River Noyyal Research Articles

GIS Based Groundwater Quality Mapping along Banks of River Noyyal in Tiruppur District of Tamil Nadu

GIS Based Groundwater Quality Mapping along Banks of River Noyyal in Tiruppur District of Tamil Nadu

Morphological and Osteological Characterization of Three Fish Species from River Noyyal of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India

According to the World-Wide Fund for Nature [1] the number of freshwater species worldwide has decreased by about 83% since 1970. Morphology and Osteology is one of the most important taxonomic features for identifying and classifying fish species. In this study, samples of three species were collected from various locations of Noyyal river. The specimens were identified morphologically and processed clearing and a double staining method. Based on the outcomes the species were described in detailed skeletal morphometry and compared.

Decadal Changes in Land use and Land Cover of Noyyal River Basin using Geo-spatial Techniques

Aims: River Noyyal was the life line of the people of Coimbatore, Tirupur and Karur districts of Tamil Nadu and has nurtured a rich civilization. The river is mentioned in many ancient travelogues by European travelers which suggest the importance of the river. But over the years, the condition of the river, both in terms of quantity and quality has deteriorated owing to the expanding population size and its related land use changes.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted to investigate the decadal land use and land cover changes of the Noyyal basin for the year of 2000 to 2020 in the year 2021- 2022.
 Methodology: The study was undertaken to produce the land use/land cover map and to explore the change detection analysis of the Noyyal river basin for 20 years. Based on RS and GIS for monitoring the temporal variations of land use land cover, multi-temporal Landsat satellite 30m spatial resolution images of Landsat 4/5 MSS and TM 2000, 2010, and Landsat 8 (OLI) 2020 were obtained from the google earth engine. At the first stage NDVI calculation was done by using ArcGIS software and the second stage supervised classification maximum likelihood classification was done for 3 years 2000,2010 and 2020.
 Results: The analysis suggests that Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI of without any vegetation (Class1), medium density (Class3), and high density (Class4) increased by 8.37%, 1.29%, 0.42% respectively. Low density (Class2) decreased by 10.1%. The urban area and agriculture land increased by 13.82% and 18.46%.The forest cover, waste land and barren land decreased by 12.24% 11.99% and 7.90% over the 2 decades and water bodies increased in the year of 2010 and then decreased.
 Conclusion: The study has revealed a decline in area under forest and wasteland and an increase in area under built up activities and agriculture land.

Appraisement of phreatic water characteristic using water quality Index modeling and GIS in industrialized region

Phreatic water quality for household activities and irrigation purpose in industrial zone along River Noyyal basin has been inspected. Sixty-three phreatic water were collected from borewells within the investigation region and its hydrochemistry was studied. Phreatic water tests demonstrate that iron and fluoride in both the seasons are inside the cut-off points. Over sixty percentage of the samples were prodigious the permissible limit of total dissolved solids and 50% of the samples were exceeding the permissible limit of total hardness. In view of Water Quality Index (WQI) 21% of the samples comprise the unfit classification for drinking purpose during pre-rainstorm season and 26% of the samples during post-rainstorm season. Rock -water interaction and phylogenies activities like industrial waste material and municipal waste discharge play an important role in making water for unfit for drinking purposes.US salinity diagram (USSL) and Wilcox diagram show that the phreatic water tests gathered from several of locations were unfit for irrigation purpose. Piper linear diagram is dominated by Sodium - Chloride (Na-Cl) facies and pursued by a mixer of Calcium-Magnesium-Chloride (Ca-Mg-Cl) facies in both the seasons. Phreatic water in many pieces of the examination region is unnaturally unfit for both drinking and water system functions.

Exploring the distinctiveness of biomass and biomolecules from limnic microalgae of unexplored waters of Noyyal River, Western Ghats, for exploitation.

