River Wastewater Research Articles

Waste tea residue as a low cost adsorbent for removal of hydralazine hydrochloride pharmaceutical pollutant from aqueous media: An environmental remediation

Herein, we introduced simple, cheap, cost-effective and sustainable kitchen waste tea residue as an adsorbent. As per the literature survey, all the adsorbents have been used for wastewater treatment only as activated form. The first time, we have used similar material without any complicated activation process for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutant and it shows superior results than the existing materials which are the most attractive part of this work. It has shown an effective, low cost bio-sorbent to remove Hydralazine hydrochloride pharmaceutical pollutant from wastewater in aqueous media. The adsorbent waste tea residue was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentration on Hydralazine hydrochloride removal were also systematically studied. The adsorption process was studied using experimental data were fitted in both isotherms models. The maximum adsorption capacity of waste tea residue was found to be qe = 131.63 mg g−1 which is higher than the reported value. Furthermore, developed adsorbent was practically used to remove pharmaceutical pollutants from real samples (hospital and river wastewater) spiked with Hydralazine hydrochloride. Therefore, the waste tea residue displays the great potential to improve the quality of water contaminated with different type's pharmaceuticals in the environment.

Evaluation of a novel low-carbon to nitrogen- and temperature-tolerant simultaneously nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium and its use in the treatment of river water.

In this study, a simultaneously heterotrophic nitrifying–aerobic denitrifying bacterium, designated KSND, was newly isolated from a lake wetland. Its removal efficiencies for 160 mg L−1 ammonium, 105 mg L−1 nitrate, and 8.39 mg L−1 nitrite were 86.56%, 74.52%, and 100% in 24 h, with removal rates of 5.77 mg L−1 h−1 for NH4+–N, 3.26 mg L−1 h−1 for NO3−–N, and 0.35 mg L−1 h−1 for NO2−–N. The bacterium retained ∼63% of its maximal removal rate at 10 °C and 56% of its maximal removal rate at a carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 4 : 1, with no nitrite accumulation. Gene-specific PCR indicated the absence of the key genes for nitrification and denitrification, encoding hydroxylamine oxidoreductase and nitrite reductase, respectively, suggesting that KSND achieves effective nitrogen removal by another pathway. KSND was used to treat river wastewater by culturing it in a floating bed bioreactor. Ammonia nitrogen decreased significantly from 8.76 mg L−1 initially to 1.87 mg L−1 in 90 days, with no NO3−–N or NO2−–N toxicants, indicating the great potential utility of KSND in future full-scale applications in the treatment of low-C/N wastewater.

You don’t know, what you don’t know. Building an Enhanced CMMS to Prioritize Maintenance and Manage Risk - a Pilot Study at New York City’s North River Wastewater Treatment Plant

You don’t know, what you don’t know. Building an Enhanced CMMS to Prioritize Maintenance and Manage Risk - a Pilot Study at New York City’s North River Wastewater Treatment Plant

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine sedative hypnotic drugs in river water and wastewater

A method for simultaneous determination of four benzodiazepines (bromazepam (BMZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), diazepam (DZP) and nordiazepam (NDZ)) and four barbiturates (barbital (BTL), pentobarbital (PTB), phenobarbital (PNB) and secobarbital (SCB)) in river water and wastewater using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-(electrospray) tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(ESI)MS/MS) was developed. LC-(ESI)MS/MS analysis was performed in positive and negative modes for benzodiazepines and barbiturates, respectively, and in selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.2–5 ng/L for benzodiazepines and 2.5–50 ng/L for barbiturates. Precision (repeatability and reproducibility between days) expressed as %RSD (n = 5) was lower than 17% for low concentration (depending on the matrix between 50 and 250 ng/L for barbiturates, and between 5 and 25 ng/L for benzodiazepines), and lower than 15% for high concentration (between 200 and 1250 ng/L for barbiturates, and between 20 and 125 ng/L for benzodiazepines). Low matrix effect was observed for all compounds, except for BTL (75%) and PTB (–48%) in wastewater. The method was applied to water samples from two sewage treatment plants (STPs) and the rivers Ebre, Ter and Llobregat, located in Catalonia. CBZ was the target compound found at the highest concentration in river water (2.1–3.3 ng/L). In both influent and effluent wastewater samples, PNB, BMZ, CBZ, DZP and NDZ were determined at concentration levels ranging from 5.0 to 2337.3 ng/L.

