River Stream Research Articles

Numerical and experimental analysis of a diffuser-augmented micro-hydro turbine

In the current work, a micro-horizontal axis diffuser-augmented turbine (MHDT) system for renewable energy applications of marine or river stream systems is designed and analyzed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experiment. A bare and diffuser-augmented turbines were applied to MHDT through full-scale experimental model tests, showing agreement with numerical results (the average deviation did not exceed a value of 6%) and verifying the reliability of the numerical method. Several diffuser-augmented turbines with varied camber (f) and angle of attack (α) were analyzed using ANSYS-Fluent. It is found that both f and α have a great impact on the hydrodynamic performance of a diffuser-augmented turbine, which can significantly enhance power and axial force levels and which affects the variation of the power coefficient curve. Additionally, diffuser performance is not only directly linked to its shape design but also to its interactions with the rotor. Critical interaction factors ac (the axial induction factor when a bare turbine and a diffuser-augmented turbine has the same CP at a tip speed ratio) based on the CFD results are proposed to offer a clearer explanation of the energy extraction performance of a diffuser-augmented turbine.

Modeling Macroroughness Contribution to Fish Habitat Suitability Curves

AbstractImproved water management strategies necessitate a solid understanding of environmental impacts associated with various flow release policies. Habitat suitability models use hydrodynamic simulations to generate weighted usable area curves, which are useful in characterizing the ecological suitability of flow release rules. However, these models are not conveniently run to resolve the hydrodynamics at the smaller scales associated with macroroughness elements (e.g., individual stones), which produce wakes that contribute significantly to habitat suitability by serving as shelter zones where fishes can rest and feed. In this study, we propose a robust environmental indicator that considers the habitat generated by the wakes downstream of stones and can thus be used to assess the environmental efficiency of flow release rules for impounded streams. We develop an analytical solution to approximate the wake areas behind macroroughness elements, and the statistical distribution of wake areas is then found using the derived distribution approach. To illustrate the concept, we apply our theory to four exemplary river streams with dispersed stones having different statistical diameter size distributions, some of which allow for an analytical expression of the weighted usable area. We additionally investigate the impact of spatiotemporal changes in stone size distributions on the usable area and the consequent threshold flows. Finally, we include the proposed environmental indicator to solve a multiobjective reservoir optimization problem. This exemplifies its practical use and allows stakeholders to find the most favorable operational rules depending on the macroroughness characteristics of the impounded stream.

Variations of anthropogenic gadolinium in rivers close to waste water treatment plant discharges.

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were determined for 22 sites sampled during two water periods: high flow in winter and low flow in summer. Shale-normalized REE patterns of all samples displayed positive gadolinium (Gd) anomalies. They revealed a widespread contamination of anthropogenic Gd (Gdant) from waste water treatment plant (WWTP) outputs to catchment areas used for drinking water. No significant variations in Gdant were observed between the two flow water periods, but differences in the Gd anomalies were present. However, these differences seem to be associated rather with seasonal variations in the river flow rate than with the release of GdAnt from WWTPs. In proximity to WWTP discharges, strong GdAnt variations ranged from few nanograms per litre to more than 80μgL-1 and rarely showed a repetitive pattern day after day during 14days. These concentrations were diluted into the river stream and measured around 10ngL-1 close to the catchment areas used for drinking water. A principal component analysis (PCA) using the GdAnt concentrations and some classical physicochemical parameters (pH, water temperature, total alkalinity (TA), total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD), Cl-, NO3- and SO42-) allowed a site separation according to the level of Gd contamination, highlighting that the highest GdAnt concentrations were found in the north of the region Lorraine (France) where the population density is high and most of the MRI examinations are performed.

The Еxperience of Dialectal Zoning on the Basis of Melical Parameters (Wedding Songs of the Sumy Region)

