Victims Of Robbery Research Articles

Violent criminal death involving face, head and neck: processes, expert reports and epidemiological data

In criminal lawsuits, the magistrate often needs technical contribution of an expert on the subject related to the crime, for the application of the penal sanction. This study aimed to analyze lawsuits, expert reports and epidemiological data of violent death cases, in which there was involvement of the face, head and neck in the region that covered by the Legal Medical Institute (LMI) of Araraquara-SP. For this purpose, decisions of the Court of Justice of São Paulo State were researched, in the period from 2012 to September 2017. The judgments were read and those related to consummated homicide, body injury followed by death and robbery were selected. The expert reports corresponding to the selected cases were searched in the LMI of Araraquara. This search resulted in 49 reports, which were analyzed. We observed that the majority of homicide and robbery victims were male, white, under 40 years of age and of low education level. The epidemiological data found were consistent with the data presented by Brazilian government agencies. The expert reports analyzed were performed exclusively by medical examiners, using technical language and detailed description of the lesions and the instruments that caused them. The most frequent causes of death were traumatic brain injury (41.67%), multiple trauma (10.42%), hemorrhagic shock (10.42%) and anemia (10.42%). The most frequent instruments, which caused injuries, were the perforating-blunt (26.42%), the forceful (22.64%) and the perforating-cutting (20.75%). In general, the reports presented good quality, tending to be of great help for the clarification of criminal justice.

Subway Station Closures and Robbery Hot Spots in New York City—Understanding Mobility Factors and Crime Reduction

This paper takes advantage of a natural experiment involving subway station closures to examine how subway ridership is associated with the impact of robbery victimization within spatial network buffers immediately surrounding subway stations in Bronx (County), New York. The New York City subway system is the busiest in the USA, with an annual ridership estimated at 1.8 billion people. Key findings of this research include noteworthy relationships between robbery hot spots and subway stations, as well as substantial reductions in robbery frequency during temporary subway station closures, with larger reductions occurring in closer proximities to the subway stations. There was also a significant robbery pattern “normalization process” that occurred after the closed subway stations were reopened where robbery frequency returned to historically “normal” pre-closure levels. These notable decreases of crime in and around subway stations during the station closure time periods, as well as the prominent increases in robbery when subway stations reopened, should be taken into consideration when planning transit maintenance, conducting crime prevention initiatives, and scheduling crime control strategies.

Robbery pattern analysis (RPA) using the concept of multipolarity and examining the influencing factors

This paper introduces a method to find out the most robbery-prone time-slot of a place from the past records so as to provide alertness to the public and police. It cannot be predicted who all may be the victims of robbery but can predict the place and time that has high probability of its occurrence. Apart from finding the time-slot where robbery occurrence is more, visualization has been done to draw out the patterns for which race the criminals of robbery belongs. The factors resulting in robbery are also identified and their impact is calculated by developing a regression model so that this information helps to reduce the robbery rate in near future. For this purpose, dataset of Chicago is used as a secondary dataset and to fulfil the objective, the concept of projection is applied on m-Polar fuzzy context with respect to the object set for analysis which will provide the maximum membership-value of the object set depicting the time-slot where more robbery occurrence is there so that more and more security is implemented by the police department.