Size fractionation of elements and nanoparticles in natural water by both dead-end and tangential flow filtration

The influence of membrane filtration modes on the estimation of size distribution for natural elements in water was investigated. The stepwise membrane filtration is used to distinguish different size fractions including large particulate (>18 μm), particulate (0.2–18 μm), colloidal/nanoparticle (10 kDa–0.2 μm), and truly dissolved fractions (<10 kDa) in river water samples and wastewater treatment plants effluents. Dead-end and tangential flow filtrations were compared during fractionation process. For most elements, concentrations in different size fractions obtained by two filtration modes were generally similar. The obvious difference was only found in acid fractions for some elements, which might be related to the cake grown at membrane surfaces between two filtration modes. In case of elemental partitioning, the influence of filtration modes was normally negligible, when the membranes used and operational factors were exactly the same.

You don’t know, what you don’t know. Building an Enhanced CMMS to Prioritize Maintenance and Manage Risk - a Pilot Study at New York City’s North River Wastewater Treatment Plant

You don’t know, what you don’t know. Building an Enhanced CMMS to Prioritize Maintenance and Manage Risk - a Pilot Study at New York City’s North River Wastewater Treatment Plant

Overcoming obstacles at the City of Raleigh’s Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant Land Application Site

Overcoming obstacles at the City of Raleigh’s Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant Land Application Site

Development of a whole community genome amplification-assisted DNA microarray method to detect functional genes involved in the nitrogen cycle.

A novel DNA microarray analysis targeting key functional genes involved in most nitrogen cycling reactions was developed to comprehensively analyze microbial populations associated with the nitrogen cycle. The developed microarray contained 876 oligonucleotide probes based on the nucleotide sequences of the nif, amo, hao/hzo, nap, nar, nirK, nirS, nrf, cnor, qnor and nos genes. An analytical method combining detection by the designed microarray with whole community genome amplification was then applied to monitor the nitrogen cycling microorganisms in river water and wastewater treatment sludge samples. The developed method revealed that nitrogen cycling microorganisms in river water appeared to become less diverse in response to input of effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, the nitrogen cycling community associated with anaerobic ammonium oxidation and partial nitrification reactors could be reasonably analyzed by the developed method. However, the results obtained for two activated sludge samples from municipal wastewater treatment plants with almost equivalent wastewater treatment performance differed greatly from each other. These results suggested that the developed method is useful for comprehensive analysis of nitrogen cycling microorganisms, although its applicability to complex samples with abundant untargeted populations should be further examined.

더블 빔 구조, 다파장 분석을 적용한 연속식 실시간 COD 측정 센서 개발

Abstract At present, the index of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is widely used as an indicator of organic water pollution with biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD). But, traditional COD measurement method are not only with various chemical reagents exhausted, but alsolong time consumed, the operation procedure and the modification are much professional. This paper reported a novel COD mea-surement system using double-beam and multiple wavelength analysis UV-VIS spectrometries. It consists of pulsed xenon lamp, two-way optical fiber, optical switch, spectrometer and main processor. Proposed COD measurement system obtains any spectral inform ationof water sample (KHP standard sample and two river water and wastewater) and reference sample (distilled water) in the range of200~520 nm, corresponding to the COD concentration from 0 to 300 mg/L through calculating the UV absorbance. The system showimproved precision and can work continuously fast at time interval about 25 seconds.Keywords: COD, Chemical oxygen demand, Absorption photometry, Double beam, Linear regression

ASSESMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF AN INDUSTRIAL AREA NEAR VILLAGE DATAV OF RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA

Water quality parameters of four streams (Nala) in the Dhatav Industrial area in Raigad District of Maharashtra were assessed during the period of December 2009 to November 2010. These Nala’s joins to Kundalika river which flows across the Roha city and nearby villages. The seasonal variation in the quality of water was observed. The depletion of DO is more in rainy season than the summer season. The COD of Nala -1 was higher in rainy season. Turbidity of samples was comparatively low however some of the samples were colored. Hardness of the samples was in the range from 32 to 420 ppm. The pollution of Kundalika river water mostly related with the quantity of pollutants released through these Nala. Hence, the Nala – 1 is comparatively adding more waste water in river.

