Areas Of Road Network Research Articles

System Criticality of Road Network Areas for Emergency Management Services—Spatial Assessment Using a Tessellation Approach

Emergency management services, such as firefighting, rescue teams and ambulances, are all heavily reliant on road networks. However, even for highly industrialised countries such as Germany, and even for large cities, spatial planning tools are lacking for road network interruptions of emergency services. Moreover, dependencies of emergency management expand not only on roads but on many other systemic interrelations, such as blockages of bridges. The first challenge this paper addresses is the development of a novel assessment that captures systemic interrelations of critical services and their dependencies explicitly designed to the needs of the emergency services. This aligns with a second challenge: capturing system nodes and areas around road networks and their geographical interrelation. System nodes, road links and city areas are integrated into a spatial grid of tessellated hexagons (also referred to as tiles) with geographical information systems. The hexagonal grid is designed to provide a simple map visualisation for emergency planners and fire brigades. Travel time planning is then optimised for accessing city areas in need by weighing impaired areas of past events based on operational incidents. The model is developed and tested with official incident data for the city of Cologne, Germany, and will help emergency managers to better device planning of resources based on this novel identification method of critical areas.

Optimum Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection Using Gis Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: A Case of Nekemte Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Solid waste is a major global concern particularly in developing countries. Municipal landfill site selection is becoming the main challenge as a result of various factors. To make the site to be selected environmentally sound, socially acceptable and economically feasible, GIS based multi-criteria decision analysis ( MCDA ) method that has the capability to combine spatially referenced data with experts’ value judgment was used in this study. The analytic hierarchy process ( AHP ) was the major technique of MCDA used to derive the weights of the nine criteria considered – distance from road network, geology, distance from fault lines, soil permeability, slope, distance from rivers/streams, distance from lakes, distance from the built-up areas and land use/land cover types. After creating Multiple-ring Buffers for road network, fault lines, rivers/streams, lakes and built-up areas by reviewing various literatures, all the criteria were standardized by reclassifying them into suitability classes. The weights of the reclassified criteria were derived using AHP Pair-wise Comparison Matrix in Microsoft Excel and then combined together using the Weighted Overlay tool in ArcGIS to produce the composite suitability map of the study area. Accordingly, 0.43% and 0.02% of the study area are unsuitable and highly suitable, respectively. The remaining 41.64%, 51.12%, and 6.8% of the study area are poorly suitable, moderately suitable and suitable, respectively. The raster composite suitability map of study area was then converted into vector map to select candidate disposal sites. Accordingly, six candidate municipal solid waste disposal sites were selected, evaluated with respect to their area (size), distance from center and distance from the nearby built-up area. They were weighted with respect to these three evaluating criteria using AHP Pair-wise Comparison Matrix and finally mapped and ranked. The first, second and third ranked candidate disposal sites have an area of 46 ha, 29 ha and 35ha, respectively. The first and second candidate sites are located in Burka Jato sub-town, while the third one is located in Sorga sub-town. In order to reduce the adverse impact of surface water pollution in the downstream, runoff should not flow into and out of the MSW disposal sites. To minimize groundwater pollution, detailed investigation on sub-surface condition of the site should be made during design. Greenhouse gases collection should also be designed to reduce air pollution. Keywords: multi-criteria decision analysis; analytic hierarchy process; Pair-wise Comparison Matrix; Weight Overlay DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-11-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

The parking warden tour problem

AbstractIn this work we introduce the parking warden tour problem (PWTP), a new arc routing problem arising in irregular parking detection to model the maximization of the fines collected by a team of parking wardens. The peculiarity of the PWTP is that the arc revenue depends on the time elapsed from the previous inspection of a warden, since the revenue on a road link slumps to zero if a warden has just visited the link. For this new arc routing problem and a variant of it, we propose two mixed integer linear program formulations, a simple but effective matheuristic based on them and a bounding procedure. All the solution approaches have been tested and compared on both real instances generated on a road network area of Milano, through a survey and on real‐like random instances.