Oleaginous microalgae with high biomass productivity, lipid content, and lipid productivity are desirable for sustainable biofuel production. Rapid and accurate quantification of lipid content facilitates the identification of promising microalgae candidates. In the present study, 23 freshwater microalgae species from river Noyyal were isolated and identified based on their morphological and molecular (18S rRNA) features and recorded as Karunya Algae Culture Collection (KACC). Their biomass and lipid content were characterized and screened using FT-IR, Nile red staining, and gravimetric method. Results generated from FT-IR spectra differentiated KACC microalgae based on their biochemical contents with Scenedesmus rubescens KACC 2 and Chlorococcum sp. KACC 13 possessed high total protein and lipid content, respectively. Nile red fluorescence at 530/575nm showed the yellow fluorescence under a fluorescent microscope giving the evidence of high neutral lipids in 10 KACC microalgae isolates. Total lipid content showed prominent variation between the KACC isolates and found in the range of 4 to 32% of DW. Lipid productivity and biomass productivity showed a similar pattern among KACC strains. Thus, our findings serve as a baseline data on the bioprospecting potential of KACC isolates from river Noyyal, an unexplored area of Western Ghats.

Seasonal distribution and population dynamics of limnic microalgae and their association with physico-chemical parameters of river Noyyal through multivariate statistical analysis

The present investigation embarks on understanding the relationship between microalgal species assemblages and their associated physico-chemical parameter dynamics of the catchment region of river Noyyal. Totally, 142 microalgae cultures belonging to 10 different families were isolated from five different sites during four seasons and relative percentage distribution showed that Scenedesmaceae (36.6%) and site S1 (26.4%) with predominant microalgae population. Diversity indices revealed that microalgae communities were characterized by high Hʹ index, lower Simpson dominance, and Margalef index value with indefinite patterns of annual variations. Results showed that variation in the physico-chemical parameters in each sampling site has its impact on the microalgae population during each season. Multivariate statistical analysis viz., Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis were applied on microalgae species data, to evaluate the seasonal relationship between microalgae and physico-chemical parameters. The findings of our study concluded that the physico- chemical parameters influenced the dominant taxa of microalgae Chlorellaceae, Scenedesmaceae and Chlorococcaceae in river Noyyal and gives a base data for the seasonal and dynamic relationship between environmental parameters and microalgae population.

Strategic growth of limnic green microalgae with phycoremediation potential for enhanced production of biomass and biomolecules for sustainable environment.

The approach of combining the microalgae cultivation with wastewater provides a cost-effective and eco-friendly perspective in the production of microalgae-based bio-products. In the present investigation, microalgae Scenedesmus rubescens KACC 2 isolated from catchment region of River Noyyal was found to be efficient in removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals from industrial and domestic effluents, which was optimized through central composite design matrix for higher biomass generation. Nutrient requirements for the growth were optimized and evaluated using Plackett-Burman design to check the effect of variables. Three variables, viz., nitrate, phosphate, and inoculums, were found to be significant among the 11 variables tested, and the interaction between these variables and its optimum concentrations were statistically studied using central composite design matrix. The optimized growth conditions of this strain were found to be as nitrate (0.2%), phosphate (0.018%), and inoculums (7.5%). These conditions yielded a higher biomass of 0.73g/L from the optimized media which was 5.4 times higher than the regular growth media. FT-IR analysis showed the variations in the spectra and also in biomolecular composition with 2-fold increase in the lipid and protein region when grown in optimized culture conditions. Lipid profile showed the presence of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the biomass accepting it as a source of energy feedstock. This study concludes that nitrate, phosphate, and inoculums play a significant role in biomass production of S. rubescens with phycoremediation potential that can be exploited for simultaneous wastewater treatment-coupled biomass production.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Noyyal River Using Wasp Model

The Noyyal River is a tributary of river Cauvery has been one of the most predominant and important rivers of Tamil Nadu. Unfortunately, certain stretches of river Noyyal are polluted due to effluent discharge from the industries and domestic sewage. The effective water environmental management strategies required to be implemented in this river to upgrade the water quality and to ensure sustainable development in the region. The aim of this work was to provide a basis for water environmental management in process of making important decisions. In this study WASP (Water Quality Simulation Program) is used as a model to identify the processes that underlie river water quality problems in a basin. WASP was recommended by EPA used as water quality model. Simulated values of Nitrate (NO3), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity and pH demonstrated the accuracy of the model and despite a significant data shortage in the study area. WASP model was found to be an acceptable tool for the assessment of water quality.