Uticaj kriminalne karijere na način izvršenja uličnog razbojništva

Street development is a form of development and content of all elements of a significant criminal offense and was committed against one or more persons, who walked, known or unknown to the executor, performed in public places that should become proposed, parks, public garages, entrances and stairs in residential buildings, etc.). They belong to the more frequent types of robbery, characterized by less sophistication in execution and direct confrontation that determines the quantity of fear suffered, the scope and intensity of the studied consequences. The aim of the research was to examine the influence of the previous experience of the perpetrators of the robbery on the way of choosing the victim, the place of victimization and the presence of other persons who would be in the immediate or close environment of the street robbery victim. The sample consisted of 42 respondents who committed street robbery out of 120 examined perpetrators of the crime of robbery and serious cases of robbery and robbery, who were serving a prison sentence in the penitentiary in Sremska Mitrovica. Data were collected through an anonymous survey. The results show that there will be differences in the approach to victim first choice, place of execution, internal and external presence of others, between executor who have already and those who have no previous experience in development research. The executors of robbery who have already committed this act are not more inclined to type a potential victim, but they would rather decide to immediately commit a street robbery by encountering a victim with whom the "prey" is visually noticeable. When choosing the place where the crime was committed, they are more inclined to emphasize the possibility of safe removal, but they are more inclined to say that when they commit the crime at night, it will still be in a place that is not lit. Experience predisposes them to pay less attention to the external presence of other persons, while perpetrators who commit robbery for the first time give priority to victimization when the victim is alone. Proper understanding of these indicators can contribute to the qualitative improvement of the analysis, which will facilitate our identification of key starting points in the selection of the best solutions for effective intervention, in order to reduce street robberies.

An E-Ornament for Women to Escape the Effects of Date Rape Drugs

India is a developing country which had shown several successful faces in various fields. Though there is a good rate of social, economic and political development in our country on one hand, the amount of violence, crimes and illegal activities are increasing on the other hand. With regard to this, a survey of National Crime Records Bureau had stated that the fourth most common crime in our country is Sexual Assault. To ensnare the victims of sexual assault, women trafficking, robbery and other crimes related to women, criminals most probably uses date rape drugs. In this paper, we had put forth an idea of developing an Electronic Band which would be help for automatic indication and earlier rescue of the victim. This E-ORNAMENT is fitted with system interfaced with sensors which keeps an eye on the body conditions of women wearing the band. When there is a sudden change in usual pulse rate, body temperature and activity state of the victim, an automatic message of changes noticed in the body conditions along with the location of the victim is generated from the e-band and sent to her family or friends such that they can ensure with the victim about her safety (or) In case of no response received from her, they can rescue the victim as soon as possible. We hereby use tools such as Microcontroller, Pulse Rate Monitoring Sensor, Temperature Sensor and Panic safety button.

Firearms and Injuries during Home Robberies in Mexico, 2010–2017

According to data from Mexico’s National Crime Victimization and Public Security Surveys (ENVIPE), from 2010 through 2017, home robberies involving an interaction between a victim and an aggressor occurred every two minutes and resulted in more than 257,000 injuries. The objective of this study is to explore whether victims of home robberies in Mexico are more likely to report an injury if perpetrators are armed with a gun. This analysis compiles data from ENVIPE and runs a binary logistic regression. In contrast to literature on robberies in the United States and studies on street robberies in Mexico, results show that when perpetrators are armed with guns, victims of home robberies in Mexico are more likely to report an injury, even though these injuries are rarely caused by a gunshot. These discrepancies may be explained by different factors. Unlike in the United States, most gun-related crimes in Mexico are perpetrated by organized criminal groups that obtain firearms through illegal channels. Members of these groups are prepared to engage on physical violence against their victims. Additionally, unlike street robberies, the enclosed setting of home robberies might facilitate the use of physical violence as a strategy to coerce victims and successfully obtain profits without generating public attention. Overall, perpetrators use guns as a tool to exert control and avoid resistance. These findings suggest that policies to address organized crime and halt easy access to guns should be prioritized on Mexico’s national security agenda.

Estudo Sobre as Ocorrências de Roubo a Ônibus em Belém do Pará, Brasil: uma análise a partir do perfil das vítimas, características e probabilidades

Notícias sobre roubo a ônibus tem se tornado frequente em diversos municípios brasileiros. A intensificação desse tipo de crime está causando medo e sensação de insegurança para a população, principalmente quando as vítimas são os motoristas e cobradores, pois estão expostos diariamente a precariedade pública e seus efeitos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil dos motoristas e cobradores de ônibus, vítimas de roubo em seu exercício de trabalho, em cinco municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belém, estado do Pará, Brasil, nos anos de 2017 e 2018 e verificar possíveis associações entre o município de ocorrência, turno e dia da semana com o meio empregado para cometer o crime. Para tanto, utilizou-se as técnicas estatísticas análise exploratória de dados e análise de correspondência, onde verificou-se como principais resultados que a maioria das vítimas são do sexo masculino, possuem ensino médio completo, o meio empregado mais frequente para o cometimento do delito é a arma de fogo e o turno com maior índice de assalto é o noturno. Contudo, concluiu-se que é de extrema importância políticas públicas em segurança pública que visem enfrentar e coibir o crime de roubo a ônibus na Região Metropolitana de Belém.

