Roadside Soils Research Articles

Road Construction and Trace Heavy Metals in Roadside Soils along a Major Traffic Corridor in an Expanding Metropolis

City growth often time results in advancement and development in transportation which comes with its attendant changes in road infrastructure and transport support services such as road side mechanic workshops, vulcanizers and bus stops. A byproduct of these attendant contiguous activities and processes is the emission and release of trace heavy metals. Trace heavy metals have been identified as major carcinogens. This study aimed at determining the occurrence and concentration of heavy metals in roadside soils in an expanding third world metropolis. To achieve the aim of the research, the total length of the road within the study section was measured. Ten sample locations were indentified at about 2.5km intervals along the road section under review. The heavy metal concentration was determined the using Buck Scientific 210 VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Heavy metals such as Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) were determined. The result of the analysis showed that the concentration values ranged from <0.001 to 48.90 µg/mg. The results also revealed that the experimental sample points recorded higher values than the control samples; however, some of the control points had relatively higher concentration values. This observation may have emanated from the low lying trajectory and topography of the surrounding area, which allows run-off from the road side soils to wash off heavy metals and deposit them at these lower lying areas. The sources of these trace heavy metals are attributed to emissions from motor vehicles that ply the road on a day to day basis. Emanating from the findings, this study recommends that improved public transportation and cleaner sources of energy is recommended.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Major Road in Hong Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Heavy metal concentration in roadside soil and plants are increasingly becoming of health concern. This work determined the concentration of selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) in roadside soils and plants samples from selected sites (Plaifu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai) along major road in Hong. Soil samples were taken 10 m, 20 m and 30 m away from the edge of the road at the depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. Plant samples were randomly collected within the vicinity where the soil samples were taken and were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result revealed the trend in soil heavy metal concentration was Fe > Mn > Mg > Pb > Zn > Ni > Co > Cu > Cr > Cd and for plant the trend was Fe > Mn > Mg > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd > Co > Cr. The concentrations decreased with increasing distance away from the edge of the road as well as with depth at which the soil sample were taken. The transfer factor showed that the concentration of Zn, Mn, Cu and Mg were greater than 1, which shows that plant were enriched by Zn, Mn, Cu and Mg from the soil. Mg and Cd equal to 1 at Plaifu and Damdrai. Most of the values of TF at the study area super pass 0.5, which implies that generally, the ability of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in examined plants were relatively high.

Elemental composition and risk assessment of heavy metals in the PM10 fractions of road dust and roadside soil

A total of 64 dust samples were analyzed to determine the size distribution and elemental composition of the PM10 fraction, including 42 road dust (RD), 12 roadside soil (RSD), and 10 park road dust (PRD) samples. The mass of dust smaller than 20μm was dominated by particles sized 2.5–16μm, which accounted for 85%, 88%, and 87% of the RD, PRD, and RSD, respectively. Additionally, crustal elements accounted for 30.14%, 36.35%, and 37.14% of the PM10 fractions of the RD, RSD, and PRD, respectively. The most abundant trace elements in RD, RSD, and PRD were Zn, Mn, and Cu (range, 277 to 874mg/kg). Moreover, the Igeo values revealed all dusts were contaminated with Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb, Sn, and Cd. Health risk assessment showed that Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Pb in the PM10 fraction of three types of dusts posed non-cancer risks to children but posed no non-cancer risk to adults. Additionally, As, Ni, and Cd posed no cancer risk to inhabitants.

Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil of cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil of cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Ecotoxicological effects of traffic-related pollutants in roadside soils of Moscow

The objective of this research is to find correlations between traffic-related contaminants in the roadside soils and their ecotoxicity. The study was conducted in Moscow in the vicinity of a highway of 125 000 vehicles per day. The topsoils (0–3 cm depth) were sampled perpendicular to the road at 1-, 6-, 10-, 18- and 50-m distances from the roadbed. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals (HM) in total and phyto-available forms, and deicing salts (DS) were determined. A battery of soil-contacting organisms was tested: phytotoxicity of rye (H. vulgare L.) and garden cress (L. sativum L.); E. foetida earthworm growth rate and mortality; basal and substrate-induced respiration activity, nitrogen fixation and the denitrification activity of the soil microbial complex. To determine the possible risk to aquatic ecosystems, the algal toxicity test (S. quadricauda) was provided. Correlations between "chemical" data and intensity of "biological" effects were analyzed.Concentrations of most contaminants declined to the background values with distance from the road increase. However, the toxicity of roadside soils was obtained for all examined organisms within the whole 50 m zone. Live organisms exhibited different sensitivities to roadside soils pollution. The intensity of inhibition effects decreased in order: higher plants > earthworms and microorganisms > algae. The risk for aquatic ecosystems was assessed as low. Higher plants toxicity correlated with TPH, PAH, some HM, and DS; earthworm toxicity correlated with TPH, some PAH, HM, and DS; microorganism toxicity correlated with TPH and DS; algae had no observed correlations with contaminants. TPH and DS were general ecotoxicants affecting all organisms. Higher plants may be considered the PAH indicators and earthworms as HM indicators. A set of higher plants and earthworms may be recommended as the reduced test-battery of relevant organisms for cost-effective assessment of the toxicity of roadside soils.

Metal accumulation in roadside soils of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: impact of traffic volume, road age, and urbanization level.

Traffic-related metal emissions have become a global concern due to their deposition in roadside soils and potential hazardous effects. This study evaluates metal levels in soils adjoining four highways of Rio de Janeiro (Linha Vermelha, Via Dutra, BR-465, and Avenida Brasil), chosen for their diverse traffic volumes, age, and urban/rural settings. In addition to soil physicochemical properties, 11 elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn) were assessed on samples collected at different distances from the road (1, 3, 5, 10, 15m) and soil depths (0-15 and 15-30cm). Moreover, the geoaccumulation index was also computed to infer the soil contamination extent. The results indicate that soil metal levels at each highway are highly dependent on factors like traffic volume, distance to road, other anthropogenic sources of pollution, and their rural or urban location. The highways with greater traffic volume, Linha Vermelha and Avenida Brasil (154,000 and 126,000 vehicles day-1, respectively), clearly presented the highest soil metal concentrations. Still, as stressed by the principal component analysis, traffic volume alone fails to explain the distribution of metals in soils neighboring these highways. Thus, factors like their urban setting and larger exposure to anthropogenic activities may play a pivotal role. On the other hand, soils from Via Dutra and BR-465, both on a rural backdrop, were mostly influenced by traffic as their metal levels decreased with increasing distances from the road. Comparison with reference and preventive values for Brazilian soils and the assessment of the geoaccumulation index have shown that concentrations of Pb and V have reached concerning thresholds at Linha Vermelha and Avenida Brasil.

Field Monitored Unsaturated Hydraulic Behavior on a Roadside Soil Slope : a Case Study

Field Monitored Unsaturated Hydraulic Behavior on a Roadside Soil Slope : a Case Study

Traffic-related lead pollution in roadside soils and plants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: implications for human health

The contamination of lead in roadside soils and in the leaves of selected trees grown on the corresponding roadside land was investigated. Roadside soil and leaf samples of four tree species were collected along the national and provincial highways in five towns of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The mean lead concentrations in roadside soil samples were 44.8, 39.4, 32.7, 28.4 and 41.7 mg kg−1 for Peshawar, Charsadda, Swabi, Upper Dir and Lower Dir, respectively. For leaves, the mean concentrations were 4.44, 3.48, 5.56 and 5.93 mg kg−1 for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Platanus orientalis and Morus nigra, respectively. Human health risks via ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact were estimated numerically in terms of average daily dose, hazard quotient and hazard index for the exposed adults and children. The mean hazard index value for adults was 0.37, and mean hazard index value for children was 3.23. Thus, children were found at high risk of lead-related health issues due to roadside soil pollution.

