River Management Research Articles

New chronology evidence of prehistoric human activities indicated by pottery luminescence dating in the humid subtropical mountains of South China

The age of prehistoric human sites serves as a fundamental basis for studying the relationship between human activities and landscape changes in the humid subtropical mountains of South China. The presence of pottery in these archaeological sites is widespread and offers a valuable resource for precise dating purposes. The Longtoushan (LTS) site, located in the northern mountains of Fujian Province, contains a rich variety of pottery types from various periods, representing a rare multi-period stratigraphic overlap in this area and playing a crucial role in constructing the cultural sequence and lineage of prehistoric and ancient times in this region. In this study, we employed thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques to establish the age of pottery samples collected from the LTS site situated in the upper Minjiang River region of southeast China for the first time, while also comparing our findings with other dating methods to construct a chronological framework for the site. The results showed that: (1) The samples analyzed in this study can be classified according to the peak strength of 325 °C TL signal at natural and regenerative doses of quartz. Samples with weak TL signal at 325 °C (type II samples) showed high recuperation and equivalent dose underestimation at a low preheat temperature (220 °C) in OSL test. (2) Conventional SAR procedures employed for type I samples are not suitable for type II samples. Type II samples require additional OSL stimulation towards the end of the cycle and an extended stimulation duration. (3) The application of various dating methods has revealed that the LTS site represents a long-term settlement in the humid subtropical mountains of South China, commencing around 4.6–4.4 thousand years ago (ka). Specifically, the dating of pottery pieces from kiln sites and tombs in the late Neolithic period provides a specific temporal reference for further understanding of prehistoric human culture and production behavior in the humid mountains of Fujian.

Simulation‐Based Assessment of Fine Sediment Transport to Support River Restoration Measures

ABSTRACTA three‐dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and sediment transport model was employed to simulate the suspended sediment transport at a section of the Danube River, in Hungary. The case study is characterised by a highly complex hydromorphological system due to the nearby tributary inflow, the high number of river regulation structures as well as the several side‐arms connected to the Danube mainstem. The numerical model is set up, parameterised and validated against thorough field data of flow velocities and sediment concentrations measured at different hydrological regimes. Through the selected case study, the paper introduces (i) why 3D description is necessary at a reach‐scale analysis of complex hydromorphological systems; (ii) what sort of field data is needed to parameterise and validate a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model considering the spatial inhomogeneity of the flow and sediment features and (iii) an example for a quantitative impact assessment of side‐arm revitalisation measures on the sedimentation processes, playing a crucial role in the quality of riverine habitats.

Altitude characteristics in the response of rain-on-snow flood risk to future climate change in a high-latitude water tower

Global warming is profoundly impacting snowmelt runoff processes in seasonal freeze-thaw zones, thereby altering the risk of rain-on-snow (ROS) floods. These changes not only affect the frequency of floods but also alter the allocation of water resources, which has implications for agriculture and other key economic sectors. While these risks present a significant threat to our lives and economies, the risk of ROS floods triggered by climate change has not received the attention it deserves. Therefore, we chose Changbai Mountain, a water tower in a high-latitude cold zone, as a typical study area. The semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT is coupled with CMIP6 meteorological data, and four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585) are selected after bias correction, thus quantifying the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes in the Changbai Mountain region as well as future evolution of the ROS flood risk. The results indicate that: (1) Under future climate change scenarios, snowmelt in most areas of the Changbai Mountains decreases. The annual average snowmelt under SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585 is projected to be 148.65 mm, 135.63 mm, 123.44 mm, and 116.5 mm, respectively. The onset of snowmelt is projected to advance in the future. Specifically, in the Songhua River (SR) and Yalu River (YR) regions, the start of snowmelt is expected to advance by 1–11 days. Spatially, significant reductions in snowmelt were observed in both the central part of the watershed and the lower reaches of the river under SSP585 scenario. (2) In 2021–2060, the frequency of ROS floods decreases sequentially for different scenarios, with SSP 126 > SSP 245 > SSP 370 > SSP 585. The frequency increments of ROS floods in the source area for the four scenarios were 0.12 days/year, 0.1 d/yr, 0.13 days/year, and 0.15 days/year, respectively. The frequency of high-elevation ROS events increases in the YR in the low emission scenario. Conversely, in high emission scenarios, YR high-elevation ROS events will only increase in 2061–2100. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the Tumen River (TR), where floods become more frequent with increasing elevation.

