Road Network Analysis Research Articles

Vulnerability Analysis of Casablanca Road Network by Capacity Weighted Spectral Analysis

The serviceability of a road network often faces challenges of traffic congestion and natural disasters which can damage the performance of many links within the network. To ensure the high performance of a road network, it is essential to identify and protect the critical links which if disrupted will cause substantial damage to the network. This study analyzes the vulnerability of the road network of the city of Casablanca in Morocco. Capacity weighted spectral analysis of the graph Laplacian is used to evaluate the road network vulnerability and identify potential critical links. We consider two cases concerning the weight definition: capacity weighted without considering travel demand and reserve capacity weighted with consideration of travel demand. After finding the critical links of the network, we investigate its vulnerability with consideration of a future tramway project. We compare two cases: the road network with the current tramway lines and that including two additional tramway lines planned for the future. The results show shifts in the critical links between the two cases. Furthermore, an increase in vulnerability is observed after the construction of the new tramway lines if no measures are taken to maintain the corresponding link capacities.

Identification, cost evaluation, and prioritization of urban traffic congestions and their origin

The increasing urbanization in the last decades results in significant growth in urban traffic congestion around the world. This leads to enormous time people spent on roads and thus significant money waste and air pollution. Here, we present a novel methodology for identification, cost evaluation, and thus, prioritization of congestion origins, i.e., their bottlenecks. The presented work is based on network analysis of the entire road network from a global point of view. We identify and prioritize traffic bottlenecks based on big data of traffic speed retrieved in near-real-time. Our approach highlights the bottlenecks that have the most significant effect on the global urban traffic flow. We follow the evolution of every traffic congestion in the entire urban network and rank all the congestions, based on the cost they cause (in Vehicle Hours units). We show that the macro-stability that represents the seeming regularity of traffic load both in time and space, overshadows the existence of meso-dynamics, where the bottlenecks that create these congestions usually do not reappear on different days or hours. Thus, our method enables to identify in near-real-time both recurrent and nonrecurrent congestions and their sources.

Efficient shortest path counting on large road networks

The shortest path distance and related concepts lay the foundations of many real-world applications in road network analysis. The shortest path count has drawn much research attention in academia, not only as a closeness metric accompanying the shorted distance but also serving as a building block of centrality computation. This paper aims to improve the efficiency of counting the shortest paths between two query vertices on a large road network. We propose a novel index solution by organizing all vertices in a tree structure and propose several optimizations to speed up the index construction. We conduct extensive experiments on 14 real-world networks. Compared with the state-of-the-art solution, we achieve much higher efficiency on both query processing and index construction with a more compact index.

Pareto Efficiency Analysis of Private Toll Road Networks

Pareto Efficiency Analysis of Private Toll Road Networks

Travel Time to Delivery, Antenatal Care, and Birth Outcomes: A Population-Based Cohort of Uncomplicated Pregnancies in British Columbia, 2012–2019

ObjectiveHealth policy and system leaders need to know whether long travel time to a delivery facility adversely affects birth outcomes. In this study, we estimated associations between travel time to delivery and outcomes in low-risk pregnancies. MethodsThis population-based cohort included all singleton births without obstetric comorbidities or intrapartum facility transfers in British Columbia, Canada, from 2012 to 2019. Travel time was measured from maternal residential postal code to delivery facility using road network analysis. We estimated associations between travel time and severe maternal morbidity, stillbirth, pre-term birth, and small-for-gestational age (SGA) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) status using logistic regression, adjusted for confounders (adjusted odds ratios [aORs]). To examine variations in associations between travel time and outcomes by antenatal care utilization, we stratified models by antenatal care categories. ResultsOf 232 698 births, 3.8% occurred at a facility ≥60 minutes from the maternal residence. Obesity, adolescent age, substance use, inadequate prenatal care, and low socioeconomic status were more frequent among those traveling farther for delivery. Travel time ≥120 minutes was associated with increased risk of stillbirth (aOR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2–2.8), pre-term birth (aOR 2.3; 95% CI 2.1–2.5), LGA (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.4–1.6), and severe maternal morbidity (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), but not SGA (aOR 1.0; 95% CI 0.8–1.1), when compared with a travel time of 1–29 minutes. Risk of stillbirth was greatest with inadequate and intensive (adequate plus) antenatal care but persisted for severe maternal morbidity, pre-term birth, and LGA across categories. ConclusionLonger travel time to delivery was associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies after adjusting for confounding factors. Associations were stronger among those with inadequate antenatal care.