Evaluation of PAHs concentration and cancer risk assessment on human health in a roadside soil: A case study

An explanatory study was carried out to divulge the sources, contamination level of different classes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) distribution and the impact of vehicular traffic on the roadside soil by assessing incremental lifetime cancer risk at each site to understand the potential health risk of nearby residents along the National Highway-2 Delhi–Kolkata India. Comparison of the cancer risk assessment was performed using Monte Carlo simulation for the entire study area. The results revealed 90% cancer risk value of 6.40 × 10−5 and 6.5 × 10−5 for children and adults, respectively, whereas, without simulation the Total Cancer Risk (TCR) for adults was 6.925 × 10−5 and 6.220 × 10−5 for children, observed maximum at the location (S5). The dilemma of risk assessment indicating profoundly contaminated soil. Comparison of PAHs concentration with the background values of PAHs ranged from 1.478 to 27.493 mg kg−1. The (IP/BgP) ratio specified that the PAHs content of the highway roadside sample is preponderate by diesel vehicle emission, biomass combustion and coal combustion. The study clearly revealed and advocated the influence of organic and inorganic pollution, which aggravates and causes health issues to the nearby inhabitants. This study could also be advantageous to similar consequences seen elsewhere in the world.

Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Roadside Soils from Some Major Roads in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Heavy metal concentration in road side soils with its potential ecological effects draws much attention in the developing countries. This necessitates the study of their accumulation in the road side soils of Maiduguri (longitude 11° 13’ N; latitude 13° 05’ E), to ensure effective protection of soil from the potential loss of its fertility. In this study, roadside soil samples from major roads (Baga road, Bama road, Ngala road and Kano/Jos road) of Maiduguri were collected and determined the levels of heavy metals (As, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu) in the roadside soil using the Perkin-Elmer analyst 300 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that in all the sampling locations, Mn, Zn, Fe and Pb have higher concentration of 137.4±0.04 mg/kg, 392.11±0.07 mg/kg, 13491.70±0.07 mg/kg and 928.50±0.04 mg/kg respectively in roadside soil as compared with Cd of concentration ranges from 0 to maximum of 0.87±0.04mg/kg in Ngala road. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the soil samples were higher than the recommended value of 48 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg respectively. The higher concentration of these metals in the roadside soil samples may be attributed to human activities and traffic volume. Therefore, there is need to further study the concentrations of such heavy metals in agricultural soil, plants and vegetables grown in that area, animals that fed on the plants and any other source that directly or indirectly link to the source of food of the populace.

Impact of traffic volumes on levels, patterns, and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roadside soils.

Vehicular exhaust is one of the important sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban areas, and roadside soils can be directly contaminated with PAHs released from traffic emissions. In this study, roadside soils were collected at 10 sites in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, to investigate the relationship between the traffic volume and the contamination characteristics of PAHs. The total concentrations of 16 US EPA priority PAHs (∑16 PAHs, mean: 1079 ng g-1) and organic-matter-normalized ∑16 PAHs (mean: 224 ng g-1 OM) were positively correlated with traffic volumes (Pearson correlation, r = 0.88 and 0.78, p < 0.01). The levels of carcinogenic PAHs were significantly higher at the high traffic sites than at the low traffic sites. High traffic sites (>25 000 vehicles per day) located at intersections showed elevated concentrations of indicator compounds (e.g., phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene) for gasoline and diesel exhaust. The diagnostic ratios also suggested a strong influence of the traffic emissions on the roadside soils, not only at urban sites but also at rural ones. Consequently, roadside soils and road dust (which are expected to be much more contaminated with PAHs than roadside soil) can act as important non-point sources of air and water pollution. The cancer risk from exposure to PAHs in the roadside soils was in an acceptable range, but continuous monitoring is required to evaluate the influence of increasing traffic on the environment and human health.

