Ro-Ro Ferry Research Articles

CAUSATIVE ANALYSIS FOR A SUNK FERRY RO-RO IN INDONESIA: SEAKEEPING, WAVE HEIGHT AND LASHING CORRELATION

In this research, one sunk case is reanalysed based on official investigation report from Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee. At first, causative factors contributing to the accident are identified utilizing MOP Model. Second, the technical analysis is carried out to support the previous qualitative analysis by MOP Model, such as Seakeeping and minimum angle analysis for vehicle being slide on car deck. The analysis result shows that the minimum angle causing the vehicle being slide on vehicle deck is 20 degrees for unlashed vehicle. That angle number is reached when the ship was hit by wave height of 3 m, which was the wave height at the time of the accident with several additional condition that is discussed in this paper. The aim of this research is finding any correlation between seakeeping, wave height, and unlashed vehicle on Ferry Roro safety that happen in the case study.

An investigation of strength degradation due to thickness plate reduction on Ferry Ro-Ro Ship’s Hull

Old ships will experience a degradation of the structural strength after receiving repeated loads. Decreased strength performance is also caused by structure shape and structural dimensions changes. In steel ships, Dimensional changes will be discovered when the ship is docked, because the material undergo corrosion causing in thinning the shell plate. In this study, a thickness reduction of the shell plate has been simulated to determine the longitudinal response of the ship’s structure. A Finite element analysis of ferry Ro-Ro ship’s hull was carried out using ANSYS package program. The simulation was carried out to exceed the allowable limit for reducing the thickness plate by the Indonesian Classification Bureau (BKI), which is 20% of the initial plate thickness. Based on simulation result, it was found that an increase of stress at each variation of the reduction in hull plate thickness in hogging and sagging conditions.

Underwater noise of commercial vessels in Nusakambangan Strait and the relationship with distance

The existence of shipping activities can produce noise with certain characteristics as a main source of noise pollution in the waters. This research aimed to study the sound characteristics (frequency and sound pressure levels) of various type of commercial vessels crossing the Nusakambangan Strait, its relationship to the distance, and their potential impact to the marine biota. Noise frequency and sound pressure level were determined by spectral and envelope analysis from sound recording by hydrophone, while the type of vessel that produces noise and the distance from receiver were analyzed based on video recording. Relationship between frequency and sound pressure level to the distance were analyzed using simple linear regression. Results showed that frequency of noise is varied more clearly compared to the sound pressure level (1,7 – 20 kHz and 93.8 -117.8 dB re 1 μPa respectively) for each type of vessel (ro-ro ferry, small fishing boat, small ferry, tug boat and pilot boat) based on the size of the ship, engines type and power, loading capacity and vessels speed. Sound characteristics changed based on distance, where the frequency of sound increases (0.04 – 34.28 Hz.m-1) and different things for sound pressure level (0.04 – 0.11 dB dB re 1 μPa m-1). Estimated source level also differ from one ship to another (105 – 128 dB dB re 1 μPa). The existence of ship noise has the potential impacts on the presence of marine biota in these waters.

The Strength and Fatigue Life analysis of Sedan Car Ramp of The Ferry Ro-Ro 5000 GT Using Finite Element Method

The Ferry Ro-Ro 5000GT has three levels of car deck that are connected by internal ramps. Two issues that have to be paid attention during the operation of the internal ramp there are the strength capacity and the design fatigue life of the internal ramp structure. The purpose of the research is to determine the strength and fatigue life of the internal ramp construction. The method used the Finite Element Method using a static load by load case of point load at top girder and between girders. Results of the research detected the maximum stress value is in the load case of the point load (three sedan car) at between of the girder is 52.143 MPa with the fatigue life is 44.47 years with the load cycle is 7300000 cycle while the minimum stress value detected at the load case of the point load (two sedan cars) at top girder is 34.199 MPa with the fatigue life is 195.92 years with the load cycle is 50000000 cycle. For the safety factor, ramp construction 6.08 ~ 10.38. The safety factor value above is still in safe condition because the value is SF > 1.

