpretar distribuciones de partículas observadas. El análisis textural de un suelo ha mostrado ser muy importante, pues se utiliza para diagnosticar y predecir el funcionamiento y uso del mismo. Los métodos más populares para determinar la textura han sido los de sedimentación en agua utilizando el hidrómetro o la pipeta. Ambos tienen como objetivo encontrar la fracción de masa de partículas que se encuentran en suspensión a tiempos prefijados y relacionarla con los diámetros de las mismas. En este trabajo se ha desarrollado una nueva función potencial que relaciona la fracción de masa en suspensión con el tiempo de sedimentación. Utilizando la misma se puede determinar la dimensión fractal de fragmentación de una distribución de partículas en sedimentación. La nueva ecuación ha sido chequeada con datos propios obtenidos por el hidrómetro de Bouyoucos y otros publicados en la literatura, obtenidos mediante la pipeta de Robinson. El acuerdo logrado entre la teoría y los datos experimentales, mediante la técnica de regresión no lineal, ha sido excelente. Los valores de la dimensión fractal de fragmentación resultaron entre 2,404 y 2,512, para muestras de La Plata, Argentina, y entre 2,434 y 2,819 para los suelos de California, USA. El coeficiente de determinación, R², fue en todos los casos mayor que 0,9.

Robinson Cytologic Grading in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast

To correlate the cytologic grade of breast carcinoma with the expression of E-cadherin/catenin system molecules and the presence of metastasis in regional lymph nodes.Aspirate smears were examined together with histologic sections from the corresponding neoplasms taken from 100 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. In 50 cases, > or = 1 metastatic nodes were identified. Cytologic grading of the smears was performed using the Robinson method. Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and of alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin was studied.A statistically significant relationship was observed between E-cadherin/catenin expression and cytologic grade (p < 0.0005). This association was particularly relevant to the cell dissociation parameter (p < 0.0005).The cytological grade established in preoperative studies may provide relevant information on the aggressiveness of invasive ductal carcinoma and its tendency to produce regional metastasis. This finding could be particularly useful in cases of breast carcinoma in which neoadjuvant therapy is the method of choice.

Robinson Cytologic Grading of Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma

To evaluate the importance of cytologic grading of breast carcinoma and its association with histologic grading and the existence of axillary lymph node metastasis.Aspirates and surgical samples from 100 patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma not otherwise specified were studied. In 50 patients, > or = 1 metastatic nodes were identified. The cytologic grade was evaluated using the Robinson method and the histologic grade using the Elston modification of the Bloom-Richardson method. A study was undertaken to establish the association between histologic and cytologic grades and to compare the various parameters used to evaluate cytologic grade with the presence of axillary node metastasis.A statistically significant association was observed between cytologic and histologic grades (p < 0.0005) and between cytologic grade and presence of axillary metastasis (p < 0.0005). Similarly, cell dissociation (p < 0.0005), cell uniformity (p = 0.0010) and the appearance of nuclear margins (p < 0.0005) all displayed a positive correlation with regional metastasis.Cytologic grade may provide relevant information on the aggressiveness of invasive ductal breast carcinoma and could be a useful parameter to take into consideration when selecting neoadjuvant therapy.

The Okinawa study: an estimation of noise-induced hearing loss on the basis of the records of aircraft noise exposure around Kadena Air Base

Aircraft noise measurements were recorded at the residential areas in the vicinity of Kadena Air Base, Okinawa in 1968 and 1972 at the time of the Vietnam war. The estimated equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level L Aeq for 24 h was 85 dB.The time history of sound level during 24 h was estimated from the measurement conducted in 1968, and the sound level was converted into the spectrum level at the centre frequency of the critical band of temporary threshold shift (TTS) using the results of spectrum analysis of aircraft noise operated at the airfield. With the information of spectrum level and its time history, TTS was calculated as a function of time and level change. The permanent threshold shift was also calculated by means of Robinson's method and ISO's method. The results indicate the noise exposure around Kadena Air Base was hazardous to hearing and is likely to have caused hearing loss to people living in its vicinity.

Hygroscopic growth of ammonium sulfate/dicarboxylic acids

Recent studies have shown that tropospheric sulfate aerosols commonly contain 50% by mass organic species. The influence of these organics on the chemical and physical properties of sulfate aerosols is not fully established. We have measured the water activity of pure dicarboxylic acids and eutonic mixtures of ammonium sulfate/dicarboxylic acids at 25°C and have calculated van't Hoff factors for each individual system. We have also used the vapor pressure data to determine the hygroscopic growth curves for pure dicarboxylic acids and eutonic mixtures and provide power law fits to the data. For the systems studied we find that the presence of soluble dicarboxylic acids at the eutonic proportion depresses hygroscopic growth when compared to pure ammonium sulfate. In addition, we find that the presence of low‐solubility dicarboxylic acids at the eutonic proportion has no effect on the hygroscopic growth when compared to pure ammonium sulfate. To model the hygroscopic growth curves of the eutonic solutions, we employed the Zdanovskii, Stokes, and Robinson method. It was found that this approximation was accurate to within 17% for all the systems studied.

Reinvestigation of prototropic photochromism: 3-benzoyl-2-benzylchromones

The synthesis of a series of new nine 3-benzoyl-2-benzylchromones is developed through a classical and an optimized Kostanecki–Robinson method involving an o-hydroxyphenyl-β-diketone and an acid anhydride. The different spectrokinetic studies carried out in solution and in polymer matrixes have highlighted the main structure/photochromic parameters relationships and the influence of the medium on the photochromic properties.

Reviews

Australian Geographical StudiesVolume 38, Issue 1 p. 102-119 Reviews First published: 09 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00105AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Books reviewed: R.W. Dutton Changing Rural Systems in Oman: the Khabura Project R. Capello, P. Nijkamp and G. Pepping Sustainable Cities and Energy Policies P.J. Boyle and K. Halfacree (eds) Migration into Rural Areas: Theories and Issues L.M. Benton and J.R. Short Environmental Discourse and Practice D.B. Massey, J. Allen and P. Sarre (eds) Human Geography Today G.M. Robinson Methods and Techniques in Human Geography L. McDowell Gender, Identity and Place: Understanding Feminist Geographies I.R. Tyrrell True Gardens of the Gods: Californian–Australian Environmental Reform, 1860–1930 Volume38, Issue1March 2000Pages 102-119 RelatedInformation