LA MIGRACIÓN Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS

International migration was part of a debate that had evolved little over the years, focusing on the impact rather than the positive results it could bring for a country. This phenomenon can be fundamental in the construction of good governments where the total respect for human rights is sought. People should consider that migrants risk their lives in search of a dream or a better life status and on their way, they may be victims of robbery, kidnapping, or being involved in the trade in human trafficking or sexual exploitation. Unfortunately, governments allow actions that leave migrants in the greatest vulnerability, unprotected and with their dignity forgotten. At present, there are discriminatory actions, both of society and of the government, which produces fear and distrust of migrants, violating their rights and violating the constitutional norm

Desarrollo de un sistema antisecuestros implementado con tecnología electrónica vestible y conectividad a redes sociales

The National Commission to Prevent and Eradicate Violence Against Women reports that gender violence alerts in Mexico have been declared in 19 states and 4 states are waiting to be declared in 2019. The crime incidence rate published by INEGI shows that for every 100 thousand inhabitants, more than 11 thousand have been victims of robbery or assault on the street or public transport. Various systems have been developed whose objective is to reduce insecurity rates through the use of applications on mobile devices, however it is not considered a natural activation, since everything is done through virtual user interfaces. The developed system consists of an App on the mobile device and a hardware with wireless communication via Bluetooth 4.0 (Bluetooth low energy consumption) and a panic button using wearable technology. The activation is carried out through a panic button located on the smart garment, which allows the location to be sent through social networks, so their impact in emergency situations is explored.

STUDYING BY THE METHOD OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POTENT AND POISON SUBSTANCES ON THE EXAMPLE OF CLOFELIN AND ATRAKURIA

Among crimes against the person, the most dangerous are crimes that are committed with the help of potent or poisonous drugs. Unfortunately, there is not yet a tendency to reduce the number of crimes committed, which always affects the state of social protection of citizens, increases tension in society, and undermines the authority of the state.
 The disclosure of these crimes is fraught with considerable difficulties and a very large amount of work, which suggests that these crimes fall into the category of increased complexity.
 There are a number of investigative and analytical tasks that may arise in any case involving the use of drugs, potent and poisonous drugs in order to facilitate the commission of a crime.
 Crimes committed with the help of drugs, potent and poisonous substances include rape or other forms of sexual assault, robbery, robbery, extortion of money.
 These crimes involve the use of drugs — these are crimes committed through the introduction into the human body of a substance with the intention to disrupt his normal behavior, perception or ability to make decisions without his consent after he voluntarily accepted a substance that deprives him of the ability to action.
 Toxic substances when exposed to the body cause a sharp disruption of normal life, poisoning and death. These include, for example, snake venom, its derivatives, purified bee venom, clonidine (clonidine), etc.
 Often passengers of railway trains become victims of robberies with the use of clonidine.
 The psychoactive substances used in this type of crime can alter the victim’s state and orientation in reality, the ability to make decisions, as well as short-term memory loss. Such substances can make the victim vulnerable and unable to resist the attacker. In addition, they can be used in order to have a sedative effect on the victim in order to make it easier for the perpetrator to transport it.
 Methods for the identification and quantification of clonidine chromatography in tonic layers can be used in pharmaceutical analysis of dosage forms of clonidine and muscle relaxants (atracuria), as well as in research in expert chemical laboratories.
 In pharmaceutical analysis, qualitative color reactions are used to identify clonidine and atracuria. However, due to low sensitivity, nonspecificity and low availability of reagents, it is not suitable for the purposes of chemical-toxicological analysis.

