Road Infrastructure Conditions Research Articles

Perceived Traffic Risk on Road Infrastructure Conditions among Car Drivers in Lhokseumawe City, Aceh, Indonesia

According to the Indonesian Department of Transportation, 86% of traffic accidents are attributed to human factors. Additionally, road conditions are identified as a contributing factor to road accidents. Therefore, this study aimed to explore road conditions and their impact on the driving behaviour of car drivers. Data for this exploration were collected by distributing questionnaires to 200 respondents, utilizing a Likert scale for answer options. The technique used was random sampling, utilizing descriptive statistical analysis and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis model. Consequently, the result showed that each latent variable construct examined by car drivers had a value exceeding 80%. The most prominent latent variable was the "Condition of Road Surface Facilities," accounting for 88.1% and featuring eight indicators. The indicator "Disturbed when passing through a narrow road," part of the latent variable "Condition of Road Equipment Facilities," had the highest standardized value at 1.223. Finally, this study suggested that the government should prioritize attention to road infrastructure conditions to enhance driver comfort and mitigate the risk of traffic accidents.

Identification of Infrastructure and Community Involvement Towards Improving the Quality of Roads in Beakang Padang District, Batam City

This research aims to identify the condition of road infrastructure, measure the level of community participation in efforts to improve the quality of environmental roads, and evaluate the impact on the aesthetics of the area in Behind Padang District, Batam City. Good infrastructure and active community participation are very important in creating a comfortable and aesthetic environment, which in turn can improve the quality of life and welfare of the community. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, which allows for in-depth data collection through field observations, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The data obtained was analyzed qualitatively using a data reduction approach, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Field observations show that the physical condition of roads in the Rear Padang District varies greatly. Some main roads are in good condition with smooth asphalt surfaces, but many neighborhood roads are damaged, potholed and poorly maintained. This condition is exacerbated by supporting infrastructure such as drainage channels and street lighting which is still very limited in some areas. This deficiency has a negative impact on the comfort and safety of road users and reduces the aesthetics of the environment. This research found that improving road infrastructure and increasing community participation had a significant impact on the aesthetics of the area. Well-improved roads and well-organized neighborhoods create a more pleasant atmosphere and increase resident satisfaction. Active community participation in infrastructure planning also increases the sense of ownership and responsibility.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON 4/2D ROAD TYPES ON THE SURABAYA - MOJOKERTO TOLL ROAD ( CASE STUDY: WARUGUNG - PENOMPO TOLL ROAD SECTION)

In developing road infrastructure, keeping pace with the transportation sector and the rapidly growing economy is vital. Inadequate road infrastructure conditions will cause problems on the road, namely traffic accidents and congestion, which results in a lack of driver comfort. PT Jasa Marga can undoubtedly find out the leading cause of the accident. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of traffic accidents on the 4/2d road type, precisely on the Surabaya - Mojokerto toll road on the Warugunung - Penompo toll road. The Surabaya–Mojokerto Toll Road or Sumo Toll Road is a 36.27-kilometer-long toll road that connects the City of Surabaya with the City of Mojokerto, East Java Province. This toll road is connected to the Kertosono-Mojokerto Toll Road to the west. The class of vehicles on this toll road, such as trucks and large-laden cars, can also be said to be one of the characteristics of traffic accidents. Location of accident-prone points (BlackSpot) on the Warugunung – Penompo toll road in 2021 on line A, namely at Km 3+000 – 4+000 of the Warugunung – Driyorejo section, because at that location there are road slopes and bends, so many motorists drive at high speed high and have to slow down when there is a descent and many riders do not anticipate it. In 2021, line B, namely at Km 5+000 - 6+000 on the Warugunung - penompo section, is not much different from line A.

