Ritual Behavior Research Articles

Sekery s raménky z Krušných hor

Tématem článku jsou železné sekery s raménky nalezené v letech 2016–2017 na katastrech obcí Drmaly a Vysoká Pec (okr. Chomutov, severozápadní Čechy). Metalograficky bylo prokázáno, že jde o kvalitně zpracované sečné zbraně/nástroje s místně kalenými ocelovými břity; u jednoho z nich byla doložena unikátní vložka z arzénového železa. Sekery s raménky převážně datované do rozpětí stupňů Ha C2–D1­2 se na českém území nacházejí v menší míře v depotech, na pohřebištích, sídlištích a hradištích doby halštatské. Jejich největší skupinu tvoří solitérní, tzv. ojedinělé nálezy intencionálně deponované mimo soudobé areály běžných lidských aktivit a situované převážně ve vysokohorském lesním terénu, někdy v blízkosti vodních zdrojů, komunikací či hradišť. Vazba monodepositů a depotů na markantní přírodně formovaná místa (hory, skály, jeskyně, prameniště ad.) může představovat archeologický projev rituálního chování obyvatel doby halštatské v sakrální krajině.

Hand Washing: When Ritual Behavior Protects! Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Young People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a profound impact on the lifestyles and mental health of young people. It has been hypothesized that the focus on hygiene and the fear of contamination/infection during the pandemic may have exacerbated obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms in this population. OC symptoms are widespread in the general population, with varying degrees of intensity. At their most extreme, they manifest in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), which is characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. The present narrative review aimed at evaluating the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and OCD and OC symptoms in young people, especially children and adolescents with and without OCD, focusing on vulnerability and risk factors and the impact of lockdown measures. Of the six studies identified, four examined clinical samples diagnosed with OCD and two looked at community-based adolescent samples. Five of the six studies found that OC symptoms increased during the pandemic. Additionally, vulnerability to anxiety may constitute a risk condition and the lockdown measures and personal stressful life events can constitute potential triggers of OC symptoms, while ongoing treatment for OCD had a protective effect. The results suggest that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, obsessive and compulsive behavior (e.g., hand washing) in young people at the greatest risk should be monitored, and the intervention of mental health services should be maintained. More research is needed in this area.

The impact of COVID-19 measures on parent-reported restricted and repetitive behaviours in pre-school children with autism

BackgroundCOVID-19 restrictive measures have had a considerable impact on daily life routines, which may be especially challenging for families of children with autism. In pre-schoolers with autism, it is likely that the disruption of routines mainly impacts the presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviours (RRBs). Furthermore, influence of comorbid conditions, secondary behavioural difficulties and home environment characteristics on RRBs was explored. MethodA cross-sectional online survey design was used to collect parent-report data on 254 children with autism (2.5–6 years) during lockdown in the early months of the pandemic. RRBs were assessed using the Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised (RBS-R). ResultsParents reported a significant increase in stereotypic, self-injurious, compulsive and ritualistic behaviour, and restricted interests after implementation of COVID-19 restrictions. The presence of a co-occurring condition, such as language impairments or intellectual disability, was associated with more self-injurious and stereotypic behaviour. However, there was no effect of home environment on RRBs. Further, most children showed increases in internalising and/or externalising behaviour. Increased inattentive behaviour was associated with more ritualistic and stereotypic behaviour, and restricted interests. Decreases in hyperactivity were related to more restricted interests. Importantly, in a subset of children, parents reported less behavioural difficulties during the lockdown. ConclusionsFindings highlight the importance of flexible implementation and continuity of care for pre-schoolers with autism and support for parents. Further follow-up of children with autism and RRBs, and co-occurring behavioural difficulties is needed and could enhance our understanding of the long-term effects associated with sudden restrictive measures to daily routines.