Analysis of cadmium and lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometer in roadside soils of Jimma town

Cadmium and lead are pollutants of great concern to human health The analysis of Cadmium and lead content in our environment is crucial for policy makers to make decisions concerning the environment and to secure the wellbeing of the inhabitants In this study lead and cadmium in roadside soil was analyzed The soil sample was collected at the distance of m m m m and from the roadside The collected sample was digested on hot plate The concentration of lead and cadmium was measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy FAAS Lead concentrations in soil samples varied from to mgkg minus Lead analyses showed that there was a considerable contamination in soil affected from traffic intensity Cadmium and lead were determined using AAS in the surface layer cm of soils situated in areas under different impact of traffic contamination The Concentration cadmium in soil samples lies between mg kg to mg kg The obtained results of Cadmium and lead concentration in the soil around Jimma Ethiopia mg kg and mg kg respectively were compared with WHO and EPA The maximum contaminate level according to WHO for lead and cadmium in soil is and mg Kg respectively and appropriate recommendation and conclusion was forwarded From this site the concentration of lead is higher than cadmium The average lead and cadmium concentration in soil samples from the four sites of Jimma were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according to WHO standards

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Roadside Soils in Areas along Leningradskoe Highway Using Laboratory Phytotesting

Roadside soils along Leningradskoe Highway are ecotoxicologically assessed by the laboratory phytotest method based on two test cultures. The research was carried out along a 300-m-long transect established perpendicular to the highway. The toxicity of soils, determined according to inhibition of the growth parameters of Lepidium sativum L. (cress) and Hordeum vulgare L. (rye), has been revealed in the majority of the studied area and is characterized by a bimodal distribution: it is maximum at a distance of several meters from the highway (dangerously and moderately toxic soils), sharply decreases at a distance of 7 m from it, and gradually increases again towards the end of the studied zone (moderately toxic soils). The degree of phytotoxicity is differentiated depending on the test culture variant: H. vulgare was characterized by a lower sensitivity to pollutants and did not reveal toxicity in the 7–25 m zone from Leningradskoe Highway, while L. sativum revealed toxicity of soils throughout the investigated area. Among the analyzed test parameters, root and seedling length were the most sensitive to pollutants, while seed germination was uninformative.

Ecological – hygienic soil assessment of the federal highway roadside areas

Over a half (about 54 %) of all types of anthropogenic pollution belongs to transport. Soils at roadside areas experience active pollution with heavy metals, which are the most hazardous contaminants penetrating into the soil with the exhaust gases due to the increased traffic intensity of vehicles. Hygienic assessment of heavy metals content in the roadside area soils of the Federal highway “R-22” with a total length of 798 km has been carried out in this research. The results based on soil sampling at 11 points along the entire length of the highway at the distance of 20 and 50 m from the roadbed have been assessed. Soil sampling was done in compliance with the State Standard of GOST 17.4.4.02-2017 by the envelope method from the soil horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm. HM content in soil samples was determined by the X-ray fluorescence method applying spectrometer “Spectroscan MAX-G” in compliance with the Environmental State Standards PND F 16.1.42-04. The greatest HM content was detected in the roadside area located on the black soils of spodzol, typical, southern, dark chestnut and chestnut saline soils. It testifies of the considerable soil contamination by the passing vehicles and of a real ecological harm to public health and environment. In order to reveal harmful contaminants for the population living at the roadside areas, it is recommended to organize sanitary and hygienic monitoring of soil, surface and groundwater of the roadside areas which are subject to constant HM exposure and accumulation exceeding maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and approximate permissible amounts (APA) set by sanitary and hygienic standards.