Comparison of External Costs of Diesel, LNG, and Electric Drive on a Ro-Ro Ferry Route

Following the sustainable transport policy, environmental criteria are becoming a competitive factor within the maritime shipping industry. The use of greener fuels in internal combustion engines, including electric drive, is a measure that can reduce external costs of transport. Alternative fuels in maritime transport, benefits, and potential attainable savings have been examined on the Kamenari–Lepatane ro-ro ferry route in the Bay of Kotor located in Montenegro. The results indicate higher total fuel cost savings by switching to LNG compared with electric power. However, the external costs of the latter are considerably lower, especially using renewable energy sources rather than fossil ones in the production process. The results obtained, relative to the magnitude and assumed complete internalization of external costs, justify the incentive to use the renewable sources as energy providers on the examined ro-ro ferry route. Environmental criteria should play a decisive role in assessing the overall benefit value, under the current trends and regulations of emissions reduction in maritime transport.

Toward Improvement of Resistance Testing Reliability

. Periodically conducting a benchmark test with estimated uncertainty is important to improve the quality of resistance predictions and understand the influence of instrumentation, testing procedures and analysis techniques. The LHI-007 Ro-Ro Ferry ship model, made available by the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), was used for benchmark testing from 2010 to 2018 at the Indonesian Hydrodynamic Laboratory. Comparisons were made between filtering the resistance data with a low-pass filter and with a Kalman filter. This work shows how benchmark tests can be used to track test performance over a longer period and proposes techniques to improve the uncertainty in the resistance results.

Hydrodynamics Factors Correspond to the Weather Criterion Applied to an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry with Different Weight Distributions

The effect of weight distribution on hydrodynamics factors in the weather criterion was investigated. Two types of weight distribution were examined. With the first type of distribution, the weight was concentrated near the centerline of the mode

Review of the risk analysis for the availability of equipment components the construction of ro-ro ferry in Indonesia

This paper examined the risk assessment adapted to the construction of government-owned Ro-Ro ferries. The data were obtained and developed from domestic shipyards that built these government-owned ships. Empirical studies on ship building have not been widely carried out, especially for domestic Ro-Ro ferries builders, the consequences of which included delays in ship delivery time and occurred higher costs. Some literature stated that shipyard companies agreed on the importance of supply chain risk management, but it has not been applied, so that, the results were still far from expected. Supply chain risk management was a risk assessment by identification, assessment and evaluation, one of the parts raised was the availability of ship materials and components in production activities, which was one of the contributing factors for the high percentage of ship completion delays. The analysis of the potential development in the component industry that was enabled to be developed in the domestic area by considering the readiness of the industry, including the availability of resources (human resources and raw materials), the existence of the industry, government policies, and economies of scale that could be achieved by developing the component industry with technological innovations

Yaw Motion Stability of an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry in Adverse Weather Conditions

Yaw Motion Stability of an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry in Adverse Weather Conditions

Causative Factor Analysis of Passenger Ship Accident (Fire/Explosion) in Indonesia

Number of ship accidents in Indonesia in these two years has been increasing from 355 cases in 2018 to 409 cases in 2019. It means that, 31-32 accident occurred each month or at least 1 ship accident every day along 2018 to 2019. Among all the accidents, Passenger ship (including Passenger ship/Ferry, Ferry Ro-Ro, and High Speed Craft for Passenger) is the most common ship type with percentage up to 30% with 210 people dead/missed and 775 people wounded. It is important to look further how the passenger ship accident happen to understand what are the causative factors contributing to the accidents. National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) in Indonesia investigated some accidents then published the report to their website and it can be re-analysed to get the causative factors. Investigation reports from NTSC provide fire/explosion cases more than other nature of accident. Thus, in this paper, the analysis focuses on the fire/explosion accidents of Passenger Ship that began in car deck. The causative factors are found using new development of MOP Model that classifying failures into 4 M (Man, Machine, Media, Management) and several categories and sub categories.