Mapping the Spatial Distributions of Water Quality and Their Interpolation with Land Use/Land Cover Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Noyyal River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India

Noyyal River is historically, ecologically and culturally significant river in Kongu region of western Tamilnadu. More than 100 villages are situated along the banks of the Noyyal River and it’s the was the best site of inhabitation on both the sides of the river up to 3 km from the river before the emergence of the issue of industrial pollution. But now river Noyyal was highly polluted by domestic and industrial growth by discharging of both domestic and industrial are discharged without any treatment. So methodology was proposed to identify the suitable zone for groundwater quality by using land use/land cover data along with groundwater quality in analytic hierarchy process. Suitability of groundwater for drinking was identified in the study area by collecting 63 samples in both postmonsoon and premonsoon as per Indian standards. To evaluate the land use pattern of the study area, land use/land cover map was prepared from satellite images of LISS III by using supervised classification according to National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) using Erdas imagine 8.4 software. Using ArcGIS software, weighted overlay analyses were carried out to identify the suitable zones for groundwater quality in postmonsoon and premonsoon and finally these two thematic maps were integrated with land use/land cover map to identify the suitable zone for quality of water. The interpretation shows that groundwater in most of the locations were unsuitable for drinking purposes.

Assessment of bacterial indicators and physico-chemical parameters in Tiruppur, Erode and Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India)

This study reports the physico-chemical characteristics in Cauvery River, Noyyal River, and Chennai Lakes in Tamil Nadu, India. Surface water samples were collected and analyzed as per standard methods. The parameters analyzed were pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chloride, sodium, potassium, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, sulphate, and phosphate. The results of the chemical analysis indicate that the study area contains chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and phosphate ions. The concentration of fluoride ion is quite alarming in Noyyal River and Pallavaram Lake. In addition, most probable number for coliforms was analyzed and the results were found beyond the permissible limit. The suitability of surface water for irrigation was studied by Wilcox, USSL and Gibbs plot. From this plot we found that the study area of Noyyal River is unfit for irrigation. The overall study indicated that the River Noyyal was largely polluted by anthropogenic input due to industrial effluents, municipal sewage, and other human activities.

Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Electrical Resistivity and GIS in Noyyal River Basin, Tamil Nadu

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the groundwater potential zones in Noyyal river basin using GIS and electrical resistivity. River Noyyal was perennial with good flow till early seventies. In recent years, the scene has changed drastically and the river has become practically seasonal and receives copious water during northeast monsoon from September to November. The rest of the years it remains more or less dry. Since the surface water resources in the area are inadequate to meet the local needs it is necessary to explore groundwater resources which has not been done properly. Hence various thematic maps have been used for the preparation of groundwater prospective map by integrating geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage and lineament of the study area. Electrical resistivity survey was conducted at 52 locations by using Schlumberger configuration. From this weathered thickness and depth to basement have been taken and overlaid for identifying groundwater potential sites and finally this result was compared with yield data. The interpretation shows that the entire study area has moderate to good category of groundwater potential.

A Modified Water Quality Index for Ponds Connected with River Noyyal, Coimbatore, India

A Modified Water Quality Index for Ponds Connected with River Noyyal, Coimbatore, India

Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water and Ground Water of Singanallur Lake, A Rivulet from River Noyyal

Seasonal Variation in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water and Ground Water of Singanallur Lake, A Rivulet from River Noyyal

Evaluation of groundwater potential zones using GIS and remote sensing in Noyyal Basin, Tamil Nadu, India

Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishable natural resource but in hard rock terrain the availability of groundwater is of limited extent. The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is governed by several factors. It is therefore, necessary to integrate several factors on these terrain characteristics. This can be best achieved by geographical information system (GIS). River Noyyal was perennial with good flow till early 70s. In recent years, the scenario has changed drastically and the river has become practically seasonal. River Noyyal receives copious water during northeast monsoon from September to November. The rest of the year it remains more or less dry. While the surface water resources in the area are inadequate to meet the local needs and the groundwater resources also not properly explored. So, various thematic maps have been used for the preparation of groundwater prospective map by integrating geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage and lineament of the study area. The interpretation shows that the entire study area is predominant in moderate to good category for groundwater potential.