Augmentation strategy fluoxetine and lurasidone in the treatment of OCD with comorbid Restrictive Anorexia: a case report

IntroductionObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of intrusive thought (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviour (compulsions). First-choice psychopharmacological treatment is based on serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). However, about half of OCD do not or partially respond to SRIs (TR-OCD) and need an augmentation strategy with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs).ObjectivesWe report a case of severe OCD with comorbid anorexia nervosa, restrictive type (AN-r) treated with fluoxetine (up to 40 mg daily) and lurasidone (37 mg daily bedtime) augmentation.Methods At baseline and monthly 4-months-follow-up were administered Y-BOCS-II (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale), CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression-Severity), SCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90 items) and EDI-3 (Eating Disorder Inventory-3).ResultsCompared to the baseline, a clinically significant clinical response was observed on OC at Y-BOCS-II (≥35% Y-BOCS reduction) and eating symptomatology at EDI-3 after 1 month of augmentation treatment, while a full remission after 3 months (Y-BOCS scoring ≤ 14)(p<0.01). We also noticed, throughout clinical follow up interviews, improvement in patient’s social skills and life satisfaction.ConclusionsFurther longitudinal and real-world effectiveness studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and investigate the potential of lurasidone augmentation strategy in attenuating OC symptomatology in TR-OCD and whereas a comorbid AN-r is present.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

What does food have to do with it?

The eating disorder subgroups addressed by this article include, predominantly, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. This article will reflect on how awareness of the attachment styles of patients across the subgroups of eating disorders helps to inform beneficial clinical decisions and the therapeutic process in general. Drawing from personal observations in therapy group settings as well as individual therapy sessions, this article discusses the similarities and differences between patients from the different subgroups regarding attachment styles, clinical presentation, features of the pathology and, especially, their recovery perceptions and aspirations. Often, patients of the different sub-groups envisage recovery in contrasting ways. Typically, anorexia nervosa patients aspire to free themselves from compulsive thinking and ritualistic behaviours but they remain acutely averse to changes to their physical appearance. Conversely, the bulimia nervosa and binge-eating patients, generally, wish to change their physical appearance but remain attached to established behaviours and lifestyle choices. The variances in the recovery approach across the subgroups will be discussed with regards to their underlying attachment styles.

Autism spectrum disorder in older adults: The case study of a 65-year-old man

IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized with ritualized behavior, difficulties in communication/ social interaction, restricted interests, and sensitivity to external stimuli. The ASD has gained attention in recent years, however it’s still difficult in geropsychiatric setting to identify high-functioning ASD, especially when patients’ coping mechanisms are successful. Not to determine high-functioning ASD structure in older age can lead to wrong diagnosis and inappropriate treatment trials.ObjectivesThe aim of this presentation is to emphasize the importance of the evaluation of ASD-structure in old-age-psychiatry through the case study of a 65-years-old man.MethodsOne case report from the inpatient unit of a psychiatric clinic in Lower Saxony, Germany will be presented.ResultsCase: The patient was referred to our acute-psychiatric-ward due to delusional thoughts, depressive symptoms and lorazepam dependency. Delusional disorder was diagnosed in the outpatient-setting since he had interpreted some external stimuli in an eccentric way. During the therapeutic process, some features of high-functioning ASD such as social difficulties, dislike of change and repetitive/restrictive habits were prominent. Developmental history of the patient and the Autism-Spectrum-Quotient-50 also supported the clinical diagnosis of the ASD. Delusional disorder was excluded, and the therapy organized according to the structure characteristics of the high-functioning ASD which yielded to significant amelioration of depressive symptoms and increased perceived life quality of the patient.ConclusionsAlthough coping mechanisms of the patients can be successful, identifying high-functioning ASD-structure even in an old-age can be quite helpful in diagnostic/therapeutic processes. An elaborate discussion of the subject through contemporary literature will be presented.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Realisations, Arrangements, and Ecstasies—Narratives of Religious Experience in the Hare Kṛṣṇa Movement