GeoVisual analytics for understanding the distribution of speeding patterns on arterial roads: assessing the traffic safety of vulnerable road users

ABSTRACT Arterial roads have operational significance and play a substantial role in the mobility of modern society. They make up the majority of road network in urban and rural areas and allow high-speed movement despite traffic-controlling elements. In densely populated areas where the presence of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) is high, high-speed movement is problematic, and speed calming measures are needed to improve traffic safety, since many VRUs do crossroads, regardless of the road network regulations. These aspects have been researched in the traffic domain in a small scale, and not much has been investigated from a visualisation perspective. To provide comprehensive insights on the movement characteristics of arterial roads, we propose a GeoVisual Analytics (GVA) approach. GVA techniques are suitable solutions to display and extract knowledge from large amounts of Floating Car Data (FCD) collected through on-board devices of vehicles. By cross-sector collaboration between cartographic and traffic experts, five arterial road segments in Aalborg City were selected to answer where and when in particular VRUs do cross streets by ignoring traffic rules. Based on clusters of large unexplainable deviations from driving speed in FCD, the results uncovered meaningful patterns from complex traffic movements. They also allowed for the provision of some recommendations that are critical for traffic safety in urban areas.

Method of the Analysis of the Connectivity of Road and Street Network in Terms of Division of the City Area

The transport system of a Smart City consists of many subsystems; therefore, the modeling of the transportation network, which maps its structure, requires consideration of both the connections between individual subsystems and the relationships within each of them. The road and street network is one of the most important subsystems, whose main task is to ensure access to places generating travel demand in the city. Thus, its effectiveness should be at an appropriate level of quality. Connectivity is one of the most important characteristics of a road and street network. It describes how elements of that network are connected, which translates to travel times and costs. The analysis of the connectivity of the road and street network in urban areas is often conducted with the application of topological measures. In the case of a large area of the city, such analysis requires its division into smaller parts, which may affect the computational results of these measures; therefore, the main goal of the study was to present a method of performing analysis based on the computation of numerical values of selected measures of connectivity of road and street network, for a city area divided into fields of regular shape. To achieve that goal, the analyzed area was split into a regular grid. Subsequently, numerical values of the chosen measures of connectivity were calculated for each basic field, and the results allowed us to determine whether they are influenced by the method of division of the area. Obtained results showed that the size of the basic field influences the numerical values of measures of connectivity; however that influence is different for each of the selected measures.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТЕОРІЇ МАСОВОГО ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ДЛЯ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ДОРОЖНІМ РУХОМ НА МАГІСТРАЛЬНІЙ ВУЛИЧНО-ДОРОЖНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ МІСТ

The object of the study is the improvement of traffic management on the main street and road network of the city. Actually, there are many techniques that allow simulating the traffic flows with sufficient accuracy. One of such models is a mathematical model, which allows calculating the main characteristics of a traffic flow on the basis of a few initial data and is considered as a queuing system.Modeling allows pre-determining the impact of traffic management measures on the existing street and road network without creating interference for drivers, making changes to the design of road, increasing the traffic volume, as well as involving the possible overloaded areas.An analysis of the researches of scientists who have considered similar methods in their works had been performed. The fundamental flaw of the mentioned works is that in none of them the study of the model of a real road section was performed for verifying of the model adequacy. Modeling allows understanding more accurately the behavior of an object with less approximations than mathematical models, and provides less researching and forecasting of the system behavior with significant changes in the initial concepts. It is indicated that for the first approximation it is expedient to use mathematical models, and for clarifying the characteristics – to use non- mathematical methods, in particular, simulation.It is proved that simulation is a powerful tool for studying the behavior of real systems. It is mainly used to study situations and systems that can be described as queuing systems.Using the queuing theory, it becomes possible to perform certain calculations and determine indicators of effectiveness of the queuing system.Obtained result of the indicators will help to determine the street and road network areas where a traffic jam may form for any reason, where the road will be overloaded. This makes it possible to develop a high-quality algorithm for quick elimination of traffic jam.