Collision Risk Analysis and Oil Spill Dispersion Modelling in Lombok Strait

Lombok Strait is one of the water areas that designated for international shipping lanes since it has been adopted as the Indonesia Archipelagic Sea lane (IASL) II in 1998. Foreign-flagged ships passing through the strait from southbound to northbound and vice versa. Along with being an archipelagic sea lane, the strait also occupied by high-density crossing traffic connecting Bali and Lombok islands. This crossing traffic mainly dominated by passenger ferry Ro-Ro and pleasure ships as both Bali and Lombok islands are well known as tourist destinations. Aside from being a tourist destination, several islands around the Lombok Strait are also dedicated to Marine Protected Areas (MPA). There are two areas designated for MPA by the Indonesian government in the vicinity of Lombok Strait; Nusa Penida on the west side of IASL II and Gili Matra on the east side. The traffic condition allows the potential for collisions on ships passing through and crossing the Lombok Strait which is very likely caused by navigation errors, human errors, weather conditions, and other technical problems. This study aims to determine the collision risk analysis in terms of annual frequency of collision and grounding as well as the potential dispersion of oil that occurs in the event of a ship collision near the MPA of Nusa Penida. Based on one-year traffic data and forecasted to 20 years, collision and grounding frequencies analysis was conducted using iWRAP method. The analysis found that annual frequency including head-on, overtaking, crossing, merging, bend, and grounding is 4.73×10-1. In addition to the frequency of collisions, oil spill dispersion simulations were carried out using GNOME under two different conditions wind and sea current directions; wind and sea currents that heading to the Northwest, and Southwest. Given a scenario of collision occurred close to Nusa Penida island involving tanker ship that resulting hull damage and oil spill while the wind and sea current directed to Southwest, simulation resulting that oil spill will disperse and polluting MPA of Nusa Penida.

Dynamic characteristic of partially debonded sandwich of ferry ro-ro’s car deck: a numerical modeling

Abstract The dynamic behavior of a partially debonded Ferry Ro-Ro’s sandwich car deck is investigated by using commercial finite element software ABAQUS. Debonding in the car deck model is estimated by comparing the dynamic responses of the fully intact and damaged model of the bonding condition. The influence of the debonding ratio is investigated by free vibration analysis using Lanczos iteration method. The dynamic response of the car deck model is loaded with harmonic excitation and is examined in detail. The transverse displacements, velocities, accelerations, longitudinal strains, and phase portraits are investigated in the central point of the damaged area. To evaluate the effect of inserting the spring contact element during the dynamic analysis, both debonded models with and without spring contact elements are examined. From the report, it can be concluded that the dynamic analysis which relies on the modal analysis can be used to diagnose the possibility of debonding problem in the car deck structure. The natural frequencies of the debonded model decrease due to the presence of discontinuity in the debonded region. Further, the discontinuity also creates locally concentrated deformation and significantly affects the short-term time response.

Cause Investigation for the Flooding and Sinking Accident of the Ro-Ro Ferry Ship

Cause Investigation for the Flooding and Sinking Accident of the Ro-Ro Ferry Ship

Main engine calculation for ferry Ro-Ro 500 DWT ship using electric propulsion

The development of the current design of electrical system to protect the environment in the world. The purpose of this research is to obtain an electric propulsion system and engine power needed by the Ferry RoRo 500 DWT ship. The analysis begins by calculating the total ship resistance using the software. Next, the calculation of determining the generator power is calculated by a mathematical method. Resistance of 500 DWT RORO ferry at 12 knots 67.7 kN service speed. The increase in ship resistance is affected by the volume of the hull below the waterline. The greater the volume the greater the value resistance ship to get. The power play engine generator required to fight the value of ship resistance at the ferry RORO service speed of 984.49 kW.