POTHOLES AND POWER: A MULTIMODAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF ‘LOOK AT THIS F*CKIN’ STREET’ ON INSTAGRAM

The condition of road infrastructure in New Orleans is recognized among citizens as unacceptably poor. This problem is situated in the context of a long list of problems with the municipal government and city services that have combined to create an atmosphere of distrust and deep frustration. On Instagram, ‘Look At This F*ckin’ Street’ exists to document failing local infrastructure and has nearly 100,000 followers and an active culture of crowdsourced user submissions and regular engagement in comments and reposts. In this paper, I utilize Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis to explore all of the relevant discursive modalities seen in the account in order to uncover how they work to challenge and ultimately undermine power. Via an open coding process, I identify three main strategies employed by the anonymous account manager and the participating followers: Shaming, Mocking, and Exposing. Within each of these strategies, I explore the specific techniques observed within these discourses that contribute to the effectiveness of these strategies. I argue that LATFS is an effective and powerful participatory platform for exposing a broad range of systemic problems and their causes, allowing residents to take back the narrative of their city’s infrastructure challenges, diminish and demean the powerful interests responsible, and, ultimately attempt to reclaim the power lost to negligent or even bad-faith municipal authorities in New Orleans.

User Opinion on Factors Affecting Drivers Frequent Lane-Changing Behavior: A National Sample of Drivers in Pakistan

Abstract: In recent years massive traffic volume increase has demanded the implementation of traffic improvement plans in Pakistan. The urban Highway transportation networks are becoming congested in developed as well as in most of the developing countries. The main causes of unmanageable heterogeneous traffic congestion on the highway are an increase in population, change in lifestyle, and economic development of a country. To recognize the characteristics of a driver who frequently changes lanes and analyze the techniques of frequent lane-changing behavior. The researchers collected data via a questionnaire survey and analyzed the influence of traffic environment and driver characteristics violation on frequent lane-changing behavior on travel speed in detail by manually Excel statistics. Results showed that the impact of a heterogeneous traffic environment of two lanes and three lanes cars, and traffic flow density was sharply associated with frequent lane-changing behavior. The drivers were the main factors affecting frequent lane-changing behavior in heterogeneous traffic conditions, which was most popular during aggressive driving. Only 8.33% of drivers were never involved in this behavior. Most liable to frequent lane-changing behavior were males as compared to females, 31–40-year-old drivers, and those with low academic qualifications and private vehicle personalities. Among various traffic factors, changes in required speed had the most significant impact on how often lane changes occurred. The findings of the current study highlight the most significant traffic parameters that influence the lane change frequency. This research recommends strict enforcement of lane discipline to counter traffic congestion and the remedial measures that are to be taken for the improvement of better and sustainable road infrastructure conditions. Overall the research study will have practical implications for improving traffic management and safety on highways, and it provides a foundation for further research in the field of traffic-related technologies.

Evaluation of Pavement Condition Based on the Value of Surface Distress Index and Pavement Condition Index on the Road Section of Gedong Tataan - Kedondong, Pesawaran

Good road infrastructure conditions can stimulate the economic growth of an area. Therefore, routine road maintenance is carried out by its administrators. One of the road sections that needs improvement is the Gedong Tataan - Kedondong road section. The Gedong Tataan - Kedondong section is a provincial road with a length of 16.67 kilometers. To predict the pavement condition on the road section, an assessment method is required for identification. This method is used as one of the tools to assess pavement damage on a road section, and the methods used are the Surface Distress Index (SDI) and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The research results show a PCI (Pavement Condition Index) value of 73%, indicating that the road pavement condition is very good, and routine maintenance is required. Meanwhile, with the SDI (Surface Distress Index) method, a value of 65 is obtained, indicating that the road falls into the fair category, and the appropriate treatment options include patching and overlay. Another implication is to allocate the budget wisely for road maintenance. Information from these two indices helps in determining improvement priorities. Routine maintenance can be a better investment in the long term than letting road conditions deteriorate.

Rekomendasi Rencana Anggaran Biaya dari Audit Keselamatan Jalan Tahap Detail Engineering Design (DED) pada Jalan Nasional Provinsi Jambi

From 2016 – 2018 in Jambi province there were 3,543 traffic accidents, with 1,085 deaths. What causes traffic accidents is caused by three factors, human factors themselves, vehicle factors and road infrastructure factors. To reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents, you can eliminate or reduce the causes of traffic accidents, such as improving the safe condition of road infrastructure. The aim of this research is to calculate recommendations for budget plans from the results of road safety audits at the detailed engineering design (DED) stage, totaling six detailed engineering design (DED) documents on Jambi province national roads. This research uses road safety audit guidelines Pd 03 – 2019 – B. From the results of the analysis, the percentage between the safety cost recommendation results compared to the construction cost design (owner estimate) at DED 1 = 6.17%, DED 2 = 0.93%, DED 3 = 16.13%, DED 4 = 7.33%, DED 5 = 0.75% and DED 6 = 8.83% and the combined percentage obtained is 7.05%. Thus, a detailed engineering design (DED) still requires attention in producing a detailed engineering design (DED) that is oriented towards road safety and the costs of physical implementation of the results of road safety recommendations.