Relevance of the study. The importance of studying and taking into account the melodical parameters for the melogeographical research is accented in this article. A special attention is paid to the role of the pitch factors in the processes of formation of the music dialects and the local styles within the so called transitional zones - the territories where the style formation processes are intensified due to the contact between the different natural and historical regions. These zones include the North-Eastern terrains of Ukraine (the administrative Sumy region).The main objective of the research is to describe a general style configuration of the region, to expose the efficiency of the meloanalitical method for a specification and correction of the dialect zones' characteristics and landforms.Methodology. The research is based on the material of the traditional wedding songs (about 5000 samples). The melotypological analysis was made by the structural and phonological parameters, then the documentary cartographying method was applied. On the basis of the obtained data the attempt of an arranging the dialect-style structure of the terrain was made.Results and conclusion. The most significant style opposition, including the mode one, is found between the Northern and Southern districts of the Sumy region, which is corresponding to the contraposition of the natural-geographical zones of the Polissia - Naddniprianshchyna.The Seim river stream became the peculiar water separation between these zones, there appeared a wide transitional style strip with the specific intensified variativity of the music forms. The subdialect differentiation within the huge style massives is largely based on the pitch characteristics. The local areals are mostly concentrated in the river basins or has been formed in consequence of the interregional and international contacts.So on the Sumy region terrains the basic style plates are alternated by the different local style stratums - the zones of an instability, which have until recently been the most efficient centers of the form- and style-creation.

ICHTYOFAUNA IN THE DOWNSTREAM OF KLAWING RIVER, PURBALINGGA DISTRICT CENTRAL JAVA

The status and potential of ichtyofauna resources in freshwaters, especially downstream of the river, must be monitored and evaluated frequently. Land use along the downstream river is often used as mining and industrial activities. The purpose of this study was to find out ichtyofauna in down stream of the Klawing Purbalingga River in Central Java. The study was conducted in January-March 2017 with descriptive exploratory method. Sampling using gill nets with the help of local fishermen. The fish obtained were identified and grouped by family to the species level. The results showed that in the down stream of the Klawing River there were species diversity consisting of 13 species, 7 families and 13 genera. Ichtyofauna from Cyprinidae family dominate as many as 6 species followed by Bagridae family 2 species. One introduced species of Osphronemus gouramy and one invasive alien fish species Hypostomus plecostomus and other species were indigenous species.

Rapid incision of the Mekong River in the middle Miocene linked to monsoonal precipitation

The uplift of orogenic plateaus has been assumed to be coincident with the fluvial incision of the gorges that commonly cut plateau margins. The Mekong River, which drains the eastern Qiangtang Terrane and southeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the ten largest rivers in the world by water and sediment discharge. When the Mekong River was established remains highly debated—with estimates that range from more than 55 to less than 5 million years ago—despite being a key constraint on the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau. Here we report low-temperature thermochronology data from river bedrock samples that reveal a phase of rapid downward incision (>700 m) of the Mekong River during the middle Miocene about 17 million years ago, long after the uplift of the central and southeastern Tibetan Plateau. However, this coincides with a period of enhanced East Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the region compared with the early Miocene. Using stream profile modelling, we demonstrate that such an increase in precipitation could have produced the observed incision in the Mekong River. In the absence of an obvious tectonic contribution, we suggest that the rapid incision of the Tibetan Plateau and the establishment of the Mekong River in the middle Miocene may be attributed to increased erosion during a period of high monsoon precipitation. Incision of the Mekong River that occurred after the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau may have been driven by a period of high monsoon precipitation, as suggested by age data from river bedrock samples and stream profile modelling.

Stage-specific testicular protein levels of the oestrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and Cyp19 and association with oestrogenic contamination in the lambari Astyanax rivularis (Pisces: Characidae).

Oestrogens participate in various biological processes such as oogenesis, vitellogenesis and testicular development, but studies regarding the distribution and protein levels of oestrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and aromatase (Cyp19) in testis are rarely investigated in fish species. The aim of the present study was to analyse the expression pattern of ERα, ERβ and Cyp19 in testis of Astyanax rivularis and, in addition, to verify if oestrogenic contamination interferes in the expression levels of these proteins. Quarterly, field samplings were carried out during a reproductive cycle in a stream of the Upper Velhas River with a good conservation status (site S1). In the gonadal maturation peak (June), when ripe stage was most abundant, fish collection was made in three streams: S1, reference site, and S2 and S3, sites contaminated by untreated sewage. The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrated labelling of Cyp19 in Leydig cells and acidophilic granulocytes, but spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, spermatids and spermatozoa were also labelled. ERα was more widely distributed than ERβ being found in all developmental germ cell phases. On the other hand, ERβ was found only in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. During testicular maturation, ELISA levels for Cyp19, ERα and ERβ followed the gonadosomatic index (GSI) with significant higher values in the ripe stage. Regarding to endocrine disruption, the males exposed to domestic sewage presented significant higher expression of Cyp19 and ERα when compared to the non-exposed fish. Together, our results demonstrate expression patterns of Cyp19, ERα and ERβ in the testis of A. rivularis. In addition, we indicate ERα and Cyp19 as sensitive biomarkers for monitoring of oestrogenic contamination in freshwater environments.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSERVATIVE VILLAGE MODEL IN THE UPSTREAM BRANTAS RIVER