Ranking of 10 Global One-Arc-Second DEMs Reveals Limitations in Terrain Morphology Representation

At least 10 global digital elevation models (DEMs) at one-arc-second resolution now cover Earth. Comparing derived grids, like slope or curvature, preserves surface spatial relationships, and can be more important than just elevation values. Such comparisons provide more nuanced DEM rankings than just elevation root mean square error (RMSE) for a small number of points. We present three new comparison categories: fraction of unexplained variance (FUV) for grids with continuous floating point values; accuracy metrics for integer code raster classifications; and comparison of stream channel vector networks. We compare six global DEMs that are digital surface models (DSMs), and four edited versions that use machine learning/artificial intelligence techniques to create a bare-earth digital terrain model (DTM) for different elevation ranges: full Earth elevations, under 120 m, under 80 m, and under 10 m. We find edited DTMs improve on elevation values, but because they do not incorporate other metrics in their training they do not improve overall on the source Copernicus DSM. We also rank 17 common geomorphic-derived grids for sensitivity to DEM quality, and document how landscape characteristics, especially slope, affect the results. None of the DEMs perform well in areas with low average slope compared to reference DTMs aggregated from 1 m airborne lidar data. This indicates that accurate work in low-relief areas grappling with global climate change should use airborne lidar or very high resolution image-derived DTMs.

A Framework for Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation of Turbidity and Drivers in the Navigable and Turbid River: A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River

Turbidity, as a key indicator of water quality linked to underwater light attenuation, is crucial for evaluating water quality. Control in high-turbidity water environments plays a critical role in navigable rivers. For this purpose, our study proposed a framework for analyzing the spatio-temporal variation of turbidity and its driving factors in a navigable and turbid river using in situ measurement data, satellite data, socioeconomic data, a power index function model, and correlation analysis. The results show that the proposed model is feasible for quantitative turbidity monitoring of the Xitiaoxi River. Its upstream turbidity is lower than downstream, with seasonal averages for spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 93.9, 111.3, 113.5, and 120.9 NTU, respectively. Furthermore, the turbidity in the middle and lower reaches of the Xitiaoxi River continuously increased before 2005 and began to decline after 2005 due to the policy of mining moratorium. This trend is especially noticeable at monitoring points along the main stream of the Xitiaoxi River, such as downstream of the Xitiaoxi River (S1), Gangkou station (S2), middle reaches of the Xitiaoxi River (S4), Hengtangcun station (S6), upper stream of the Xitiaoxi River (S7), and Huxi River (S8). Mining and shipping have significantly contributed to the turbidity of the target river. This framework offers a practical approach for assessing the environmental impacts of both natural and anthropogenic factors, thereby providing valuable insights for river management practices.

Construction of Wetland Ecological Security Pattern in Wuhan Metropolitan Core Area Considering Wetland Ecological Risk

Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. Preserving the ecological security of wetlands is critically important for regional environmental protection and sustainable development. However, in the core area of the Wuhan metropolitan circle, which is rapidly urbanizing, its wetlands are more susceptible to external natural environmental risks, such as changes in temperature and rainfall, as well as risks to human activity, such as social and economic activities, urban expansion, land use changes, and population growth. Meanwhile, the internal vulnerability of wetlands in terms of their spatial extent, structure, and functions also exacerbates ecological risks. These factors collectively influence the formation and development of wetland ecological risks. This study aims to comprehensively assess wetland ecological risks in the core area of the Wuhan metropolitan circle by combining external hazards and internal vulnerabilities and to construct and optimize the wetlands’ ecological security pattern. We used the MSPA method to identify potential ecological sources. Additionally, the MCR model was employed to integrate ecological risk assessment results into the resistance surface, identify potential ecological corridors and nodes, construct the wetland ecological security pattern for the urban circle, and propose specific optimization strategies. In total, 31 primary and 106 secondary ecological sources were selected, along with 20 primary and 42 secondary ecological nodes. Furthermore, 10 major ecological corridors were constructed. Considering the landscape characteristics of the wetlands in the core area of the Wuhan metropolitan circle, the southern Yangtze River region will center around the Liangzi Lake group to establish a crucial corridor network, promoting overall wetland restoration and connectivity. Meanwhile, the northern Yangtze River region will form a chain-like distribution along the river, creating diverse ecosystems. This study provides a theoretical foundation for constructing and optimizing the ecological security pattern of wetlands, laying a solid groundwork for promoting regional wetland conservation and sustainable development.

Neolithic to Bronze Age human maternal genetic history in Yunnan, China

Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia, and a focal point for human migrations. To clarify its maternal genetic history, we generated 152 complete mitogenomes from 17 Yunnan archaeological sites. Our results reveal distinct genetic histories segregated by geographical regions. Maternal lineages of ancient populations from northwestern and northern Yunnan exhibit closer affinities with past and present-day populations from northern East Asia and Tibet, providing important genetic evidence for the migration and interaction of populations along the Tibetan-Yi corridor since the Neolithic. Between 5500 and 1800 years ago, central Yunnan populations maintained their internal genetic relationships, including a 7000-year-old basal lineage of the rare and widely dispersed haplogroup M61. At the Xingyi site, changes in mitochondrial DNA haplogroup occurred between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, with haplogroup shifting from those predominant in the Yellow River region to those predominant in coastal southern China. These results highlight the high diversity of Yunnan populations during the Neolithic to Bronze Age.

A dataset of water bodies in the lower Yellow River region during 1990–2021

A dataset of water bodies in the lower Yellow River region during 1990–2021

Digital Representation of Dulong Community’s Culture in Gongshan County, China

Before 1999, the Dulong community, China's most secluded ethnic minority, remained inaccessible and underdeveloped. The Dulong River region, the sole minority area unreachable by road, endured prolonged isolation (Cheng et al., 2022a, 2022b). Nevertheless, unique cultural heritages, the Dulong community faces extinction and Sinicization threats. Psychologist Mehrabian (1968) asserts that 93% of communication impact is non-verbal, emojis, as non-verbal cues that belong to the visual communication system, gained immense popularity on a global scale. This study explores the imperative need of the Dulong community on its culturally specific emoji set through semi-structured interviews. The first of its kind, the emoji collection features culturally specific elements like Dulong blanket and the ‘Suolaqiao’ ritual. In aboriginals' perception, Emoji's pictorial nature facilitates effortless cultural knowledge acquisition, and its property of shuttling through cyberspace contributes to fostering rapid global dissemination and preserving Dulong culture in a digital world.

Inferring on fluvial resilience from multi-temporal high-resolution topography and geomorphic unit diversity

The resilience of a river corridor represents its ability to withstand and recover from disturbances. Quantifying fluvial resilience in the face of various stressors is essential for integrating ecology and geomorphology in a context of river management. Geomorphic unit diversity analysis emerges as a valuable tool for characterizing and quantifying fluvial resilience to disturbances due to its inherent connection with fluvial dynamics. This paper aims to analyse and quantify the fluvial resilience of a wandering gravel-bed river affected by natural (e.g., floods) and human-induced (e.g., instream gravel mining) stressors. To achieve this goal, we use multi-temporal high-resolution topographic surveys of the Upper River Cinca (South-Central Pyrenees) spanning from 2014 to 2020. By employing the Geomorphic Unit Tool (GUT) on these surveys, we can map geomorphic units over time, quantify their diversity, and study geomorphic adjustments through morphodynamic signatures, altogether allowing inferring fluvial resilience.Our findings reveal that topographic changes (i.e., erosion and sedimentation) correlate with the type of stressor: maintenance works and gravel mining lead to degradation, while floods induce aggradation. Geomorphic Unit Diversity decreases following channel disturbances caused by gravel mining but rebounds after periods primarily stressed by floods, returning to pre-impact levels within six years. Geomorphic adjustments, such as channel incision and mid bar development, reflect erosion and sedimentation processes respectively, with channel maintenance works and floods being the main drivers. Despite the recovery of the geomorphic unit diversity within the reach, the deficit resulting from gravel extraction remains unresolved, perpetuating a degrading trend that poses risks in reducing lateral connectivity and could potentially catalyse future vegetation encroachment in bars and floodplains, causing changes on flood conveyance and hydraulics. Monitoring the river's geomorphic diversity provides crucial insights for effective conservation and management decisions regarding land use, development, and conservation along riverbanks, thereby sustaining or enhancing fluvial system resilience.