Study of fuzzy logic and particle swarm methods in map matching algorithm

Navigation system is used in deploying the real-time position of vehicles on the map of route with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS). However, the imprecision is included in the map of route due to erroneous GPS signal (i.e., inclusion of errors related to receiver and/or propagation). Also, the current navigation system involves dense road network areas having higher probability of imprecise inputs. The map matching (MM) method requires capability of inherent tolerant to these imprecise inputs and is capable of suggesting certain vehicles more likely to run on one specific link than other links in navigation system. The fuzzy inference system (FIS)-based technique converting the qualitative terms into quantitative values is very effective to deal with human intervention and linguistic vagueness in MM algorithms. In case of highly unreliable positioning errors included in MM, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used as an option for continuously updating sensor information to find vehicle motion and respective route link on map. This has directed us to do the comparative study of both the above two methods with the other methods. Simulation results show that FIS- and PSO-based MM algorithm significantly outperforms the previous algorithms in terms of running time, accuracy and recall.

Traffic peak period detection using traffic index cloud maps

Traffic peak period detection is one key issue in ITS research area, which can afford time information for traffic flow guidance. Classical methods devote themselves to detect the peak period of road segmentations and small road network areas. Namely, these methods focus on traffic peak period detection in small space scale. However, the traffic peak periods of road segmentations and small road network areas cannot present the traffic peak periods of the whole city. In fact, the traffic peak periods of the whole city are more important for the traffic administration department. To solve this problem, a new method for detecting traffic peak periods of the whole city is proposed, which is based on the traffic index cloud maps. Experimental results on the GPS data show that the proposed method can recognize the traffic peak periods in a large space scale accurately.

Analysis of correlation between urban heat islands (UHI) with land-use using sentinel 2 time-series image in Makassar city

In this study, to analyze the value of the correlation between Urban Heat Island and land-use variables. Y variable used is temperature and some variables X in the form of land use variants, namely road network area (km2), population density / ha, building area (km2), and image index data from sentinel2 and Landsat 8 time-series images in the form of satellite image index namely the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Moisture Indices (MI) in Makassar City. The method used in this study is the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the variables that influence the increase in Urban Heat Island in Makassar City. Based on the results of the correlation analysis obtained, variables that influence Urban Heat Islan are Moisture Indices (MI), which have a significant correlation in increasing Urban Heat Island, where the correlation value between temperature and Moisture Indices (MI) is R = - 0.766. Another variable is the road area, where the correlation value R is - 0.655.

Simulation Network-Level Relationships of Traffic Flow

The paper considers capabilities of the macroscopic fundamental diagram of traffic flow to predict the conditions of operation of the road network in urban areas. This study examines relationships of traffic flow parameters on the network level. Microscopic traffic simulation has provided important data on the estimation of road capacity, velocity, trip time, and detection of congestions reasons. Data of spatial distribution density in network useful for implementing approach based on gating policy on subnetwork using MFD. It presents the results of a simulation using the example of central area of Rostov-on-Don.

Urban Planning Aspects of Ecological and Urban Planning Regulation Fundamentals for Main Street and Road Network Functioning and Forward Development

The greatest influence of motor vehicles is manifested in the urbanized environment. The city is an indicator of sustainable development or an unfavourable relationship between motor vehicles and the urban environment. The study is based on an assessment of the impact of the vehicles current state on the street and road network and trunk road adjacent areas to substantiate the adopted planning protective measures and to determine the functional purpose of the trunk road adjacent areas proceeding from environmental impact on street and road networks. Anthropogenic air pollution sources are primarily represented by industrial enterprises and vehicles emissions. The main task in determining the assessment of the effectiveness of the protective solutions of trunk road adjacent areas is the correct choice of assessment criteria, according to which the efficiency of solutions will differ. Since the street and road network with all its traffic flows is an integral structural element of the city, its impact on the environmental performance of the urban environment can undoubtedly be called the prevailing one. It is necessary to highlight noise, airborne emissions and air (atmosphere) pollution among the main environmental impacts, the source of which is the functioning of the street and road network. Since the street and road system is the main tool in wastewater collection and disposal, it also has a direct impact on the ecological condition of hydrosphere objects, i.e. groundwater, springs, water bodies. Its environmental impacts on the urban setting's lithosphere are also evident: road surface contamination, lubricant residues and gasoline pollute the soil during the removal of rain and melt wastewater. It is impossible to rule out the harmful effects of electromagnetic loads from rail vehicle operation. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the quality of atmospheric air in a modern developed city is primarily dependent on the volume of pollutant emissions, the two main sources of pollution being stationary 15…30% and mobile 70…85% (using Kyiv's example).