Analizing Traffic Accidents on Pekanbaru-Dumai Toll Road from Road infrastructure Perspective

The Pekanbaru-Dumai (PERMAI) toll road serves a crucial role as the busiest access route in Riau Province. Due to the high volume of traffic on this toll road, it is suspected that various types of traffic accidents occur. This study analyzed the frequency of traffic accidents, accident rate metrics for black-spot and black-site areas, and the condition of road infrastructure on the Pekanbaru-Dumai toll road. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method and collected data from primary sources through field observations and secondary sources, such as accident reports from the Riau Regional Police Traffic Directorate (Indonesian: Direktorat Lalu Lintas POLDA Riau) covering the period from 2020 to 2022 and average daily traffic volume data from the Toll Road Regulatory Agency (Indonesian: Badan Pengatur Jalan Tol [BPJT]). The accident rate formula for black spots and black sites was applied to identify accident-prone and high-traffic areas on the Pekanbaru-Dumai toll road. The analysis results revealed a total of 30 incidents over the three years. The highest accident rate for black-spot areas was 0.10 at KM 34 and KM 35, while the highest for black-site areas was 0.10 at KM 35. Most incidents occurred during the night until early morning, specifically from 18:01 to 02:00. Passenger cars were the most frequently involved vehicles, with 16 single-vehicle collisions. These accidents resulted in 28 victims, including 7 fatalities, 9 serious injuries, and 12 minor injuries. In terms of travel direction, Line A (Pekanbaru to Dumai) experienced 11 incidents, while Line B (Dumai to Pekanbaru) had 19 incidents. The primary factor contributing to these accidents was human error, typically due to negligence or carelessness. Based on observations of road equipment and traffic management on the Pekanbaru-Dumai toll road, the study suggests improving safety by adding noise barriers following Indonesia’s Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 82/2018, Article 33. Additionally, enhancing overall street lighting is recommended, in alignment with Indonesia’s Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 16/PRT/M/2014 concerning Minimum Service Standards.

Effect of Land Use Change to the Road Network Performance and Environmental Degradation

A change in land use or transport facilities is commonly known to be the factors behind the poor of urban transportation system quality. However, the result of field observation shown that the inadequate road performance as well as an environmental degradation due to the presence of Widya Mandira and Nusa Cencada universities and their supporting facilities and/or derived socio-economics' daily activities surrounding strongly indicate that there is a problem in the transportation system management quality. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of daily large scale of activities of the two main campus to the road network performance and environmental quality surrounding, particularly around the Dusun I Village, Sub District of Penfui Timur, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. It is hoped that the result could be used to increase the local authority capacity, especially in determining the priority program based on the functional condition of road infrastructure, and waste water and/or drainage system as well as trash management. Keywords: accessibility and mobility index; environment degradation; road capacity; traffic accident risk; transportation and land use integration

Incentives to Encourage the Adoption of Connected and Automated Vehicles: Lessons Learned from Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Incentive Programs

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) offer the potential to improve roadway capacity and safety. Thus, improving road infrastructure condition could be prioritized to eliminate further degradation of the transportation infrastructure. In order to foster the adoption of CAVs, incentives can be used; but there is a need to identify what type of incentive would be most effective. To identify effective incentive types, this study uses electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid vehicles as a surrogate to CAVs because of the similarities in obstacles faced for wider adoption. This study then provides some recommendations by examining incentives offered in 15 different countries and by reviewing the literature on the effectiveness of incentive types.