Accuracy Analysis of Real-Time Kinematic Drones as a Replacement for GPS Bases in River Surveying

Global climate anomalies have extensively affected rivers and reservoirs, increasing the importance of accurate river surveying for effective river construction and management. While conventional leveling methods are commonly used for river surveying, GPS technology with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers is also performed. In addition to GPS, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based aerial photogrammetry has recently been adopted for surveying. Precise river surveying using UAV aerial photogrammetry can be achieved by establishing the base near the river using GPS from the reference point and further calibrating with ground control points. Despite the proposal of UAVs equipped with real-time kinematic (RTK) systems (i.e., RTK-drones), they have not been adopted because of their unverified accuracy. Therefore, this study aims to validate the positioning accuracy of RTK-drones to determine whether they can replace traditional reference points in river surveying. To this end, we surveyed six control points around Jinju using both GNSS and RTK-drone methods. The results showed that, with adequate stabilization time and in the absence of nearby obstacles, RTK drone surveys can reliably replace reference points, thereby reducing time and labor costs in river surveys.

In need of improvement: archaeological evidence of river management in South-Eastern Australia

AbstractPatterns of river modification since settler invasion of southern Australia are the product of a specific set of deep-seated and implicit cultural values concerning the purpose and function of waterways. Rivers have been dammed, diverted, dredged and straightened to meet a range of human needs and objectives. Such changes are routinely described as ‘improvements’ but there is a lack of critical engagement with what ‘improvement’ might mean. Interventions carried out initially on an ad hoc basis, and later more systematically with state support, collectively shed light on the persistent underlying drive to ‘Improve’ nature and society that has permeated Western thought since the Enlightenment. Here we use the example of one river system, the Loddon, to analyse ways in which Improvement intersected with settler engagement with Australian rivers. We argue that settler interventions have been informed by a consistent set of understandings about the purpose of rivers. The characteristics of water management infrastructure along the Loddon reveal how the river fell short of the settler-colonial ideal and why they thought it needed to be Improved at all.

Simplified Methodology for Assessing River Carrying Capacity Based on Land-Use Types

Land conversions or land use changes also become the main cause of the decline in Citarum River conditions. The relationship between river sustainability and its watershed carrying capacity plays a vital role in protecting watersheds to implement sustainable water resources management. Previous studies on river assessment for watershed management have predominantly focused on specific hydrological and/or technical results, rather than considering the process of the development of carrying capacity methodology due to land-use types. Motivated by this fact, the objective of this study is to develop a simplified carrying capacity methodology due to land-use types for sustainable river management by selecting the Upper Citarum Watershed (a main part of Citarum Watershed) located in West Java Province, Indonesia as an example of a study area. The conceptual framework development for watershed carrying capacity due to land-use types was designed the step-by-step methodology standard regarding the sustainable river management. The methodology of this study also used AHP method consisting of screening and selecting attributes, transforming and developing sub-indices, assigning weights, and formulating a runoff cumulative (Ccum) to examine standards and criteria for carrying capacity classification due to the changes of land-use types. The analysis revealed a significant change in the proportions of the various land use types of the study area. The conclusion is it integrates the measures of selected important land-use types to create a single dimensionless number of runoff cumulative and its classification, and a modified approach to communicate information on river status to the public and related policy makers. To advance future studies, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring systems by using GIS-based spatial and temporal analysis.