Water spring (WS) conservation in the upstream area of Brantas River is intended to protect the potency of the main water spring in East Java Province that is being threatened. The threat occurred is caused by a lot of dry water springs, the lowering of river discharge in the dry season, the dam shallowness leading to the flood and the lack of water. Although the conservative activity has involved many agencies, a non-profit organization, local people and the higher education, the achievement rate is still low. The partial activities in the form of the pilot project, in the end, give priority to togetherness that is the establishment of village conservation. The variety of conservative village has been developed by many agencies in accord with the goal and its concept. For the recent time, the conservative village which has been established does not have any capability to take the roll as the pilot that led to the spriit of the other village society conservation. The physical condition variety of the river stream area and social society in upstream Brantas River influence the condition of the conservative village. Therefore, the research is done the research to find the formulation of conservative village condition in upstream Brantas which is conditioned to establish the conservative culture as the implementation of daily activity part. The evaluation result of middle-term village development planning by comparing the conservative need from the analysis shows that conservation has not become the important issue. Therefore it is suggested a regulation to compose village RPJM in order to pay attention to the rules of water spring resources conservaiton. Thus, composed village RPJM, if ti is implemented, will improve the flow coefficient value without decreasing the importance of the other sector development.

BENTHIC DIATOMS IN THE PING RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN MAE TAENG DISTRICT, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND

Mae Teang District is home to many tributaries of the Ping River. Each tributary is associated with different geographical characteristics and uses. This study is the first report on benthic diatom diversity in the designated water bodies and the first comparison of benthic diatom distribution in the Ping River and its tributaries, including the Mae Hao and Mae Luang Streams in Mae Taeng District of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The benthic diatom distribution and physico-chemical properties were investigated in August and November 2015 at three locations in each water body. The highest abundance of benthic diatoms was found in the Ping River (143 species), followed by Mae Hao (132 species) and Mae Luang Streams (90 species). The most abundant species found in the Ping River were Planothidium lanceolatum, Nitzschia palea, Navicula cryptotenella and Seminavis strigosa. The most abundant species found in the Mae Hao Stream were Nitzschia palea, Seminavis strigosa, Surirella splendida and Sellaphora pupula. The most abundant species found in the Mae Luang Stream were Navicula cryptotenella, Diadesmis contenta, Karayevia oblongella and Achnanthes brevipes. Additionally, Amphipleura lindheimeri Grunow was identified as a newly recorded species for Thailand. This study revealed that the Ping River and Mae Hao Stream are similar bodies of water when compared with the Mae Luang Stream in terms of benthic diatom diversity and water quality. In addition, indicator species of tolerance and sensitivity to organic pollution were found. In conclusion, the areas of utilization were found to have affected the distribution of benthic diatoms in these water bodies, along with the water quality of the Ping River and its tributaries.

A GIS Approach for Rapid Identification of Run-of-River (RoR) Hydropower Potential Site in Watershed: A case study of Bhote Koshi Watershed, Nepal

A new Geographical Information System (GIS) approach is proposed to assess primary potential hydropower site, explicitly identifying highly possible hydropower locations spatially, over a large area in a short time. The results from this approach were validated with an existing hydropower site in the Bhote Koshi catchment in Nepal. Altogether 885 number of searches made along the river streams each covered a circular area of radius 10 km, with distance between headwork and power houses of 500 m intervals, thus, identified 297 highly potential sites out of total 2655 during evaluation. The results indicate that, 52 sub-catchments have potential areas and seven specific hydropower locations overlapped with existing hydropower projects. This approach is suitable for initial screening only and the produced results significantly facilitate further in-depth feasibility study to engineering and economic analysis for hydropower potential of the basin. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue: 23Year: 2018

CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF FISH AND DECAPODS CATCHES ALONG SALINITY GRADIENT IN THE RAZDOLNAYA RIVER AND TOP OF THE AMUR BAY IN THE WARM PERIOD OF YEAR