Potholes and Power: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of “Look At This F*ckin’ Street” on Instagram

The condition of road infrastructure in New Orleans is recognized among citizens as unacceptably poor. This problem is one in a long list of problems with the municipal government and city services that have combined to create an atmosphere of distrust and deep frustration. On Instagram, “Look At This F*ckin Street” (LATFS) exists to document failing local infrastructure and has over 94,000 followers and an active culture of crowdsourced user submissions and regular engagement in comments and reposts. In this article, I utilize Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis to explore all of the relevant discursive modalities seen in the account in order to uncover how they work to challenge and ultimately undermine power. Via an open coding process, I identify three main strategies employed by the anonymous account manager and the participating followers: Shaming, Mocking, and Exposing. Within each of these strategies, I explore the specific techniques observed within these discourses that contribute to the effectiveness of these strategies. I argue that LATFS is an effective and powerful participatory platform for exposing a broad range of systemic problems and their causes, allowing residents to take back the narrative of their city’s infrastructure challenges, diminish and demean the powerful interests responsible, and ultimately attempt to reclaim the power lost to negligent or even bad-faith municipal authorities in New Orleans.

The enhancement of mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of modified asphalt mixture with lignin from mahogany sawdust in the presence of diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate

The road infrastructure condition, which can be easily damaged by the occurrence of potholes due to the weak adhesion between asphalt and aggregate, disrupts economic activity and requires high maintenance costs. This problem needs to be overcome by adding adhesive to modify the asphalt. Lignin is a sustainable biopolymer that can serve as a natural asphalt binder. Lignin isolated from mahogany sawdust combined with diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate has never been used to modify asphalt mixtures. This modification can improve the properties of the asphalt mixture, which is very important in road pavement engineering. This study aims to modify asphalt mixtures with lignin isolated from mahogany sawdust combined with diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate and investigate their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. The isolated lignin was prepared for a modified asphalt mixture by reacting with diphenylmethane 4,4-diisocyanate and adding asphalt. Next, the asphalt mixture was mixed with sand aggregate in an extruder at 150 °C. The results showed an improvement in mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. The optimum composition of asphalt and lignin was 60:40 with a compressive strength value of 3.107 MPa, a water absorption value of 0.246%, and a melting point of 238 °C. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum showed a small band at 1715 cm−1, indicating the CO carbonyl group of the NH–CO–O urethane bond. The morphology showed that the surface structure of the modified asphalt mixture becomes more homogeneous due to the interaction between asphalt and polyurethane, which is the result of the reaction of lignin isolate with diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate.

Prediction of Crash Severity as a Way of Road Safety Improvement: The Case of Saint Petersburg, Russia

This article investigates factors that explain road crash severity levels in Saint Petersburg, Russia, during the 2015–2021 period. The research takes into account factors such as lighting conditions, weather conditions, infrastructure factors, human factors, accident types, and vehicle category and color to assess their influence on crash severity. The most influential accident type is run-off-road crashes, which are associated with an 11.2% increase in fatal accidents. The biggest reason for the increase in fatal accidents due to road infrastructure conditions is road barrier shortcomings (2.8%). Road infrastructure conditions, such as a lack of road lighting, have a significant effect on fatal outcomes, increasing them by 12.6%, and this is the most influential factor in the analysis. The obtained results may serve as a basis for Saint Petersburg authorities to develop new road safety policies.

ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PRASARANA, SARANA DAN UTILITAS (PSU) TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PERUMAHAN DI KABUPATEN JAYAPURA STUDY KASUS PERUMAHAN DJOKO INDAH

The PSU program in Joko Indah Housing is distributed in the 2018 and 2020 fiscal years for the construction of 120 environmental roads and 182 subsidized housing units. After the provision of this assistance, does it have a direct impact on the residents of the housing, especially the impact of socio-economic activities so that these impacts can affect the development of Joko Indah's housing. The objectives to be achieved in this study are to analyze the existing condition of road infrastructure, analyze the PSU Program policies impacting socio-economic activities and analyze the road infrastructure PSU Program policies affect the development. To achieve the objectives in this study, it was carried out using a quantitative research approach with factor analysis. The results of this study indicate that the existing road infrastructure in the Joko Indah Housing complex does not meet the criteria because it does not have sidewalks on road access or environmental roads. The element of accessibility in general is overall assessed by residents of housing Joko Indah agree that the existence of the PSU program in the form of road casting makes it easier for residents to access educational facilities, workplaces / places of business, health facilities, accessing markets or other economic activities, making it easier for other people outside Joko's housing. Indah to visit the housing, improve the quality of family education, increase family income, improve the quality of family health and improve interaction patterns with fellow residents of Joko Indah's housing. Based on the assessment by residents of the Joko Indah housing estate on the characteristics of the Joko Indah Housing Development, it can be summarized 3 main factors that form the basis of the assessment.