AbstractIn Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava emotional-aesthetic theology and practice, religious experience is understood as realisation or actualisation of the personal relationship with Kṛṣṇa, the original and the supreme form of God. Within such devotional framework, there are two distinct but not exclusive types of accounts of this realisation: ecstasies and arrangements. These two types of stories reflect one of the temporal ambiguities involved in the notion of experience: immediacy/reflection exemplified by the two words for experience in German Erlebnis and Erfahrung. Except for the differences in their temporality, these two types of stories differ in their intersubjectivity. Arrangements are more readily imparted in the public discourse, whereas ecstasy narratives are shared predominantly in private and confidential settings. The difference reflects Gauḍīya orthodoxy’s caution towards deviant ritual behaviour. Although ecstasies with their immediate and extraordinary affectivity are hoped for and cherished, Hare Kṛṣṇa devotees generally stress historical, reflected dimension of experience. Developing a devotional and moral character is valued over transient eudaimonian episodes. In this way, the article shows how temporal ambiguity of experience is culturally elaborated through distinct concepts and narrative types, enabling the intersubjective management of religious affections and articulations of personal religious identities.

Executive functions predict restricted and repetitive behaviors in toddlers under 36 months old with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundExecutive functions (EFs) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) have been studied mainly in older individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while little is known about the relationship between EFs and RRBs in toddlers. AimsThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between EFs and RRBs of toddlers with ASD symptoms. In addition, we tested whether EFs were predictive of RRBs in toddlers. MethodsCross-sectional data were collected from parents of forty-five toddlers under 36 months old. The modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT), the Gilliam autism rating scale (GARS-2), the behavior rating inventory of executive functioning-preschool version (BRIEF-P), and the repetitive behavior scale- revised (RBS-R) administered to parents. ResultsWe found significant associations between EFs and (1) stereotyped behaviors, (2) self-injurious behaviors, (3) ritualistic behaviors, (4) sameness behaviors, (5) restricted behaviors, (6) compulsive behaviors, and (7) repetitive behaviors total score. Increases in EFs differences predicted an increase in RRBs. ConclusionsOur results indicate a link between EFs and RRBs. Future research on RRBs in ASD may benefit from focusing on specific EFs rather than general categories.

Etiology of diseases and human behaviour in folk ideas of the Semeiskie of Buryatia

he article presents the results of the ethnological study of the diversity of the Semeiskie folk ideas about the cause-and-effect relations between human behaviour and occurrence of certain diseases that can be cured by magic. The study was carried out on the basis of ethnographic facts available in the scientific literature and the author's personal archive. In the process of description of the ties of interest, it became clear that there is a clear link between the cause of a disease and human behavior in the Semeiskie ideas. The behaviour of the patient itself and other person, ordinary people and those having supernatural powers can be the etiology of diseases. In the ethnoculture of the Old Believers of Buryatia, disease-causing behaviour can be both everyday (routine) and ritual. The etiology with everyday behaviour reflects the popular idea of punishment for violation of a prohibition. Etiology with ritual behaviour refers to harmful magic. Further, the folk knowledge about behavioural (anthropic) etiology was used as a basis of classification for distribution of diseases into groups. Comparison of the obtained grouping with others showed a lot of coincidences and made it possible to conclude that in the Semeiskie ethnoculture, disease-causing ritual behaviour is more dangerous to health than disease-causing everyday behaviour. In general, the results of this study convince of the possibility of using the folk ideas about the etiology of diseases as a differentiating feature for arrangement of folk medical facts in ethnology. The description of this kind of ideas revealed the coincidence of the Semeiskie tradition with the well-known worldview universals.