Quantitative samples of fish, crabs and shrimps from the Razdolnaya estuary are analyzed. The area surveyed in May-September of 1990–2014 includes the internal estuary of this largest river of southern Primorye and its external estuary — the top of the Amur Bay with the depth < 13 m. In total, 478 samples were collected: 244 in the external estuary by trawl and 234 in the internal estuary by fry seine. Distribution density and biomass are calculated using the «areal» method with certain coefficients of catchability (1.0 for fry seine). The upper freshwater layer (salinity 0–5 ‰) was observed in the lower stream of the river till sandy bar, the brackish-water cline was traced at the river bottom from the mouth to the distance 10–15 km upstream. The seawater with salinity > 30 ‰ did not penetrate over sand bar to the river. Species diversity of fish and decapods was presented by 108 taxa (fishes — 88, decapods — 20) belonged to 43 families, among them 84 species were caught in the Amur Bay and 41 species in the Razdolnaya, but no more than 67 species were caught in the Amur Bay only and 24 species — in the Razdolnaya only, other 17 species were found in both external and internal estuaries (Acanthogobius flavimanus, Acanthogobius lactipes, Crangon septemspinosa, Crangon spp., Eriocheir japonica, Hypomesus nipponensis, Giporhamphus sajori, Konosirus punctatus, Liopsetta pinnifasciata, Oncorhynchus masou masou, Palaemon sp., Pholis nebulosa, Planiliza haematocheila, Pugettia quadridens, Salangichthys microdon, Syngnathus schlegeli and Tribolodon spp.). Total biomass was higher (9.1 g/m2 ) in the external estuary than in the internal estuary (6.7 g/m2 ) with the mean value 9.0 g/m2 . It was almost uniform over the internal estuary with only slight increasing on the distance about 5 km from the mouth. Simpson index of dominance increases from external to internal estuary but decreases in the river in the order: 0.127 at Peschany Peninsula — 0.168 in the northwestern Amur Bay — from 0.193 to 0.252 in the internal estuary — 0.164 in the river. Six clusters with similar species composition are defined, they change in direction from the sea to the river in the following order of the dominant species: L. pinnifasciata in the sea — prawns gen. Palaemon at the bar (upper part of the external estuary) — P. haematocheila at the river mouth (lower part of the internal estuary) — P. haematocheila and E. japonica in the main part of the internal estuary — Acanthorhodeus chankaensis and Gobio macrocephalus (with the highest biomass up to 22 g/m2 ) in the minor adjoining river stream — G. macrocephalus in the upper part of the internal estuary.

Water Quality Evaluation and Analysis of Main Pollutants Along the Weihe River

Through the analysis of the water quality evaluation and the change of main pollutants along the course of 13 national control monitoring sections of Weihe river main stream ( Shaanxi section ), the theoretical basis is provided for the formulation of effective prevention and control measures. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were determined by investigating and collecting water samples, and the trend curves of cod and NH3-N pollution were drawn. Results from 2006 to 2009, the main stream of Weihe river ( Shaanxi section ) 13 In addition to the water quality of the four sections from linjia village to changxingqiao, the water quality of the other nine sections exceeds the water quality function standard, and the water quality is worse than grade v, the pollution is very serious. Promote the Weihe river (Shaanxi section) industrial structure adjustment, strict sewage standards, strengthen the sewage treatment plant and urban environmental protection infrastructure construction and other five aspects of prevention and control measures.

Hybrid Models Combining EMD/EEMD and ARIMA for Long-Term Streamflow Forecasting

Long-term streamflow forecast is of great significance for water resource application and management. However, accurate monthly streamflow forecasting is challenging due to its non-stationarity and uncertainty. Time series analysis methods have been proved to perform well in stationary time series forecasting, which can be derived from decomposition of the non-stationary sequence. As common decomposition methods in time domain, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) are selected to decompose the components with different time-scale characteristics in the original hydrological time series in this study. The derived components are proved to be stationary by the stationarity test. Thus, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, a simple and effective time series analysis method, is used to forecast the components. A hybrid EMD/EEMD-ARIMA model is proposed in this study for long-term streamflow forecasting, which is applied to the upper stream of the Yellow River. The original daily streamflow time series of six years at the Tangnaihai station are firstly decomposed by EMD/EEMD into several stationary or simple non-stationary sub-series to explore detailed data information with different time scales. ARIMA models with appropriate parameters are then established for each subsequence to forecast the stream flow of the next year. Predicted ten-day and monthly stream flow is finally obtained combing the predictions of all the components. The EMD-ARIMA hybrid model performs best in forecasting high and moderate value of streamflow and fits best with the observation compared with EEMD-ARIMA and ARIMA models. The results not only verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid EMD/EEMD-ARIMA model in exploiting comprehensive information to improve the prediction but also indicate that the EMD-ARIMA model with end points disposal performs the best and can be used for long-term hydrological forecasting.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RAINFALL OVER KERIAN, MALAYSIA WITH LONG ASHTON RESEARCH STATION WEATHER GENERATOR (LARS-WG)E CHANGE ON RAINFALL OVER KERIAN, MALAYSIA WITH LONG ASHTON RESEARCH STATION WEATHER GENERATOR (LARS-WG)