Buried Paleosols as Reference Objects for Assessing the Current Level of Soil Pollution with Lead in the Lower Volga Steppes

The estimation of soil contamination with anthropogenic lead requires uncontaminated analogues of the recent soils for comparison. For this purpose, a paleosol buried under a 2-m high burial mound of the Bronze Age and protected by it from atmospheric deposition during 4500 years was studied. The content and isotopic composition of mobile and total lead in the buried and recent soils (roadside and remote from lead sources) were compared. Obvious signs of anthropogenic contamination were revealed in only the upper layer of the roadside soil within 10 m from a highway. These were an increase in the absolute content of all lead forms; a high relative content of mobile forms; high ratios of Pb relative to Ti, Zr, and Y; and the similarity between isotopic compositions of the soil lead and the lead from modern atmospheric aerosols and Russian gasoline. Interestingly, no significant difference was found in the total lead contents or in the isotopic compositions between the recent soil remote from roads and the buried soil. However, some signs of anthropogenic impact could be revealed by the analysis of mobile lead forms, which make up a small portion of the total content.

Chemical Speciation, Bioavailability and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Highway Dusts as Indicators of Highway Pollution

This paper investigated concentrations of heavy metals in roadside soil dusts collected along Ife-Ibadan highway in Osun state, Nigeria with the aim of assessing the impacts of vehicular emissions on the environments. The soil dusts were analyzed for total metal concentrations and speciation using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry followed by the evaluation of the metal bioavailability. Results of the total metal analysis indicated that the concentrations of the metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) were higher in the contaminated soils than control soils and their WHO maximum allowable limits. The pattern of the total mean concentrations of the metals is in the order: Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn > Pb. The contamination factors of the metals showed that the soils suffered contamination. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that differences existed significantly in the mean values for all the metals across the study sites. Strong correlation among the metals signified common contamination sources. Cluster analysis produced two major groups: A (Fe and Cu) and B (Zn, Mn and Pb) which is subdivided into two sub-groups viz: Bi (Zn and Mn) and Bii (Pb), indicating similar chemical properties/or sources. The results of the T–test indicated that there were significant differences between the concentrations of the metals in contaminated and control soils. The chemical pools of the metals indicated that the metals were distributed into six fractions with most of the metals residing in the non-residual fractions, suggesting how readily the metals are released into the environment.

COMPARATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF NICKEL, LEAD AND IRON CONTENTS IN ROADSIDE SOIL SAMPLES OF BAUCHI, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

Comparative determinations of nickel, lead and iron contents in roadside soil samples of Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method. The concentrations of nickel, lead and iron investigated ranged from 0.33-0.67, 6.67-28.33 and 7,740.00-14,106.67 mgkg-1 respectively. Soil samples from Bauchi-Gombe road were found to contain the highest concentrations of lead (28.33 mgkg-1) and iron (14,106.67 mgkg-1) respectively, whilst soil samples from Bauchi-Maiduguri road were found to contain highest concentration of nickel (0.67 mgkg-1). The differences in the concentrations of lead and iron in all the road networks investigated were found to be significantly different (p iU 0.05), whereas the differences in the concentrations of nickel in all the studied road networks were found not to be statistically different (p iU 0.05) as determined by Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The Tukey Pair-wise Difference (p iU 0.05) further corroborated that significant differences occur in the respective concentrations of lead and iron in all the road networks of Bauchi. The studies further revealed that the highest concentrations of the metals in each case are within the maximum permissible limits set by World Health Organization, which indicates that the soil samples from the road networks have not reached maximum pollution mark and hence, does not presently pose any threat to the inhabitants.