THE FOLKLORE SCENARIO OF “THE OLD MELODY” BY VASYL STEFANYK

The paper offers an analysis of Vasyl Stefanyk’s short story “The Old Melody”. This piece, first published in 1927 in the May edition of Kharkiv magazine “The Red Way” under the title “Brothers. The Old Melody”, is a highly artistic literary representation of the Christmas traditions in Pokuttia region. The author not only outlined the concept of the ritual behavior of the caroling community members but also enriched the piece with skillfully engraved passages from some glorifying carols addressed to an unmarried man. The history of this short story is worth special attention. The first attempt of reproducing a bright childhood memory in the form of an accomplished literary piece was undertaken by Stefanyk back in 1902. At that time, however, he limited himself to mere shaping of the plan. The final part of the incomplete essay “To My Mates” may be regarded as a kind of experimental version featuring the major Christmas motif, which was subsequently offered to the readers in the form of an accomplished short story. The folklore and ethnographic background of “The Old Melody” served as a context that allowed to trace out Stefanyk’s journey towards the perception of the Christmas spirit and scholarly consideration of the caroling repertoire (being a gymnasium student, he prepared an essay on carols). Very vivid passages from Christmas carols motivate to make an attempt to establish the exact folklore content that inspired the writer and name those samples of the lavish Ukrainian caroling tradition that were steadily present in the memory of the literary master. The short story reflects a kind of initiation ritual where a novice boy first communes with the archaic carol melody and enters the temple of the national millennial spiritual tradition.

The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill. By James C. Wright and Mary K. Dabney (Nemea Valley Archaeological Project 3). Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens 2020. Pp. 1240. $150. ISBN 978-0-87661-924-7 (cloth).

<i>The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill</i>. By James C. Wright and Mary K. Dabney (Nemea Valley Archaeological Project 3). Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens 2020. Pp. 1240. $150. ISBN 978-0-87661-924-7 (cloth).

From inter-group conflict to inter-group cooperation: insights from social insects.

The conflict between social groups is widespread, often imposing significant costs across multiple groups. The social insects make an ideal system for investigating inter-group relationships, because their interaction types span the full harming-helping continuum, from aggressive conflict, to mutual tolerance, to cooperation between spatially separate groups. Here we review inter-group conflict in the social insects and the various means by which they reduce the costs of conflict, including individual or colony-level avoidance, ritualistic behaviours and even group fusion. At the opposite extreme of the harming-helping continuum, social insect groups may peacefully exchange resources and thus cooperate between groups in a manner rare outside human societies. We discuss the role of population viscosity in favouring inter-group cooperation. We present a model encompassing intra- and inter-group interactions, and local and long-distance dispersal. We show that in this multi-level population structure, the increased likelihood of cooperative partners being kin is balanced by increased kin competition, such that neither cooperation (helping) nor conflict (harming) is favoured. This model provides a baseline context in which other intra- and inter-group processes act, tipping the balance toward or away from conflict. We discuss future directions for research into the ecological factors shaping the evolution of inter-group interactions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.

Neurocircuit models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: limitations and future directions for research.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric condition classically characterized by obsessions (recurrent, intrusive and unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (excessive, repetitive and ritualistic behaviors or mental acts). OCD is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and not all patients respond to first-line treatments. Several neurocircuit models of OCD have been proposed with the aim of providing a better understanding of the neural and cognitive mechanisms involved in the disorder. These models use advances in neuroscience and findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies to suggest links between clinical profiles that reflect the symptoms and experiences of patients and dysfunctions in specific neurocircuits. Several models propose that treatments for OCD could be improved if directed to specific neurocircuit dysfunctions, thereby restoring efficient neurocognitive function and ameliorating the symptomatology of each associated clinical profile. Yet, there are several important limitations to neurocircuit models of OCD. The purpose of the current review is to highlight some of these limitations, including issues related to the complexity of brain and cognitive function, the clinical presentation and course of OCD, etiological factors, and treatment methods proposed by the models. We also provide suggestions for future research to advance neurocircuit models of OCD and facilitate translation to clinical application.

Connectivity-Based Brain Network Supports Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder Across Development.

IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong condition. Autistic symptoms can persist into adulthood. Studies have reported that autistic symptoms generally improved in adulthood, especially restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBIs). We explored brain networks that are related to differences in RRBIs in individuals with ASDs among different ages.MethodsWe enrolled 147 ASD patients from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II (ABIDEII) database. The participants were divided into four age groups: children (6–9 years old), younger adolescents (10–14 years old), older adolescents (15–19 years old), and adults (≥20 years old). RRBIs were evaluated using the Repetitive Behaviors Scale-Revised 6. We first explored differences in RRBIs between age groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Associations between improvements in RRBIs and age were analyzed using a general linear model. We then analyzed RRBIs associated functional connectivity (FC) links using the network-based statistic method by adjusting covariates. The association of the identified FC with age group, and mediation function of the FC on the association of age-group and RRBI were further analyzed.ResultsMost subtypes of RRBIs improved with age, especially stereotyped behaviors, ritualistic behaviors, and restricted behaviors (p = 0.012, 0.014, and 0.012, respectively). Results showed that 12 FC links were closely related to overall RRBIs, 17 FC links were related to stereotyped behaviors. Among the identified 29 FC links, 15 were negatively related to age-groups. The mostly reported core brain regions included superior occipital gyrus, insula, rolandic operculum, angular, caudate, and cingulum. The decrease in FC between the left superior occipital lobe and right angular (effect = −0.125 and −0.693, respectively) and between the left insula and left caudate (effect = −0.116 and −0.664, respectively) might contribute to improvements in multiple RRBIs with age.ConclusionWe identified improvements in RRBIs with age in ASD patients, especially stereotyped behaviors, ritualistic behaviors, and restricted behaviors. The decrease in FC between left superior occipital lobe and right angular and between left insula and left caudate might contribute to these improvements. Our findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of RRBIs and suggest potential intervention targets to improve prognosis in adulthood.

The Illusion of Reality and the Reality of Illusion

Abstract This article reflects on the role of staged and rehearsed performance, trickery, and prestidigitation in ritual, acts that many anthropologists have observed and registered in their ethnographic accounts but most often took to be fraud, and consequently were discarded from their analyses and interpretations. The curative episode narrated here as a point of departure was intentionally arranged beforehand by the practitioners to make-believe. It is considered in the context of other deluding and simulative acts that are often engaged in healing ritualized behaviour to address several questions. Is deception an intrinsic property of ritual? Do these acts necessarily entail the judgment of true or false? How can they coexist peacefully in the healer’s mind with seriousness and conviction?

The motor profile of obsessive-compulsive rituals: psychopathological and evolutionary implications.

Studies investigating obsessive-compulsive disorder from an ethological approach have highlighted a specific motor pattern of compulsive rituals with respect to corresponding ordinary behaviors. Particularly, compulsive motor profile is built through the repetition of acts, with prevalence of nonfunctional ones and redirection of attention to its basic structural units. These formal features would characterize ritual behavior throughout evolution, from nonhuman animals to human cultures. However, no study to date has investigated a possible relationship between such motor profile and underlying psychopathology. Therefore, the first objective of the study was to confirm previous findings on a larger sample size of obsessive patients; the second objective was to elucidate whether motor profile might be associated with obsessive-compulsive psychopathology and/or prepsychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Twenty-one obsessive-compulsive outpatients provided a videotape of their rituals. An equal number of healthy controls, matched for sex and age, were registered for corresponding ordinary acts. Obsessive patients were administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire. The results of the present study confirm that ritual compulsions present a specific motor structure characterized by repetition of both functional and nonfunctional acts and their longer duration. Such a motor pattern is independent from obsessive-compulsive psychopathology, whereas it results specifically associated with prepsychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. We argue that this association may reflect the adaptive significance of ritual behavior across evolution, that is, its homeostatic function in conditions of unpredictability.