The concept of determining average speeds and travel time on the street and road network areas

The concept of determining average speeds and travel time on the street and road network areas

An improved measuring method for the information entropy of network topology

AbstractThe measurement of network topologies is of great significance to the multi‐scale expression and generalization of maps. The problem encountered in existing metrics is whether to use the approach of measuring a single type of information or measuring the overall information; however, redundancy can be calculated. In view of these problems, this article selects three types of information metrics that express compactness, heterogeneity, and discreteness in a network topology. The measurement model has been simplified, and the calculation has been improved. By comparing various methods and measuring the information entropy of area road networks, the simplicity and validity of the improved method are verified.

Heavy metals in agricultural soils from a typical township in Guangdong Province, China: Occurrences and spatial distribution

To investigate contamination level, origins and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni, Cd, As, and Cr) in agricultural soils of Gaogang Town, a typical industrial transfer-undertaking region of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, a total of 162 surface soil samples were collected in August 2016 and determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Moreover, heavy metals contents were systematically analyzed by pollution index, enrichment factor, multivariate statistical approaches and geostatistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Hg were higher than the soil background values of Guangdong Province, and the relatively high values of pollution index and enrichment factor indicated that these elements (Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg) had cumulative trends in soil. All results of multivariate statistical approaches and geostatistical analysis showed that pollution were heavily distributed in areas of industries, river and dense road network. The eight heavy metals in agricultural soils of Gaogang Town came from three different sources. Arsenic, Cr, Cu and Ni arose mainly from parent materials. Agricultural practices and traffic activities were the main sources of Cd, Pb and Zn. Mercury mainly came from industrial practices.

Study on the Influence and Recovery Process in the Kumamoto Earthquake on the Functional Deterioration of Wide Area Road Network in Kyushu caused by Road Closure

Study on the Influence and Recovery Process in the Kumamoto Earthquake on the Functional Deterioration of Wide Area Road Network in Kyushu caused by Road Closure

The planning and design of road network structure in urban railway transit hub areas

Urban railway transit has developed rapidly with the acceleration of urbanization in recent years. Railway transit hub as an important part of urban railway transit has great impacts on urban traffic system. But there are severe traffic problems in road network due to the complex traffic characteristics of urban railway transit hub areas. To solve the traffic problems in network structure in urban railway transit hub areas, this study first investigated the mechanism mode of road network, then determined the influence scope of road network in Tianjin loop hub areas based on TOD mode and land utilization in the hub areas, proposed corresponding planning and design, performed adaptability assessment on facilities in the traffic hub areas, and finally summarized the road network mode which was suitable for Tianjin urban railway traffic. It was concluded that the mode could relieve central urban traffic pressure, which can provide a reference for the promotion of urban integrated traffic network.

Spatiotemporal responses of dengue fever transmission to the road network in an urban area

Urbanization is one of the important factors leading to the spread of dengue fever. Recently, some studies found that the road network as an urbanization factor affects the distribution and spread of dengue epidemic, but the study of relationship between the distribution of dengue epidemic and road network is limited, especially in highly urbanized areas. This study explores the temporal and spatial spread characteristics of dengue fever in the distribution of road network by observing a dengue epidemic in the southern Chinese cities. Geographic information technology is used to extract the spatial location of cases and explore the temporal and spatial changes of dengue epidemic and its spatial relationship with road network. The results showed that there was a significant “severe” period in the temporal change of dengue epidemic situation, and the cases were mainly concentrated in the vicinity of narrow roads, the spread of the epidemic mainly along the high-density road network area. These results show that high-density road network is an important factor to the direction and scale of dengue epidemic. This information may be helpful to the development of related epidemic prevention and control strategies.