Alternative Assessment of Weather Criterion for Ships with Large Breadth and Draught Ratios By a Model Experiment: A Case Study on an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry

The weather criterion is one of stability criteria to verify ability of a ships to withstand the combined effects of severe wind and rolling criteria in dead ship condition. An overestimated roll angle is obtained when the weather criterion is applied to ships with breadth and draught ratios larger than 3.50 and ratios between vertical centre of gravity and draught larger than 1.50. This paper discusses the assessment of weather criterion for an Indonesian ro-ro ferry by model experiments. The drift test is performed in four wave steepnesses with wave frequencies near the roll natural frequency. The maximum roll amplitude is used to calculate the effective wave slope coefficient corresponding to the wave steepness, with Bertin’s coefficient obtained by the roll decay test. The damping factors correspond to the breadth and draught ratio as well as the bilge keel contribution are determined using the formula of weather criterion with the roll angle obtained by the Japanese formula with a correction factor of 0.70 due to the irregularity of waves. The obtained effective wave slope coefficient and the damping factors due to breadth and draught ratio and the bilge keel are smaller than those used in the weather criterion.

Free Vibration Analysis of Interfacial Debonded Sandwich of Ferry Ro-Ro’s Stern Ramp Door

The dynamic characteristic of interfacial debonded Ferry Ro-Ro’s stern ramp/door is studied by using finite element software ABAQUS. The effect of debonding on vibration responses of damaged stern ramp/doors is assessed by comparing numerical parameters of natural frequency shifts between intact and damaged models. Parametric studies over a wide range of debonding shapes to explore the influence of this parameter on the overall dynamic behavior of the models are investigated. Boundary conditions describing the loading conditions of the ship are evaluated. Four different debonding shapes with a similar debonding ratio, such as circular, square, through-the-length, and through-the-width, are investigated. To evaluate the effect of modeling techniques, both debonding shapes with and without spring contact element models are examined. Consequently, natural frequencies shift is being determined as functions of these parameters that enable to conclude the influence of debonding. The result has been shown that the debonding defect reduced the natural frequencies, especially in the square and circular debonding shapes. There is no significant frequency shift in the through-the-length, and through-the-width debonding modeling. Neglecting of contact leads to incorrect results, which significantly overestimate the value of natural frequency, so the spring contact modeling is recommended. The higher natural frequencies are found to be more sensitive to the presence of debonding problems. Using natural frequency shifts directly resulting from both intact and debonded models, the diagnostic can be performed.

Review Procedures of Transport Vehicles in KMP Baronang Track Bastiong - Sofifi North Maluku Province

Bastiong Ferry Port is managed by PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) Branch of Ternate airport 9 and examined by eight types of ferry Ro-Ro (Roll on-Roll off). The commercial track located in The Port of Bastiong Ferries is the track of Bastiong - Sofifi which the shipping distance is 14 nautical miles and has a travel time of 2 hours with average speed - average 8 knots. The Tracks Bastiong - Sofifi has the highest trip which is 7 trips a day, therefore it is allowed that the passengers and vehicles that transported more than other tracks. So much in ordinances of transport does not comply with the regulation No. 115 of 2016 which includes: weighing before loading onto ships, information on the weight and type of content, the type of fastener tools in use, the distance between the vehicle and the sterilization space vehicles of passengers during the voyage. Based on analysis of the problems in the KMP. Baronang, still found some problems such as the unavailability of the weighbridge at The Port of Bastiong Ferries, information about the weight and type of cargo that is not attached when the vehicle is loaded onto the ship, the type of fastener tools that are not in accordance with the rules that have been set, the distance between the vehicle distance adjacent vessel and the condition of the vehicle is not sterile space of the passengers during the voyage. Therefore, it is necessary in a further analysis concerning the procedures for the transport to suit the regulation No. 115 of 2016 ship that security and safety is maintained during the voyage.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ УТИЛИЗАЦИИ В ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВКАХ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ СУДОВ