General circulation models (GCMs) have been widely used in the climate community, to generate the future climate variation based on the climate scenarios. However, the GCMs’ variables need to be downscaled into a fine resolution before they can be applied for the climate impact assessment. Therefore, Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG), which utilized the Stochastic Weather Generators, is applied. The catchment at Kerian, located at the state of Perak, Malaysia had been chosen as the case study. Based on the LARS-WG simulation result, the rainfall trend is not much different from the present. From January until April and December, the daily rainfall is expected to decrease continuously for every interval future period. From May until November, the decrease of future daily rainfall is expected to happen. The annual rainfall pattern illustrates that the annual rainfall intensity is concentrated on the area at the upper stream of river (Selama and Batu Kurau) and it is expected to increase continuously for every interval future period.

Immobilization of laccase-ABTS system for the development of a continuous flow packed bed bioreactor for decolorization of textile effluent

Decolourization of textile effluent is always being a problem of major concern for the safe disposal of effluent water in river stream. Due to intense colour of the effluent water, even after the treatment, disposal of the water in river stream is under strict environmental regulation. Laccase, a natural oxidase, have the miraculous power to decolourize different dyes with or without mediators. However, stability and cost of implementation of the enzyme at industrial conditions make the entire process unfeasible at industrial scale. In the present study, a highly thermo-alkali-stable, metal, surfactant and organic solvent tolerant laccase from Bacillus sp. MSK-01 was immobilized in Cu-alginate bead with ABTS mediator under standardized conditions. A continuous flow packed bed bioreactor was formulated to develop a continuous method of the treatment of effluent water. Results showed 66% reduction in the colour of the effluent. UV-VIS spectrum analysis of the treated and untreated samples showed the formation of the degradation products of dyes due to the action of laccase. The developed process can be made useful for on site industrial application.

Deltaic and Coastal Sediments as Recorders of Mediterranean Regional Climate and Human Impact Over the Past Three Millennia

AbstractDeltaic and shallow marine sediments represent unique natural archives to study the evolution of surface coastal ocean water properties as compared to environmental changes in adjacent continents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and higher plant biomarker records were generated from the Rhone and Var River deltaic sediments (NW Mediterranean Sea), and three sites in the South Adriatic Sea (Central/Eastern Mediterranean Sea), spanning all or part of the past three millennia. Because of the high sediment accumulation rates at all core sites, we were able to produce time series at decadal time scale. SSTs in the Gulf of Lion and the convection area of the South Adriatic Sea indicate similar cold mean values (around 17 °C) and pronounced cold spells, reflecting strong wind‐driven surface water heat loss. However, they differ in the rate of postindustrial warming, which is steeper in the Gulf of Lion. The three Adriatic Sea SST records are notably different reflecting different hydrological influence from nearshore to open sea sites. The compositional features of higher plant n‐alkanes in the Rhone and Var delta sediments and inferred vegetation types show differences consistent with the latitudinal extension of the drainage basins of both river streams. In the Adriatic Sea, both coastal and open sea sediments indicate enhanced land‐derived material over the past 500 years, which is not seen in the NW Mediterranean record. We suggest that increased erosion as the result of changes in land use practices is the most likely cause for this trend.