La responsabilidad del Estado con la seguridad ciudadana

The present article addressed the issue of security in the region of Latin America and especially in the Ecuador citizen, even when efforts in the area have been dedicated to reduce such negative phenomenon, people live in constant fear of be victims of robberies, thefts, rape or homicide. While the responsibility of the State with human security is enshrined in the constitutions of the republics of Central and South America, citizens have had to adopt different measures such as fencing of buildings and institutions that deviate to the individuals from social life. Causes and consequences of the phenomenon of violence and insecurity are treated in this space for reflection, leaving a message of concern for the victims of such acts and the other aimed to remind you that it is the State that must assume its responsibility for with the tranquility of the people that live in his country. Must then devise a strategy of participation decentralized with the collaboration of the communities and people of the nation to deal with the serious problem of violence which is rigged to marginalization, inequality, unemployment, lack of housing, education, poor health and culture.

Robbed: a serial autoethnography of a tourism researcher as a robbery victim

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to ameliorate the current imbalance in the study of tourist-oriented crime, between the predominant macro-level quantitative studies and the relatively scarce micro-level qualitative studies. I deploy a variant of the autoethnographic method to gain insight on aspects of crime against tourists which are not generally noticed in the literature, owing to the difficulty of directly accessing either the perpetrators or the victims of particular tourist-oriented crimes. By a detailed description of four cases of robbery/theft which I have experienced in the course of my own travels, I point to several significant but under-researched micro-level issues, such as, on the one hand, the conduct of the perpetrators and their techniques in committing the crime, and on the other, the tourist-victims’ experience and reaction to the crime, their quest for assistance, and the crime’s consequences for them. The article concludes by pointing to the absence of supportive frameworks for tourist-crime victims in host countries, which leaves them on their own to deal with the impacts and consequences of the crime.

The great training robbery

I chose to train in general practice for a multitude of powerful and positive reasons but increasingly feel the victim of a great training robbery. Many problems have beset the programme, with the recent House of Lords report calling it unfit for purpose.1 There is however nothing more illustrative of the depth of despair than the lived experiences of ambitious generalists who are used as cannon fodder for an understaffed, flailing secondary care system. General practice is the shortest specialty training for the broadest of all fields. To become a generalist today, half of my training is spent in subspecialised secondary and tertiary care settings, honing skills, accumulating knowledge, and reflecting on the experiences of service delivery in these particular institutions. The nature and purview of hospital care are fundamentally different, such as, its pathology-centred approach, …

Atomic City

Atomic City Lacey Rowland (bio) Fathers In the high desert, fathers don't stick around. Something about the arid heat, or the brutal winters, drives them away. Pete's dad stuck around, but it wasn't pretty. Calvin never knew his father, he jetted off before his mother had a chance to say, "I'm pregnant." My father stuck around as long as he could. My father was a spent-fuel handler for the Idaho Nuclear Laboratory. My mother worried that the radiation would poison him, that it would melt his insides. Sometimes she would kid, tell him that she was starting to notice a strange glow around him, an aura. My father would laugh, a laugh with an edge. I imagined my father working in a nuclear plant like the one on the Simpsons. It made the worry easier. They found my father slumped over the steering wheel of his truck at a rest stop off the highway. He was coming home, and he must have needed a little shut-eye. The coroner said his heart failed him. I remember in science class dissecting pig hearts. How the heart lay limp on the little metal tray, splayed out with pins to hold it in place. I didn't think it looked like all that much, a lump of muscle. I didn't think about that pig heart again for years until I saw the urn with my father's ashes on my mother's bedside table. Pioneers As kids, Calvin and I collected soda cans. Our garages filled with bulging black garbage sacks of them. Coke Red and Pepsi Blue. Our teeth ached from sugar. We took our collection out to the pasture, stacked them on a ragged fence line or a rusted-out barrel and took turns shooting them with my grandfather's antique pellet gun. We pretended we were pioneers on the range. Sometimes we were on the Oregon Trail. I'd contract cholera or dysentery or small pox. Calvin never got sick, said his mother told him he had a "good constitution." But sometimes he'd pretend to be shot in the chest with arrows, or a victim of stagecoach robbery. Our deaths were always slow and painful, drawn out and melodramatic. When we'd shot our fill, we'd collect the cans and cut them into shapes with tin snips. Hung them by fishing line in a grove of Russian olives by the irrigation canal to mark our territory. The cans told other children in our neighborhood to stay away, that this was our land now. [End Page 156] This Is What It Means To Be Alone It is possible for a man to go his whole life in solitude, surviving a year off thirty pounds of salt, a can of tobacco and a box of matches. Maurizio Montalbini lived alone in a cave for 210 days. I can go days without saying a word, and in a crowd of people I feel like drowning. The Pool Summer before our senior year, Calvin's mom bought one of those doughboy pools from the Walmart in Idaho Falls. Pete and Calvin were fighting again, one of their regular fights, but once we set up the pool walls and filled it with water and the proper chemicals, the blue gem brokered a truce between them, however temporary. Calvin's mom dragged out a tired air mattress, the velvet top rubbed raw, and we took turns blowing it up. Each time someone would see stars, see the light fading in their eyes from lack of oxygen, we'd pass it off. Pete would wipe the nozzle with the hem of his swim trunks after Calvin, as if worried he'd catch whatever it was that made Calvin Calvin. We'd had a series of violent thunderstorms, ones that would rile up the horses and get them running in circles around the pen. That summer, it was dry lightning that caused the first fire. After that, the flames licked up mountainside after mountainside. From the flats we could see a wall of smoke that lingered around the foothills. "It's all about the pool," Pete said, with a wink...