The research’s subject is the processes of energy transformation of fuel in the ship power plant with thermo-chemical waste heat recovery. Modern approaches to assessing the energy efficiency of ship power plants were considered. The characteristics of traditional and perspective ships were analyzed. Passenger ships (including Ro-Ro ferry and cruise ships), offshore ships (including FPSO, FSRU, MODU, OSV, etc) and LNG/LPG carriers are classified as high-tech ships. It is discussed the application of thermo-chemical waste heat recovery in power plants of high-tech ships. It is proposed to increase the efficiency of fuel use by using synthesis gas obtained through thermo-chemical heat recovery of secondary energy resources of ship engines. The main objective of the study is to analyze the energy efficiency of steam thermo-chemical transformation of fuel in ship power plants. It is presented the design scheme of the marine power plant for an offshore platform. It is shown the mathematical model of the ship gas turbine installation with thermo-chemical heat recovery by steam conversion of associated gas. The associated gas conversion efficiency was determined by the heat potential of the exhaust gases and was calculated based on the thermal balance of the thermochemical reactor. The reactor has two stages. It is presented the results of mathematical modeling of processes in plant-based on gas turbine engine of the simple cycle under conditions of fixed output power, the fixed temperature of the gas in the turbine’s front for environmental parameters according to ISO 19859: 2016. It is revealed the efficiency of the scheme which used steam conversion of associated gas in the two-stages reactor. Calculation of thermo-chemical conversion efficiency indicators showed the complete conversion of heavy hydrocarbons. The increase in the energy efficiency of the installation is 10...12%. The results obtained coincide with previous studies and confirm the effectiveness of the use of thermo-chemical heat recovery in power plants of high-tech ships. The research results can be used in the promising marine power plants designing.

The Influences of Lengthening Dimension of Ro-Ro Ferry Toward the Considerations of Hydrodynamics Characteristic and Loading Capacity Aspect

The ferry business has become an important business segment for ship designers, builders and operators. Therefore, many ways have been done in order to increase ferry business through the proper design or converting ships by lengthening. This research is focused on the influences of lengthening a Ro-Ro ferry to hydrodynamics characteristic and loading capacity aspects. Moreover, the ships also are fixed in the same width and draft dimensions. The difference of the Ro-Ro ferries length is indicated by the addition of one column of car space where one column car space is given by car size including distance between car columns spaces which is an increment of every 5.88 meter. The total resistances of Ro-Ro ferries are obtained by ship model experiment in towing tank. There are 4 ship models that are made. The lengthening a Ro-Ro ferry is described into non-dimensional parameter by the ratio of ship length and displacement volume (L/V1/3). The hydrodynamics and the loading capacity of carried car aspects could be described into the ratio of resistance and loading capacity of carried car (RT/SUK) with ship speed. The research result shows that the lengthening of a Ro-Ro ferry affects on total resistance, speed, and loading capacity of carried car. The increase of total resistance is caused by higher residual resistance at high speeds and this is experienced by small length size. Therefore by lengthening the Ro-Ro ferry it could reduce total resistance in the same speed especially the residuary resistance but eventhough lengthening Ro-Ro ferry the effective speed should be considered. In additions, the effective speed for actual ships dimension in the same Rt/SUK 0.05 i.e. B5L10 is about 13.85 knot, B5L11 14.33 knot, B5L12 14.94 knot, and B5L13 15.45 knot respectively.

A maritime safety on-board decision support system to enhance emergency evacuation on ferryboats

ABSTRACTPlanning emergency evacuation operations in a proactive manner in public marine transportation systems is a critical success factor for passenger and crew safety. Despite the fact that there is a growing attention on safety issues for marine transportation systems, providing a real-time decision support for evacuation planning under different emergency conditions has not yet been addressed. In this context, this paper contributes to the related literature by providing a comprehensive methodology including simulation and statistical analysis along with a three-module decision support system (DSS) for ferryboat emergency evacuation. Emergency evacuation and fire environment are simulated via Maritime EXODUS V5.1 and SMARTFIRE V4.3, respectively. The methodology is applied to a real-life Ro-Ro ferry, and the results not only revealed significant factors on emergency evacuation performance, but also demonstrated the validity of the developed decision support system.