Computerized Road network modeling using open street map sources in GIS: Basrah province as a case study

Information sources have developed considerably in recent years; many electronic platforms are able to provide valuable information regards engineering topics. One of the most important data sources is the open street map (OSM) platform, providing editable geographic information for most of the world, with different levels of accuracy and at different points in time. Road network mapping requires a high level of effort and accuracy, due to the complexity of the modelling and the amount of information that needs to be included in the feature class. OSM can support road network modelling by providing a different kind of data. In this paper, a systematic procedure was investigated for the production of an automated road network for Basrah city, as a case study for the use of OSM in Geographic Information System (GIS) 10.8 software. Specific spatial analysis tools such as road density and network analysis were also implemented. This study validated a computerised procedure to extract OSM data via two methods of validation and demonstrated the immediate applicability of this data for density and network analysis. The research results show a significant reduction in time and effort required to produce an accurate Basrah city road network using OSM data sources. Density analysis and network analysis show the importance and validity of the produced road network.

The Proximity of Road Traffic Crash Black Spots to Federal Road Safety Commission Zebra Location/Emergency Health Care Facilities in Federal Capital City, Abuja, Nigeria

This research analyzed the proximity of road traffic crash (RTC) Black Spots to Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) zebra locations/emergency health care facilities to ascertain the rescue of RTC victims in Federal Capita City (FCC). Geographic Information System (GIS) based location model was applied in the street network analysis to identify RTC black spots that are outside the close reach of FRSC rescue points/health facilities in FCC. Distance was used as impedance factor. Spatial query and buffer analysis were employed to determine accident spots that fall between 2 kms of the health facility and zebra point. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were applied in proximity analysis using location strategies and interconnected features. The results were presented on road network maps. The result suggests that five (5) additional zebra points would be effective in terms of proximity to RTC in the area and would considerably improve spatial coverage for response times. The areas where quick response and medical facilities are insufficient were identified. Optimal locations for siting zebra points that can effectively service RTC black spots were proposed.

Spatial Analysis of Road Network in Central Region of Abha City using Geographical Information System (GIS)

The study aims to analyse the road network in the central region of Abha City using geographical information systems (GIS) to identify the characteristics of the road network in terms of the degree of connectivity, circuitry, accessibility and density. Additionally, it analyses the relationship between the network lengths and population distribution. The study finds out variance in the length and number of roads at the level of residential neighbourhoods in the central region of Abha City. It further concludes that the intersection distribution of roads takes a south-eastern north-western direction and increased connectivity in the various districts of the central region of Abha. The connectivity of the majority of road networks increases by 60% while the circuitry in half of the central region of Abha is more than 50% with low efficiency of road connections leading to downtown. Therefore, the study recommends that more road connections are to be built to create direct links between communities to raise the adequacy, efficiency, interconnectivity and integration of the network.

Spatial Distribution of Banks and Customers’ Mobility in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State: GIS Approach

The location of banks is a key consideration for customers’ physical transactions. Customers consider a number of factors such as time, distance from workplace and residence, cost and convenience, in choosing their banks. Distance to and fro point of origin to a bank for physical transaction may discourage or encourage a customer in the selection of bank to opt for. This study therefore adopted Geographic Information System to map the location of the existing banks and to determine the spatial distributional pattern of banks in the study area through Average Nearest Neighbour Analysis. Also Road Network Analysis built in ArcGIS was used to determine the service area, shortest and alternative shortest routes to each bank in the study area. Also, structured questionnaires were used to obtain the perception of bank customers towards location of bank. This study therefore revealed that banks are clustered around commercial and institutional areas while less consideration were given to residential areas. Majority of the customers spends between 100 – 150 naira on transport to access their banks for physical transaction while 39% of customers trek to their respective banks. This study therefore suggest that residential areas should be considered in siting banks and there should be several meters in - between banks to reduce the rate of bank clustering in a particular area. Also, more roads should be constructed to allow ease of movement.

Evaluation of Connectivity Algorithms in Road Network Analysis of Oriire Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria

Rural road network has been considered as the combinations of several routes into a more or less integrated structure permitting movements between many nodes. The study evaluated road network level of seven (7) villages in Oriire LGA of Oyo State. Oriire LGA is one of the agricultural producing areas of Oyo State this is because the major occupation is agriculture. Geographical information system was used to capture the road network pattern of the study area. Connectivity indices such as alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and cyclomatic number (μ) were adopted to evaluate the level of connectivity. The result revealed that, (α = 0.87), (β = 1.87), (γ = 0.78) and (μ = 7) which are significant as 0.5, 0.1, 0.5 and 1-10 respectively. These values indicated that, the selected villages have nodal connectivity of at least three (3) and that, the connectivity level is at medium. The study concluded that, the study area is connected by roads however, the connectivity do not tend to the most important village (Tewure) the rural commercial center. It is therefore suggested that, Onigba with the highest nodal connectivity be made a mini-rural market.