Live Streaming Channel Selection and Sales Strategy of Brand Suppliers Based on Consumer Purchase Intention

Live Streaming Channel Selection and Sales Strategy of Brand Suppliers Based on Consumer Purchase Intention

Monitoring and predicting spatio-temporal dynamics of river bankline movements: a case study for land use risk management in the lower Ganga River, India.

Changing the river course in the alluvial plain region is a common phenomenon that may have disastrous consequences. The risk of river bank erosion has increased dramatically during the last few decades. As a result, assessing the river bankline alteration is necessary. The study aims to determine the changes in the bankline in the lower Ganga River. This research presents a novel approach by using the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) in conjunction with geospatial data to monitor and predict long-term changes in river banks from 1965 to 2017, providing a comprehensive temporal analysis that is unprecedented in this study area. The study analyzes the bankline change along the river Ganga using DSAS using during the elapsed period. An erosion and accretion zonation was conducted based on the rate of bankline change of the river Ganga in the study area. The rate of bankline shifting was quantified using the endpoint rate (EPR) and linear regression rate (LRR) statistics computed using the DSAS model. The east bank of the Ganga in the study area experienced an average erosion of - 41.17m/year according to the LRR model. Whereas, the west bank eroded an average of - 2.32m/year between 1965 and 2017. 90.54% of the transect lines recorded erosion at the east bank and 53.69% of the transect lines at the west bank recorded erosion computed with LRR. For the assessment of the impact of river bankline change on the LULC of the study area, the future river banklines for 2027 and 2037 were forecasted. The result shows that by 2027 and 2037 about 133.24 and 147 km2 of agricultural land and 7.19 and 11.47 km2 of the built-up area may be affected by river bank erosion respectively. By extending the applications of DSAS and geospatial analytics to encompass predictive and impact assessment capabilities, this study significantly enriches the literature on the management of riverbank erosion and associated land use risks. This research provides important insights that improve river management and planning and enable the formulation of robust strategies to mitigate erosion risks on river banks.

Habitat Selection and Negative Effect of River Regulation on the Abundance of the Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), a Riparian Shorebird

Habitat Selection and Negative Effect of River Regulation on the Abundance of the Common Sandpiper (<scp><i>Actitis hypoleucos</i></scp>), a Riparian Shorebird

Changes caused by human activities in the high health-risk hot-dry and hot-wet events in China

Compound heat anomalies associated with humidity, such as compound hot-dry events and hot-wet events, pose greater health risks than single heat anomalies. Here, we utilize ambulance dispatch data along with air temperature and relative humidity to study human impacts on these events in China. We show that relying solely on temperature without considering humidity may underestimate the health risks of these events on populations. Over the past 40 years, anthropogenic activities have increased hot-dry events by 2.34 times and decreased hot-wet events by 0.63 times, especially in the Yangtze River region, compared to natural forcing. We also speculate that, in the future up to 2060, under the carbon-neutral scenario, the frequencies of high health-risk hot-dry events and hot-wet events caused by human activities can be reduced by one-half and over one-fifth, respectively, compared to the high-emissions scenario. These findings provide guidance for assessing health risks under global warming.