New immunosensor for β-lactam antibiotics determination in river waste waters

The aim of the present research was to develop a single use, simple but highly sensitive amperometric immunosensor for penicillin G and other β-lactam antibiotics based on a “competitive assay”. The immunosensor developed uses an amperometric electrode for hydrogen peroxide as transducer and the peroxidase enzyme as marker. The results demonstrate the full validity of this immunosensor method which was optimized by comparing two different competitive operating formats. LOD was of the order of 10−10M. The immunosensor developed displayed low selectivity toward all β-lactam antibiotics and higher selectivity toward other classes of non-β-lactam antibiotics. In addition the Kaff value (about 108M−1) was evaluated. Lastly, the immunosensor was used to test a β-lactam antibiotic “pool” and to recover penicillin G in common real matrices such as river waste water, obtaining good recoveries.

Spatial and temporal variations of river water quality: A case study of River Kabini at Nanjangud in Karnataka

Water pollution is alarming all over the globe and necessitates better understanding of spatial and temporal variations of pollutants in the rivers. In this study, the data sets of 8 water quality monitoring stations in River Kabini at Nanjangud which comprised of 10 water quality parameters monitored monthly over 12 years (2000-2011) are used. Temporal variation of the physico-chemical parameters in each station is represented by Box plots. High positive skewness is observed for total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and chlorides for all stations, showing rampant pollution in the river due to anthropogenic sources. The microbiological parameters in each station shows the river is polluted with total coliform and faecal coliform across baseline, trend and impact stations. The results suggest that the Kabini River is polluted from anthropogenic sources because bathing ghat exists along the river and domestic wastewater is let into the river without treatment. This study provides critical information for river conservation and its protection by suggesting possible treatment of domestic wastewater before letting in the river. Key words: Box plots, temporal variation, anthropogenic sources, total coliform, faecal coliform.

Determination of hormonally active chlorinated chemicals in waters at sub µg/L level using stir bar sorptive extraction-liquid desorption followed by negative chemical ionization-gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A new analytical method has been developed for the screening, evaluation and determination of sub µg/L concentrations of chlorinated chemicals in environmental waters. Ten different compounds included in the European water policy have been considered and determined by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by liquid desorption and negative chemical ionization gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (SBSE-LD-NCI-GC-QqQ-MS). Analyte extraction was performed using SBSE with 100 mL sample volume, 5% MeOH, 10% NaCl and an extraction time of 14 h of mechanized stirring, which provided best analytical recoveries. Desorption of analytes was carried out using 5 mL acetonitrile (ACN) and 5 min of two successive sonication steps which resulted best performance without any carry over. The method detection limits (MDL) ranged 3–22 ng/L and 7–29 ng/L for river waters and wastewaters respectively. The experimental recoveries for all compounds were >60% with <20% deviation in the reproducibility. Pentachloroanisole alone reported a low maximum recovery of 54% under given conditions. Matrix influenced signal enhancement was observed more in case of triclosan, which was managed by using matrix matched calibration standards apart from using double helix injection liner. This method was applied to the analysis of different river waters and wastewater effluent samples collected from Alcala de Henares, Spain. Four compounds namely chloropyriphos-ethyl, triclosan, α-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate were positively identified in river waters and three compounds viz., chloropyriphos-ethyl, α-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate were detected in wastewater effluents. The concentrations of α-endosulfan ranged between 11.3–22.9 ng/L and 16.3–33.8 ng/L in river waters and wastewaters respectively. Almost 40% of the water samples analysed showed much higher concentrations of α-endosulfan than prescribed European environmental quality standard limit for surface waters of 5 ng/L.