Factors associated with crash severity on Bangladesh roadways: empirical evidence from Dhaka city

As road traffic accidents (RTAs) cause enormous economic and human losses, especially in developing countries, numerous research efforts are needed to identify the key risk factors that significantly influence accident and crash severity. Despite that Dhaka city is registering alarming rises in related deaths and severe injuries, Bangladesh has yet to collect significant RTAs data. Thus, this study adopts probit and Heckman selection probit models to investigate RTAs and injury severity levels using original data from an on-field survey collecting 786 participants’ responses regarding their socio-economic and demographic characteristics, their knowledge of road traffic systems and rules, the roads and vehicles types, and the road infrastructure conditions. Probit model showed that the major risk factors that increase road accidents causing severe injuries were wrong-way driving, and lack of speed control signs and adequate street lights. RTAs resulting in severe injuries were significantly associated with being married, not having an educational degree, driving on highways and in city areas. Furthermore, the Heckman probit model’s selection equation showed that respondents who were unaware of road accident risks, resided in rural areas, and with high household income had higher risks of being directly involved in RTAs.

Driving Safety through ADAS: An Indian Perspective

Analysis of the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey, conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), shows that driver error is a factor in 94% of crashes. Although it is important to remember multiple factors contribute to all crashes, the largest portion of driver error issues involve the driver failing to recognize hazards, including distraction. Around 3,700 people die in traffic every day around the world, and 100,000 are injured. The automotive industry is striving to make driving safer. ADAS in India is comparatively in a nascent stage. However, it is gradually gaining pace. The government's upcoming safety regulations and consumer awareness will give further impetus to this movement. So, Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is equipping cars and drivers with advance information and technology to make them become aware of the environment and handle potential situations in better way semi-autonomously. High-quality training and test data is essential in the development and validation of ADAS systems which lay the foundation for autonomous driving technology. In addition to this, ADAS systems need to be very safe and robust, with the ability to perform in a variety of driving scenarios, and be very secure, being immune from any external cyber-attacks. In order to make ADAS systems safer, the AV will be required to drive more than a billion miles on real roads, taking tens and sometimes hundreds of years to drive those miles, considering even the most aggressive testing assumptions. Every small update to the AV will require another billion miles of testing to be approved for real world use. Moreover, the more advanced the technology becomes, the more miles will need to de driven. Real word testing plays a very crucial role in ADAS and AV development and testing. Nevertheless, relying only on real world testing will significantly slow down the development and testing of such technologies. This is where simulation comes into play. With the primary objective of road safety improvement, ADAS functionalities will definitely play a big role for automotive industry. In order to tackle Indian specific road infrastructure conditions, and thus improving the safety, a complete tool-chain for developing, deploying and validating ADAS functionalities need to be developed. The presented work shares insights of each and every aspect of this tool-chain with experimental results and real world correlations.

Road pavement condition diagnostics using smartphone-based data crowdsourcing in smart cities

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to analyse the effectiveness of a solution known as road condition tool (RCT) based on data crowdsourcing from smartphones users in the transport system. The tool developed by the author of the paper, enabling identification and assessment of road pavement defects by analysing the dynamics of vehicle motion in the road network. Transport system users equipped with a smartphone with the RCT mobile application on board record data of linear accelerations, speed, and vehicle location, and then, without any intervention, send them to the RCT server database in an aggregated form. The aggregated data are processed in the combined time and location criterion, and the road pavement condition assessment index is estimated for fixed 10 m long measuring sections. The measuring sections correspond to the sections of roads defined in the pavement management systems (PMS) used by municipal road infrastructure administration bodies. Both the research in question and the results obtained by the method proposed for purposes of the road pavement condition assessment were compared with a set of reference data of the road infrastructure administration body which conducted surveys using highly specialised measuring equipment. The results of this comparison, performed using binary classifiers, confirm the potential RCT solution proposed by the author. This solution makes it possible to global monitor the road infrastructure condition on a continuous basis via numerous users of the transport system, which guarantees that such an assessment is kept up to date.