Superstitious Ritual Behavior in Sports: A Comparative Study among Various Athletes

The aim of the study was to assess the superstitious ritual behavior of the University level sports persons and to find out that male or female athlete who believes more in superstitions. Eighty-three (83) University level athletes (Male – 44 and Female – 39) of 18 to 25 years from Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India have been selected through purposive random sampling. The Superstitious Ritual Questionnaire (SRQ) framed by Flanagan (2013) has been used to assess the superstitious ritual behavior and its effectiveness on sports performance enhancement. In overall percentage 25.30% of male athletes and 20.48% of female athletes are of the opinion that sometimes superstitious ritual behavior is effective in sports performance enhancement. Statistical analysis does not reveal any significant relationship between superstitious ritual behavior (Male: Mean 108.48, SD 22.38; Female: Mean 109.03, SD 24.46) and its effectiveness (Male: Mean 3.23, SD 0.74; Female: Mean 2.80, SD 0.73) in sports performance enhancement for both male (r = 0.263) and female (r = 0.140) group. As per as the opinion towards the effectiveness of superstitious rituals behavior on sports performance enhancement is concerned the male athletes found to be significantly more superstitious than female athletes (t = 2.69). So it can be concluded that irrespective of male or female mostly all the athletes believes in some sort of superstitious rituals may be to control luck and fear of failure, increase confidence, maintain focus, decreases stress and anxiety etc. at the highest level of sports competitions.

Conservation Effects of Governance and Management of Sacred Natural Sites: Lessons from Vhutanda in the Vhembe Region, Limpopo Province of South Africa.

Scholarly discourse on sacred natural sites (SNS) has focused on ecological significance, associated impacts and traditional practices as the instruments of resource governance and management. As a result, little scholarship has examined the role of spirits in governing and managing SNS; these are inhabited by deities or numina, commonly known as nature spirits. This study aims to provide evidence of the importance of governance by spirits as a prerequisite for protecting biophysical resources. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observation. The respondents were selected through a purposive sampling approach. The author also attended a funeral that was held at one of the SNS discussed in this article. The collected data were analysed through a thematic content analysis. The study shows that, for biodiversity to be protected, there should be a good relationship between humankind and the spirits. The spirits place behavioural demands on humankind involving the performance of rituals. Ritual behaviour empowers the spirits to be placed as owner of SNS and to guard against intruders. In return, humankind receives blessings, protection, patronage and governance. The governance by spirits is complemented by traditional practices. I conclude that governance by spirits should be recognised both locally and internationally.

Habitual or hyper-controlled behavior: OCD symptoms and explicit sequence learning

Background and objectivesThis study examined whether ritualistic behaviors characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are a product of dysfunctional goal-directed behavior leading to habitual behavior (Gillan & Robbins, 2014). We used an explicit motor sequence learning task to investigate the repetition of chunked action sequences across the OC spectrum. As sequential motor behavior is practiced, action movements appear to get bundled together, and the initial movement of the sequence activates the entire sequence, leaving it relatively insensitive to change. Therefore, compulsive behavior in OCD may be a result of failing to inhibit the full activation of an extensively learned action sequence. Methods: Fifty-seven participants across the range of OCD symptoms practiced one sequence and then tested on a novel sequence in which one of the middle movements was omitted. Optimal performance for the new sequence required goal-directed inhibition of the original sequence and goal-directed execution of the new sequence instead. To manipulate activation of goal-directed behavior, we added a dual-task condition with a competing auditory tonal N-Back task. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects models. Results: Although we did observe expected learning patterns during learning of the original sequence, slower reaction times for the new sequences, and higher errors in the dual-task condition, performance was not significantly related to either obsessive-compulsive symptoms or distress symptoms. Limitations: The current study used an analog sample; replication in a treatment seeking sample is warranted. Conclusions: These findings challenge the goal-directed dysfunction model of OCD.

The Circle of Life: Animism among Evenki People in Siberia

Animism plays a vital role in Evenki's life. After analyzing the definition of animism, there is a detailed discussion about how indigenous people perceive the world, related to the terminology, and how animists recognize the spirits. The analysis is about the role of people with different identities in ritual behaviors, what methods they choose to use, and the purpose they want to achieve. The animism of Evenki is not only beneficial for the further development of the anthropogenic study but also provides an alternative way for people from other nations to form recognition of nature.