Network Design Model with Evacuation Constraints Under Uncertainty

Abstract: Nepal earthquake, have shown the need for quick response evacuation and assistance routes. Evacuation routes are, mostly, based on the capacities of the roads network. However, in extreme cases, such as earthquakes, roads network infrastructure may adversely affected, and may not supply their required capacities. If for various situations, the potential damage for critical roads can be identify in advance, it is possible to develop an evacuation model, that can be used in various situations to plan the network structure in order to provide fast and safe evacuation. This paper focuses on the development of a model for the design of an optimal evacuation network which simultaneously minimizes construction costs and evacuation time. The model takes into consideration infrastructures vulnerability (as a stochastic function which is dependent on the event location and magnitude), road network, transportation demand and evacuation areas. The paper presents a mathematic model for the presented problem. However, since an optimal solution cannot be found within a reasonable timeframe, a heuristic model is presented as well. The heuristic model is based on evolutionary algorithms, which also provides a mechanism for solving the problem as a stochastic and multi-objective problem.

Stochastic Multi-Objective Evacuation Model Under Managed and Unmanaged policies

Abstract Natural and man-created disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, accidents and terrorist attacks, require evacuation and assistance routes. Evacuation routes are mostly based on the capacities of the road network. However, in extreme cases, such as earthquakes, road network infrastructure may adversely be affected, and may not supply their required capacities. If for various situations, the potential damage for critical roads can be identified in advance, it is possible to develop an evacuation model, that can be used in various situations. This paper focuses on the development of a model for the design of an optimal evacuation network which simultaneously minimizes retrofit costs of critical links (bridges, tunnels, etc.) and evacuation time. The model considers infrastructures’ vulnerability (as a stochastic function which is dependent on the event location and magnitude), road network, transportation demand and evacuation areas. Furthermore, the model evaluates the benefits of managed evacuation (system optimum) when compared to unmanaged evacuation (user equilibrium). The paper presents a mathematic model for the presented problem. However, since an optimal solution cannot be found within a reasonable timeframe, a heuristic model is presented as well. This heuristic model is based on evolutionary algorithms, which also provides a mechanism for solving the problem as a multi-objective stochastic problem. Using a real-world data, the algorithm is evaluated and compared to the unmanaged evacuation conditions. The results clearly demonstrate the advantages of managed evacuation, as the average travel time can be reduced by 5% to 30%.

The Impact of Traffic Incident Locations on a Metropolitan Evacuation

Modeling emergency evacuations can help engineers, planners, and emergency managers identify the approximate time it would take for evacueesto leave a disaster area. Unfortunately, many evacuation studies do not account for traffic incidents. This study examined the effect of traffic incidents during a no notice emergency evacuation in the eastern St. Louis metropolitan area road network. The roadway network was modeled using traffic micro-simulation software VISSIM, which utilized the expected traffic volumes that were determined by the regional planning agency, and guided by input from the transportation engineers at the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). Because traffic speeds are expected to be low during such a high-volume event, this study considered only minor incidents. Incident locations were selected based on historical data. The results suggest that minor traffic incidents occurring upstream of key bottlenecks created no significant change in delay or evacuation duration. On the contrary, minor traffic incidents downstream of bottlenecks can significantly increase delay; albeit not enough to delay the duration of the entire evacuation by more than 15 minutes. Thus, during no notice emergency evacuations, traffic managers could prioritize available traffic incident management resources accordingly. Keywords: Evacuation, Traffic incidents, Traffic simulation Copyright c 2016 SERSC Language: en