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FACTOR OF THE EU COUNTRIES' ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. The driving force behind the economic development of the regions and the countries-members of the European Union is modern transport infrastructure. For this reason, to draw up the level with the countries of Western Europe, there is funding for the countries of the former socialist bloc in the construction and modernization of road routes. The purpose of the article is studying the condition of road infrastructure in the EU and, in particular, Poland as a factor in the economic development of countries and regions. Results. The article analyzes the current development of road infrastructure in Europe and, in particular, Poland and the implementing investments for this purpose. The Regulations of the General Director for National Roads and Motorways as well as legal acts concerning this issue were analyzed. The prospects for the development of Polish road engineering till 2030 were indicated. The types of roundabouts on motorways built in the EU countries are presented. Scientific articles on the situation of EU countries in the field of road infrastructure have proven to be important sources of information. However, the most important source when it comes to road infrastructure in Poland turned out to be materials of General Directorate for National Roads and Highways, in which all national road programs are described. Conclusions. The authors justify that each year Poland is getting closer to the Western countries of EU on the level of road infrastructure development. The main reason for the increase in the level of road infrastructure in Poland is the projects of the General Directorate for National Roads and Highways, as well as the National Road Construction Program for the years 2014-2023 (with a perspective till 2030) and the National Road Traffic Management System for TEN-T networks, which will have a significant impact on economic growth and the comfort of movement of the society. Keywords: road infrastructure, economic development, Trans-European Transport Network, sustainable transport development strategy.

Basic residential neighborhood infrastructure financing in Nigeria urban cities: Community development associations (CDAs)-based approach

The study examined the community-based approach to finance basic public infrastructures in residential neighborhoods. The primary objectives of the study were to determine the condition of public infrastructures, the level of community engagement, the modalities of financing and the prominent influencing factors. The study adopted convenience sampling and questionnaire survey techniques. A total of 120 questionnaires were administered to residents of selected high-income communities (HICs) and low/medium-income communities (L/MICs), out of which 48 (80%) and 52 (86.67%) were retrieved, respectively, and analyzed. The study deployed descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation models and mean weighted score to analyze the data. The study found that the residents were satisfied with the security of the neighborhoods but deplored the state of the public potable water infrastructure in both communities. However, the residents in the HICs enjoy a better condition of road infrastructure compared with L/MICs. The residents in both communities indicated a high level of involvement in the financing of public infrastructures, with major engagement in security and waste disposal/management infrastructures. However, the HICs engaged more in road grading/maintenance, while the provision of community potable water was given as a priority by the L/MICs. The major mode of financing basic communal infrastructures is through membership levy/contribution, and prominent influencing factors are cooperation among members, fundraising and income status. Therefore, while private-sector support funds, such as from the CDAs, help in cushioning the effects of basic infrastructure decay, governments at all levels should provide an enabling environment that will motivate mutual communal relationships through integrated infrastructure policies.

Transportation of Animal: Process, Challange and the Effect on Small Ruminant

<p>Livestock transportation is carried out to fullfill the need for consumption as well as for raising the livestock in other areas. The regulation of livestock transportation are not well implemented, and far from the ideal way of livestock transportation, such as the aspects of animal welfare. This paper aims is to describe the transportation process, challenge and its effects on small ruminants. The process of transporting livestock is carried out by preparing thye animal that are going to be transported, and the means of transportation used. Travel distance and road infrastructure conditions provide an affordable connection for the transportation of livestock. Long distances and poor infrastructure conditions can cause stresproblems to livestock transportation. Livestock becomes stres and cortisol levels increased in the blood and physiological responses were affected due to transportation. The Goat Research Institute designed a cage in a truck to transport goats and logistical needs during the trip by land and sea routes and has been used in the distribution of goats. The journey took 1 to 16 days with average goat mortality rate was about 0.3%. Severe impacts during the trip can be overcome by transporting goats with attention to the transportation system and to ensure the welfare of animals during the trip.</p>