Development of Water Quality Index (WQI) model for the groundwater in Tirupur district, South India

Groundwater quality of the Tiruppur district in Tamil Nadu was investigated in this study to develop a Water Quality Index (WQI) model. Hydrochemical parameters showed tremendous variation in certain location over the seasons. Ionic chemistry of groundwater suggested that textile industries and rock-water interaction are major threats to the water quality. Analysis of Na and Ca concentration indicates that direct as well as the inverse cation exchange controls the natural cation chemistry. NO3 concentration shows that the pre-monsoon samples were affected by the fertilizer usage in agricultural fields. Na-Cl type of the water was dominant throughout the study area except few locations. WQI showed that 55% of the pre-monsoon samples and the 47% of the post monsoon samples were classified as poor/very poor/unsuitable for drinking category. Leaching of the textile waste and their transport to the downstream was well observed during the post-monsoon season. The specific contribution of river Noyyal in the transport of the solutes to the discharge zones was proved by the hydrochemistry of the samples.

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the proximity of river Noyyal, Tiruppur, South India

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the proximity of river Noyyal, Tiruppur, South India

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the proximity of river Noyyal, Tiruppur, South India

Hydrochemical investigations of the groundwater and the seasonal effect on the chemical budget of ions in the proximity of river Noyyal were carried out. Geochemical results show that the seasonal effect does not change the order of abundance of ions. Trend line diagram depicting the linear relationship among various parameters were carried out. Linear relationship is observed at almost all stations between TDS and Cl - as well as TDS and Na + throughout the study area reflecting that the nature and origin of these ions would have come from the same source. In order to study the hydrogeochemical classifications, Piper-Hill diagram is used. During both the monsoon periods, Piper diagram characterizes the water types as NaCl, mixed CaMgCl and CaHCO 3 . Most of the samples fall in the sodium-potassium zone but the dominance of chloride type of waters was observed among anions. Gibb's diagram clearly demonstrates the dominance of non-geogenic activity responsible for the chemical budget of water. During both the monsoon periods, most of the samples fall away from the three major natural factors viz., Precipitation dominance, rock dominance and evaporation-crystallization dominance indicating that the chemistry of water is decided predominantly by anthropogenic activities. In the study area, the influence of polluted river water to the adjacent aquifer dominates the change in chemical composition of groundwater.

Pollution and its impact on Noyyal river basin, India: an integrated approach of remote sensing and biotechnology using GIS

Numerous surface and ground water resources have been polluted by industries located around the river Noyyal, India. The water quality has been estimated to define the impact of contaminants in the study area. Fish sample (O.mosaambicus) has been collected from different locations. An elevated level of RBC, WBC count and changes in total percentage has been observed. Glutathione peroxidise activity in gill and muscle samples have shown profound changes and also relative changes in banding pattern and intensity has been noted. Remotely sensed data, environmental and biological data have been integrated in GIS platform to assess the impacts of pollution.

Pollution status of wetlands in urban Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Coimbatore is an important industrial city of India, ranking 11 in terms of population, It is located in the state of Tamilnadu, between 10°55 and 11°10’N, and 77°10 and 76°50’E at an approximate altitude of 470m. There are more than 30,000 small, medium and large industries including textile mills and foundries in the city employing about 40% of the population. The growing industrial sector and ensuing immigration of people pose heavy burden on the city infrastructure that did not grow in proportion. Till date no integrated sewerage system is in operation in the city. The city also does not have facilities for treatment of industrial, municipal, domestic and hospital wastes. The prevailing drainage and sewerage are open type joining the lakes, wetlands and the river Noyyal without appropriate treatment.

Influence of dyeing and bleaching industries on ground water of Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India.

Ground water use for various purposes such as drinking, livestock and agriculture isconstantly on the rise in areas where perennial surface water sources are scarce. Inspite of ground water being crucial for human existence in such situations, it isgetting polluted due to various human activities. Industrial activities such as sugarmills, dyeing, bleaching and allied units release effluents that may percolate downto the aquifer and foul it. Tirupur, famous for hosiery products, is an example of atownship with meagre infra structure stumbling under hasty unorganised industrialboom. About 765 dyeing and bleaching industries operate in Tirupur (11° 7' N and77° 15'E), located on the banks of the river Noyyal, a tributary of the river Cauvery.These units, using about 150 chemicals, discharge more than 7500 M