Headworks Upgrades at the Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant to Improve Collection System Performance

Headworks Upgrades at the Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant to Improve Collection System Performance

An Optimum Approach to Effluent Disinfection

An Optimum Approach to Effluent DisinfectionThe City of Kansas City, Missouri received modifications to the Blue River Wastewater treatment plant discharge permit requiring implementation of disinfection by December 31, 2013. The Blue River plant is a 150 mgd Trickling Filter plant that serves the eastern part of the Kansas City Metropolitan area. Studies were conducted that indicated that disinfection using sodium hypochlorite and...Author(s)John ParksAndy ShivelyJohn PrussKurt RonnekampAndrew DoerflingerGary HunterSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Sep, 2012ISSN1938-6478DOI10.2175/193864712811708897Volume / Issue2012 / 11Content sourceWEFTECCopyright2012Word count209

When Your Cup Runneth Over – Experiences at the City of Raleigh, North Carolina Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant In Urgent Short-Term Biosolids Removal

When Your Cup Runneth Over – Experiences at the City of Raleigh, North Carolina Neuse River Wastewater Treatment Plant In Urgent Short-Term Biosolids Removal

Nitrogen removal assessment through nitrification rates and media biofilm accumulation in an IFAS process demonstration study

An IFAS demonstration study was conducted at the 76,000 m 3/day (20MGD) James River Wastewater Treatment Plant (JRTP) located in Newport News, Virginia by converting one fully-aerobic conventional aeration basin with dedicated secondary clarification to a 7041 m 3/day (8404 m 3/day max month) IFAS train in a modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) configuration. During the study, biomass concentrations on the biofilm carriers were monitored (weekly) as well as nitrogen species concentrations in the IFAS reactor to quantify the nitrogen transformations occurring within the demonstration tank. In a related effort, nitrification kinetics for ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria were monitored on a weekly basis for IFAS media alone, IFAS process mixed liquor without media, and IFAS mixed liquor and media together in an effort to identify the location of nitrification activity (i.e. on the media or in the suspended culture) in the IFAS process. Biomass quantity on the media was generally observed to be inversely related to temperature except during a period when an auxiliary carbon source contaminated with fungi was introduced. Both ammonia oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacterial activity were elevated on the carriers compared to the suspended culture (AOB media: 4.97 mgNOx/gMLSS/hr; AOB suspended: 1.72 mgNOx/gMLSS/hr; NOB media: 7.55 mgNOx/gMLSS/hr; NOB suspended: 0.82 mgNOx/gMLSS/hr) during all periods of the study. In-basin nitrification rates calculated based on nitrogen profiling efforts averaged 0.90 mgNOx/m 2/day which was in good agreement with the average of 0.89 mgNOx/m 2/day for IFAS mixed liquor and media from batch testing.

Bacterial diversity in Fez tanneries and Morocco's Binlamdoune River, using 16S RNA gene based fingerprinting

Tannery wastewater causes serious ecological and sanitary damage. Chemical analysis of water from Binlamdoune River of the medina of Fez was conducted and the results revealed the presence of toxic elements from tanneries and other industrial activities, which strongly affected water quality. To determine the effectiveness of bioremediation for depollution, we studied the abundance and diversity of bacteria residing in these polluted environments. Conducting denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the 16S rDNA area using primers related to bacteria showed a bacterial community belonging to eubacterial groups, that is, Epsilonproteobacteria, Clostridia, Lactobacillales, Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria. In addition, cloning displayed the presence of clones belonging to the Firmicutes group. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed a significant heterogeneity of microorganism forms and structures. These endogenous microbes could have a significant role in the purification of Binlamdoune River and Fez tannery wastewater.

Using a constructed wetland for non-point source pollution control and river water quality purification: a case study in Taiwan

The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment.

How Eagle River Water and Wastewater is Training the Next Generation

How Eagle River Water and Wastewater is Training the Next Generation