Spatial multi criteria approach for tsunami risk assessment

Tsunami risk is defined as mathematical product between vulnerability and hazard. Tsunami risk also refers to the estimated loss from a given hazard to a given element at risk, and it is defined as a combination of tsunami hazard, tsunami vulnerability, exposure, and event probability. Besides tsunami vulnerability, tsunami risk is assessed by a number of criteria. This study applies the combination of element at risk to assess tsunami risk area along coastal area of East Java Indonesia. The study introduces the spatial multi-criteria analysis into tsunami risk assessment along with the existing perspective evolving the role of GIS. In this study, the existing vulnerability parameter was analysed and evaluated. The analysis was done using GIS-based spatial multi criteria approach. All parameter were analysed through weighted overlay using analytical hierarchy process and geospatial analysis. The results are provided as thematic maps of tsunami vulnerability map and tsunami risk map. Tsunami risk maps as a result from this study illustrate five levels of risk from very low to very high based on geospatial analysis. It describes that coastal area with low elevation was at high risk to tsunami, similar to that indicated in tsunami vulnerability map. Coastal area with high density of vegetation describes a low level tsunami risk. The existence of river and other water stream along coastal area are also important parameters in generating tsunami risk map. Risk map highlights the coastal areas with a strong need for evacuation capacities, including evacuation route and evacuation building.

Interpreting Topographic Map Evidence Related to Northeast Nebraska Barbed Tributaries and Drainage Routes, USA

Northeast Nebraska barbed tributaries include north-oriented streams flowing to the south-oriented Missouri River and south-oriented streams flowing to the north-oriented Missouri River tributaries. Detailed topographic maps were used to determine how these northeast Nebraska drainage routes originated. A giant south-oriented supra-glacial melt water river is interpreted to have sliced an ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon into a decaying ice sheet’s surface where eastern South Dakota’s east-facing Missouri Escarpment and west-facing Prairie Coteau escarpment are now located and to have flowed from that canyon’s mouth across northeast Nebraska while South Dakota’s north-facing Pine Ridge Escarpment is interpreted to be the south wall of a large east-oriented valley that was eroded headward across immense southeast-oriented ice-marginal melt water floods which had originally flowed across northeast Nebraska. Prior to Missouri River valley headward erosion these two different immense melt water floods created and then flowed across a low relief and low gradient northeast Nebraska topographic surface. Present day northeast Nebraska topography developed when the deep south-oriented Missouri River valley and its south-oriented tributary valleys eroded headward into this low relief and low gradient topographic surface. As the deep Missouri River valley eroded headward it beheaded shallow south-oriented flood flow channels supplying water to new and actively eroding south-oriented Missouri River tributary valleys and water on north ends of the beheaded channels reversed flow direction to move toward the much deeper Missouri River valley. Water still moving in south directions adjacent to these reversed flow channels was then captured leading to development of south-oriented tributaries to the north-oriented streams.

Water quality of the Garang River, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia based on the government regulation standard

The Garang watershed composed by three main river streams has been managed by the Regional water company of the Semarang city, Central Java for drinking water supply. A river is often polluted by domestic waste and industrial effluents. Therefore water quality of the river should be keep to meet the Government regulation standard. The study aims to analyze water quality of the Garang’ river using pollution index based on the government regulation. Series data from 2010 to 2016 were derived from the Environmental and Forestry Office of the Central Java Province and sampling of water quality was taken in August 2017 from the middle of watershed area. Water quality parameters include temperature, pH, TDS, DO, COD, Phosphate, Nitrate, Chromium, Copper, Cadmium and H2S. The research indicates that concentration of Copper has exceeds the standard of the Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001. The water pollution index is 1.23, its means that the river is lightly polluted. Therefore the river should be managed comprehensively for sustainable uses in order to create one river one management concept.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIZE AND THE RATE OF CALCIUM–DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS IN SKELETAL MUSCLES IN THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.) AND BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA L.) FROM RIVERS DRAINING TO THE WHITE SEA (ARKHANGELSK REGION)

The activity level of calcium-dependent proteases of the calpain family in skeletal muscles of the atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) from some watercourses (the Zolotitsa River and Lopatka stream) draining to the White Sea (arkhangelsk region) was estimated. a correlation between length-weight parameters of the fish and the rate of calcium-dependent proteolysis in their skeletal muscles was demonstrated. atlantic salmon parr from the Zolotitsa River were larger and had a higher growth rate compared to salmon of the same age from rivers of the Murmansk Region. The comparison of length-weight parameters and data on the rate of calcium-dependent proteolysis in brown trout parr from three watercourses draining to the White Sea and Lake Onego rev ealed the lowest growth rate in fish aged 3+, 4+ from the Lopatka stream. The obtained results indicate that the growth rate of salmonids S. salar and S. trutta depends on the environmental condition and availability of food resources in the studied waters.