The Correlation between Water–Sediment Index and Floodplain Transverse Slope Based on Wavelet Analysis

The floodplain transverse slope is a significant parameter reflecting the degree of development of a secondary suspended river, as well as a crucial index of the flood risk in the river channel. Clarifying the factors that influence the evolution of the floodplain transverse slope has always been a hot and difficult topic for researchers working on the Yellow River management. We took the severe section of the secondary suspended river from Dongbatou to Gaocun in the lower Yellow River as the research object, selecting the annual runoff, annual sediment load, annual sediment coefficient, and the intensity of flood-season flow scouring at the Huayuankou station in the downstream as the water–sediment indexes. The correlation between different water–sediment indexes and the floodplain transverse slope under three modes: interannual, flood season, and flood-season overbank was studied through methods such as cross-wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis. The results showed that under the three modes, the annual sediment load and annual sediment coefficient had a high correlation with the evolution cycle of the transverse slope, followed by the intensity of flood-season flow scouring, and the annual runoff had the lowest correlation. Meanwhile, the change in the transverse slope had a good correlation with the flood-season overbank mode, indicating there was a high similarity between the water–sediment characteristics of floodplain flooding and the evolution cycle of the transverse slope; that is, the change in the transverse slope is greatly influenced by floodplain flooding events.

Trade-Off and Coordination between Development and Ecological Protection of Urban Agglomerations along Rivers: A Case Study of Urban Agglomerations in the Shandong Section of the Lower Yellow River

Urban development of clusters situated along rivers significantly affects the health of the river ecosystems, the quality of urban environments, and the overall well-being of local communities. Ecosystem service supply value (ESSV) measures the delivery of ecosystem goods and services within a specific timeframe in a particular area. Using the lower Yellow River urban agglomeration (Shandong section) as a case, we comprehensively applied land use structure and intensity change analysis, quantitative calculation of ESS, and geographical probe methods to unveil ESS and its mechanism of response to the spatio-temporal evolution of the intensity of land use in urban agglomeration along the river. The key results were as follows: (1) Over the past two decades, farmland and construction land areas have continued to decrease and increase, respectively, with the intensity of land use change being highest from 2005 to 2010. (2) ESS has continued to rise over the past 20 years, with the income in 2020 being 11.142 billion yuan, an increase of 31.13%. The “low-value areas” are mainly concentrated in Liaocheng City, Dezhou City, and Tai’an City, which are characterized by predominantly flat terrains where farmland constitutes the principal land use type. Conversely, “high-value areas” are largely in the counties bordering the Yellow River, including the upper estuary in the north and the rugged, southeastern terrains. (3) Areas with concentrated ESSV were primarily localized in the northern estuary area and along the Yellow River in a scattered point-like pattern. The spatial distribution of hotspots has become increasingly concentrated, transitioning from points to planes. Conversely, cold spots initially increased in number before subsequently decreasing. Waterbody was the most sensitive ESSV-determining factor. (4) The spatial heterogeneity of ESSV emerges as a consequence of the interaction of multiple factors, and among these interactions, those involving NDVI and POP contain the greatest explanatory power. Our findings are expected to offer a scientific foundation for optimizing land spatial patterns and enhancing ecological management in the lower Yellow River region.

Stronger influences of grassland growth than grassland area on hydrological processes in the source region of the Yellow River

Concerns about regional hydrological responses to land use cover changes have arisen worldwide. However, the separation and quantification of the effects of changes in vegetation area and growth status on hydrological processes remains unclear. Here, we applied a distributed hydrology soil vegetation model (DHSVM) to analyze how the grassland growth state and surface area influence hydrological processes in the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR). The results showed that although the grassland surface area decreased slightly from 1981 to 2020, grassland growth (represented by the leaf area index) tended to increase from 2000. Grassland changes (including area and growth status) increased soil moisture storage and evapotranspiration to an overall extent of 2.03 % and 5.66 %, respectively; and most of the increase occurred after 2000 by 2.90 % and 9.40 %, respectively. These processes under grassland change led to an overall decrease in runoff of 2.41 %, with a much stronger decrease after 2000 of 4.3 %. Changes in grassland growth accounted for ∼95 % of the runoff variations caused by grassland changes in the SRYR during the 40-year study period, compared to changes in grassland surface area. Simulations assuming different extents of grassland degradation suggest that such degradation can reduce evapotranspiration and soil moisture storage, thereby increasing runoff, whereas grassland restoration has the opposite effect. Our results highlighted the sensitivity of hydrological processes in the SRYR to grassland growth and the need for appropriate interventions to maintain and restore grasslands.