Predictors and Risk Factors of Armed Robbery Victimisation in Nigeria: An Integrated Theoretical Perspective

The rapidly increasing rate of armed robbery victimisation in Nigeria necessitated the integration of five relevant victimological and sociological/criminological theories in this paper to provide a detailed account of the causal processes and conditions that predict this offending behaviour. The paper is essentially theoretical, relying mainly on library research and review of relevant literature to obtain necessary data and information. It was found that armed robbery, as a social problem, is caused by many factors and the associated risk factors are countless and destructive. Issues raised suggest a policy direction that will ensure a timely and objective incorporation of the global best practices—as enshrined in the Victims’ Bill of Right (VBR), among others, into the Nigerian legal system, so as to effectively combat armed robbery victimisation and related offences. The official introduction of victim impact statements, victim-offender reconciliation, crisis interventions and restorative justice into the Nigerian criminal justice system is also advocated for. Additionally, it is suggested that social service agencies and/or providers should extend their caring services beyond victims of disaster/disease and terrorism to include armed robbery victims, given the alarming nature and extent of this phenomenon in the country.

Distance to threat and risk of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder following bank robbery: A longitudinal study

Identifying pathways through which environmental risk factors influence PTSD is important for understanding PTSD etiology. Here, we hypothesized that the physical proximity to threat influences PTSD risk by increasing ASD following trauma. One hundred six bank employees who had experienced a bank robbery participated in the study. A longitudinal design assessing ASD at day 2 and PTSD at day 30 was used to test the hypothesis. Participants also indicated their location in the bank at the time of the robbery. ASD was identified in 40 (38%) and PTSD in 16 (15%) of the robbery victims. Distance to the robber had a strong effect on ASD (OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.94–6.34) and a somewhat lesser effect on PTSD (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.04–4.46), indicating that the effect of proximity to threat on PTSD 1 month following trauma could be mediated by its effect on ASD 2 days following trauma. Using structural equation modeling, we confirmed that the effect of distance on PTSD was fully mediated by ASD. These findings suggest that proximity to threat may increase PTSD risk by enhancing the acute stress response following trauma.

Problem Drinking, Alcohol-Related Violence, and Homelessness among Youth Living in the Slums of Kampala, Uganda.