Firearm Dealers and Local Gun Violence: A Street Network Analysis of Shootings and Concentrated Disadvantage in Atlanta

Objectives Examine the spatial relationship between firearm dealers and shootings in Atlanta. Methods We combine data from the Atlanta Police Department (APD), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), and the American Community Survey (ACS) to conduct a street network analysis from 2016 through 2018. We employ the Network Cross K Function to assess whether firearm dealers attract shootings in the city. We examine whether this spatial relationship differs by level of concentrated disadvantage in neighborhoods. Results Without consideration of concentrated neighborhood disadvantage, firearm dealers and shootings are spatially unrelated to one another. Tract-level disadvantage influences the relationship between firearm dealers and shootings wherein dealers significantly attract shootings in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conversely, shootings are located further from gun stores in non-disadvantaged communities. Shootings related to manslaughter and assault, but not robbery, are spatially associated with firearm dealers in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions Building on prior research regarding firearm dealers and gun violence, we find support for an attraction effect in disadvantaged neighborhoods for certain types of shootings. We contextualize these findings within a broader discussion of how firearm dealers contribute to the complex ecology of local gun violence. This is important in light of federal policies and investments related to the prevention of and response to gun crime.

A Spatial Supply-Demand Imbalance Between Rural Primary and Secondary Schools in Shaanxi Province Based on Road Network Analysis

It is of great significance to optimize the spatial matching of basic education facilities in rural areas and promote the equalization of urban and rural basic public services and the overall revitalization of rural areas. Based on the theory of spatial accessibility and spatial balance of supply and demand, this paper constructs the evaluation system of rural basic education facilities and layout rationality. In this study, we took 42 primary and secondary schools and 2089 rural areas with concentrated population in six township areas of Hancheng City as the research subjects. We used ArcGIS network analysis, population coupling model, and other methods, from the administrative scale and rural population concentration area scale for evaluation. The accessibility of basic education facilities and its coupling relationship with the spatial distribution of student population describe the spatial and geographical pattern of basic education facilities in rural areas. The results show that the accessibility of rural administrative scale and the spatial balance of supply and demand of population concentration area scale are associated with great problems, the differences between towns are obvious, and the overall level of the best performing towns is still low. On the scale of population concentration area, the overall coupling degree is too low, the “dislocation” distribution of educational facilities and student population is obvious, and the matching degree of the student population and school in different towns is significantly different, showing a more obvious “core-periphery” spatial structure characteristics centered on the eastern and southeast regions. The terrain characteristics of rural areas in Shaanxi province are prominent, and the accessibility of the road network is particularly significant. Therefore, optimizing the construction of rural roads and optimizing school layout according to local conditions will become an important solution to promote the balanced allocation of basic education resources in Shaanxi province.

The Impacts of Multiscale Urban Road Network Centrality on Taxi Travel: A Case Study in Shenzhen

As a crucial part of the urban system, road networks play a key role in the evolution of the urban structure. Therefore, studying the structural characteristics of urban road networks is pivotal for improving the efficiency of traffic network nodes and for relieving traffic pressure. This paper applies an urban road network analysis method to measure the centrality of the multiscale road network in Shenzhen, China. Taxi GPS data from October 17 to October 23, 2017, were selected for analysis of spatial distribution characteristics. This paper also established a regression model of taxi pick‐up and drop‐off frequency and road network centrality for further analysis. Several interesting observations were made. With respect to the increasing search radius, the closeness centrality indicator shifts from a multicentered distribution to a single‐centered distribution, while the betweenness centrality indicator shifts from a patchy distribution to a distribution along the main roads. In addition, the straightness centrality indicator turns from a dispersed distribution to a point‐axis distribution, concentrated in the southern part of the city. Second, there were variations between the centrality of the road network and the location of taxi pick‐up and drop‐off points. The regression model gets the highest value of R2, indicating a significant correlation in cases where the search radius is 3 km. Finally, the relationship exhibits a clear positive correlation between the betweenness centrality and taxi pick‐up and drop‐off points. On the other hand, closeness centrality is not correlated with these points. The straightness centrality has a negative correlation with the frequency of taxi pick‐up and drop‐off at 3 km and 8 km scale.

Graph-Based Dynamic Modeling and Traffic Prediction of Urban Road Network

Based on various on-road sensor observations, dynamic modeling and analysis of urban road networks becomes an important task of an intelligent transportation system. The major difficulty of this task is that traffic states vary dynamically in both spatial and temporal domains. In this paper, we propose a novel urban road network modeling approach. A road network is described by a weighted undirected graph composed of vertices and edges denoting, respectively, traffic intersections and their pairwise connections. Given the topology of the network, an effective weight estimation algorithm is proposed to extract spatial correlations among adjacent traffic intersections from physical sensor observations. Graph weights can be regularly updated to capture the dynamic essence of traffic states over time. On the basis of weight estimation, we further develop a dynamic spatio-temporal traffic prediction model by using the spatio-temporal autoregressive integrated moving average (STARIMA) model. The effectiveness of the proposed graph-based STARIMA is validated by a series of numerical experiments.