Road traffic induced pollution of roadside soil: A case study of Sango-ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

This study examined the influence of road traffic on the accumulation of heavy metals in roadside soil located at Sango-Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria were selected on the basis of their high and low concentration of vehicular traffic. Standard methods were used in digesting the soil samples (experimental and control) taken from the roadsides and in determining some heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cr and Ag) presence using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The ranges of concentrations of the heavy metals found in the samples were 3.2 - 52.6, 23.9 - 232.5, 9.8 - 51.3, 16.4 - 89.3, 7.9 - 24.5, 59.4 - 573.5, 12.4 - 89.2 and 0.00 - 0.12 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cr and Ag, respectively. These values were observed to be relatively lower than that stipulated by European Union standard expect Ag that was not specified in the standard. This study revealed the relatively low level of roadside soil pollution due to vehicular movement on the roads in the area of study. Improved traffic flow, good maintenance of vehicles and stringent policy on emission control are amongst possible measures suggested to curb pollution of roadside soil due to road traffics.Keywords: traffics, emissions, pollution, roadside soil, heavy metals

Geo-environmental study of heavy metals of the agricultural highway soils, NW Jordan

This study investigated the status and distribution patterns of selected heavy metals in roadside soils along Irbid-North Shooneh Highway, Jordan. This highway has experienced a growing number of vehicles that are likely to influence the levels of heavy metals in the surrounding agricultural lands. The average concentrations of Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni were 16.0, 36.0, 11.0, 4.0, 79.0, 122.0, and 60.0 mg/kg, respectively. Cd, Pb, and Co showed average levels that are higher than the average world soil background values. Elevated levels of heavy metals were measured in surface soil layer which decreased with depth, and with distance from the roadway. The contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), single ecological risk (Ei), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) generally indicated that the roadside soils are contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Ni. Heavy metals in soils are of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. Weathering of parent rocks in Wadi Al-Arab catchment is the primary natural source, whereas agrochemicals, vehicle exhausts, degradation of surface wear and paint of vehicles, vehicle wear debris of tire, and brake lining are the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.

Spectroscopic and Voltammetric Analysis of Platinum Group Metals in Road Dust and Roadside Soil

The emission of toxic compounds by increasing anthropogenic activities affects human health and the environment. Heavy road traffic and mining activities are the major anthropogenic activities contributing to the presence of metals in the environment. The release of palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhodium (Rh) into the environment increases the levels of contamination in soils, road sediments, airborne particles, and plants. These Pd, Pt, and Rh in road dusts can be soluble and enter aquatic environment posing a risk to environment and human health. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of Pd, Pt, and Rh with spectroscopy and voltammetric methods. Potential interferences by other metal ions (Na(I), Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(II)) in voltammetric methods have also been investigated in this study. At all the sampling sites very low concentrations of Pd, Pt, and Rh were found at levels that range from 0.48 ± 0.05 to 5.44 ± 0.11 ng/g (dry weight (d.wt)) for Pd(II), with 17.28 ± 3.12 to 81.44 ± 3.07 pg/g (d.wt) for Pt(II), and 14.34 ± 3.08 to 53.35 ± 4.07 pg/g (d.wt) for Rh(III). The instrumental limit of detection for Pd, Pt, and Rh for Inductively Coupled Plasma Quadrupole-based Mass Spectrometry (ICP-QMS) analysis was found to be 3 × 10−6 µg/g, 3 × 10−6 µg/g and 1 × 10−6 µg/g, respectively. In the case of voltammetric analysis the instrumental limit of detection for Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(III) for differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry was found to be 7 × 10−8 µg/g, 6 × 10−8 µg/g, and 2 × 10−7 µg/g, respectively. For the sensor application, good precision was obtained due to consistently reproduced the measurements with a reproducibility of 6.31% for Pt(II), 7.58% for Pd(II), and 5.37% for Rh(III) (n = 10). The reproducibility for ICP-QMS analysis were 1.58% for Pd(II), 1.12% for Pt(II), and 1.37% for Rh(III) (n = 5). In the case of repeatability for differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) and ICP-QMS, good standard deviations of 0.01 for Pd(II); 0.02 for Pt(II), 0.009 for Rh(III) and 0.011 for Pd, 0.019 for Pt and 0.013 for Rh, respectively.