This paper examines problem drinking, alcohol-related violence, and homelessness among youth living in the slums of Kampala—an understudied population at high-risk for both alcohol use and violence. This study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 with youth living in the slums and streets of Kampala, Uganda (n = 1134), who were attending Uganda Youth Development Link drop-in centers. The analyses for this paper were restricted to youth who reported current alcohol consumption (n = 346). Problem drinking patterns were assessed among youth involved in alcohol-related violence. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the impact of homelessness on alcohol-related violence through different measures of problem drinking. Nearly 46% of youth who consumed alcohol were involved in alcohol-related violence. Problem drinkers were more likely to report getting in an accident (χ2 = 6.8, df = 1, p = 0.009), having serious problems with parents (χ2 = 21.1, df = 1, p < 0.0001) and friends (χ2 = 18.2, df = 1, p < 0.0001), being a victim of robbery (χ2 = 8.8, df = 1, p = 0.003), and going to a hospital (χ2 = 15.6, df = 1, p < 0.0001). For the mediation analyses, statistically significant models were observed for frequent drinking, heavy drinking, and drunkenness. Interventions should focus on delaying and reducing alcohol use in this high-risk population.

Frightened by the perpetrator’s voice: Startle responsivity and cognitive processing predict earwitness speaker identification

This study was inspired by the case of a robbery victim who was startled and reminded of the crime upon hearing a stranger’s voice, while not clearly recognizing the speaker. To investigate whether specific voices can modulate startle reactions and thereby predict speaker identification, we presented an audio hijack scenario to 84 participants and afterwards asked them to identify the perpetrator among neutral and negative speech fragments, while measuring flash-evoked eye-blink startle responses. Furthermore, we addressed data-driven cognitive processing during the audio scenario as a potential moderator in voice discrimination. Negative speech and the perpetrator’s voice led to potentiated startle. Enhanced startle was positively associated with voice discrimination, but only in neutral speech fragments. In negative fragments, this association was weakened as a function of self-reported levels of data-driven processing during encoding. Thus, startle responses can generally predict accurate voice recognition, but speech emotionality and cognitive processing moderate this relationship.

Well-Being and Functioning at Work Following Thefts and Robberies: A Comparative Study.

Thefts and robberies may be traumatizing experiences for employees. The aim of this study is to explore to what extent experiencing robberies and/or thefts at work affect workers' mental health, coping-self-efficacy, social support seeking, workload and job satisfaction. Drawing on Conservation of Resources theory, this research contributes to our understanding of the psychological sequelae of robbery and theft for employees working in small businesses. The few studies on the effects of robberies and thefts in the past have predominantly focused on bank employees. A sample of Italian tobacconists and jewelers completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire examining the experience of robbery and/or theft, social support seeking (Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced scale, COPE-IV), psycho-somatic well-being (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12), job satisfaction (a single item). Victims of thefts and/or robberies reported their PTSD symptoms (Impact of Event- Revised 6, IES-R-6) and trauma-related coping self-efficacy (Coping Self-Efficacy scale, CSE-7), based on the last event (N = 319). Descriptive analyses, ANOVA, ANCOVA and multiple regressions analyses have been carried out. The results indicated that victims of thefts and robberies experienced greater workload, higher psycho-physical complaints and greater tendency to seek social support in comparison with their non-affected counterparts. They additionally experienced more post-traumatic symptomatology and perceived lower coping self-efficacy, when compared to those who experienced thefts “only.” Multiple regression analyses revealed that CSE was positively related to job satisfaction, although the presence of psycho-physical symptoms was the main predictor of job satisfaction among both non-affected and affected employees. PTSD was not an independent predictor of job satisfaction. In sum, robberies and/or thefts exposure undermines differently workers' well-being.

The Impact of Structural Disadvantage on the Gender-Gap and Sex-Specific Rates of Nonlethal Violent Victimization

This study examined the gendered impact of structural disadvantage and economic inequality on two forms of nonlethal victimization (assault and robbery). Compared with research on the gendered impact of structural disadvantage on perpetration, few studies have examined the differential susceptibility of men and women’s risk of victimization. We use data from the City of Los Angeles (2001-2007) to examine the relative influence of neighborhood characteristics on both the gender gap in victimization as well as sex-specific measures of assault and robbery victimization. In general, we largely find that neighborhood disadvantage and economic inequality do little to explain the gender gap in victimization; however, structure plays a more significant role in understanding sex-specific victimization rates, but the relationship varies by crime type.