Reimagining measures of spatial access to health care in lowand middle-income countries: using road network analysis to validate self-reported perceptions of geospatial barriers

Reimagining measures of spatial access to health care in lowand middle-income countries: using road network analysis to validate self-reported perceptions of geospatial barriers

Mining Tourism Potential Assessment of Raniganj Coalfield, India

This study focuses on the potential of mining tourism in the oldest coalfield of India. To conduct the research, five mines from Raniganj coalfield have been selected based on their comparatively high degree of preservation, good connectivity, and quality to show the interconnectedness of mining tourism with other forms of tourism such as geotourism and heritage tourism. The tourism attractions for each mining site are classified following Jolliffe and Conlin (2011), whereas, the assessment criteria are prepared after Kubalíková (2017). The guidelines of the Ministry of Tourism of India are followed for tourism circuit demarcation. The outcome highlights that although risk factors cannot be neglected in some cases, each site represents diverse mining tourism attractions along with having good connectivity and accessibility. However, the result shows only around 50% feasibility for mining tourism, mainly because of the non-availability of proper tourism infrastructure. Road network analysis is done and two possible tourism routes are suggested. This study raises basic and initial issues indicating the mining tourism potential of Raniganj coalfield. Initiatives by the stakeholders in terms of an awareness campaign and generation of basic tourism facilities are necessary which may lead to the successful development of mining tourism in these sites in the future.

The structure, centrality, and scale of urban street networks: Cases from Pre-Industrial Afro-Eurasia.

Cities and towns have often developed infrastructure that enabled a variety of socio-economic interactions. Street networks within these urban settings provide key access to resources, neighborhoods, and cultural facilities. Studies on settlement scaling have also demonstrated that a variety of urban infrastructure and resources indicate clear population scaling relationships in both modern and ancient settings. This article presents an approach that investigates past street network centrality and its relationship to population scaling in urban contexts. Centrality results are compared statistically among different urban settings, which are categorized as orthogonal (i.e., planned) or self-organizing (i.e., organic) urban settings, with places having both characteristics classified as hybrid. Results demonstrate that street nodes have a power law relationship to urban area, where the number of nodes increases and node density decreases in a sub-linear manner for larger sites. Most median centrality values decrease in a negative sub-linear manner as sites are larger, with organic and hybrid urban sites' centrality being generally less and diminishing more rapidly than orthogonal settings. Diminishing centrality shows comparability to modern urban systems, where larger urban districts may restrict overall interaction due to increasing transport costs over wider areas. Centrality results indicate that scaling results have multiples of approximately ⅙ or ⅓ that are comparable to other urban and road infrastructure, suggesting a potential relationship between different infrastructure features and population in urban centers. The results have implications for archaeological settlements where urban street plans are incomplete or undetermined, as it allows forecasts to be made on past urban sites' street network centrality. Additionally, a tool to enable analysis of street networks and centrality is provided as part of the contribution.

Поход 1703 г. в Трентин по воспоминаниям его участников

The paper aims to reveal the typical features of West European military art by the example of an episode of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) - French army’s march to Trento (South Tyrol) in 1703. The article describes headquarters activities: analysis, decision-making, comprehensive preparation and conduction of French army Tyrolian Alps campaign in summer-autumn of 1703. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in domestic historiography, the author analyzes a little-known episode of European military history. The conducted research allows identifying the specificity of mountain military campaign: a thorough analysis of relief and road network, marching columns arrangement, the growing role of reconnaissance, screening patrol, turning movement, impetuous struggle for dominant terrains, special emphasis on ensuring engineering and logistics support, communication support.

Road Network Analysis with GIS and GRASS-GIS: A Probabilistic Approach

In this paper we show how it can be useful to the probability of intersections in the determination of a classification rule for raster conversions in Geographical Information System (GIS) and GRASS GIS for the Road Network Analysis (RNA). We use a geometric probabilities approach for irregular path considering these results for transportation planning operations. We study two particular problems with irregular tessellations, in order to have a situation more realistic respect to map GIS and considering also the maximum value of probability to narrow the range of possible probability values.

A persistent homology model of street network connectivity

AbstractWe propose a novel model of street network connectivity which uses a method from the field of applied topology called “persistent homology”. The output from this model is a pair of density functions which model the relative strength and frequency of connected components and cycles in the network. In this context, strength is a function of street type, such as motorway or residential, with more significant street types providing greater connectivity. The pair of density functions output from the model are easily interpreted and provide novel insights into the connectivity properties of different street networks. We demonstrate the usefulness of this model through an analysis of UK and US city street networks. This analysis identifies tangible similarities and differences in the connectivity of different cities plus ways in which the connectivity of individual cities might be improved.