Risperidone Therapy Research Articles

Unlocking treatment success: predicting atypical antipsychotic continuation in youth with mania

PurposeThis study aimed to create and validate robust machine-learning-based prediction models for antipsychotic drug (risperidone) continuation in children and teenagers suffering from mania over one year and to discover potential variables for clinical treatment.MethodThe study population was collected from the national claims database in China. A total of 4,532 patients aged 4–18 who began risperidone therapy for mania between September 2013 and October 2019 were identified. The data were randomly divided into two datasets: training (80%) and testing (20%). Five regularly used machine learning methods were employed, in addition to the SuperLearner (SL) algorithm, to develop prediction models for the continuation of atypical antipsychotic therapy. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilized.ResultsIn terms of discrimination and robustness in predicting risperidone treatment continuation, the generalized linear model (GLM) performed the best (AUC: 0.823, 95% CI: 0.792–0.854, intercept near 0, slope close to 1.0). The SL model (AUC: 0.823, 95% CI: 0.791–0.853, intercept near 0, slope close to 1.0) also exhibited significant performance. Furthermore, the present findings emphasize the significance of several unique clinical and socioeconomic variables, such as the frequency of emergency room visits for nonmental health disorders.ConclusionsThe GLM and SL models provided accurate predictions regarding risperidone treatment continuation in children and adolescents with episodes of mania and hypomania. Consequently, applying prediction models in atypical antipsychotic medicine may aid in evidence-based decision-making.

Effect of Omega-3 Adjuvant Therapy on Cognitive Improvement and Levels of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in Schizophrenia Patients Receiving Risperidone Therapy

Background: Schizophrenia is a disorder with severe and persistent psychotic manifestations accompanied by cognitive impairment. Treatment with atypical antipsychotic therapy (APG-2) provides only minimal benefit for the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia patients. Many efforts are currently being expanded to find new treatments that can serve as “co-treatments” to improve neurocognition from aspects of neurobiology and neuroplasticity. Several studies found that omega-3 fatty acids can improve cognitive function in schizophrenia patients.Objective: The objective is to assess the impact of omega-3 adjuvant therapy on improving cognitive function and elevating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who are undergoing risperidone treatment.Method: A research study utilizing experimental analysis, including pre-tests and post-tests with non-random group selection, was conducted at Dadi Regional Special Hospital in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, between May and July 2023. Sample testing was carried out at the HUMRC Research Laboratory. The study involved 44 participants divided into two groups: a treatment group comprising 22 individuals who received 4 mg/day risperidone along with Omega-3 supplements for eight weeks and a control group of 22 individuals who received only 4 mg/day risperidone. Cognitive function was evaluated using the MoCA-Ina tool, while GDNF serum levels were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Significance was assessed through the Chi-square, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Pearson and Spearman correlation tests.Results: There was an improvement in cognitive function and a significant increase of GDNF serum levels in schizophrenia patients who received omega-3 adjuvant therapy over 8 weeks compared to individuals with schizophrenia who solely received the antipsychotic risperidone. Conclusion: Supplementing standard risperidone therapy with omega-3 adjuvant can enhance cognitive function and elevate GDNF levels.

Incidence of hypercholesterolaemia and hyperglycaemia in schizophrenic patients: Atypical antipsychotic medication and clinical variables

Background: Atypical or second-generation antipsychotic drugs commonly used in the management of schizophrenia include risperidone. Risperidone is linked to the incidence of metabolic syndrome-related adverse effects. Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlation between the administration of risperidone therapy and the incidence of metabolic syndrome in outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia. This inquiry involves an examination of relevant laboratory parameters, specifically cholesterol, blood glucose, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) levels, alongside an evaluation of pertinent clinical variables that may exert an influence. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional approach to receiving risperidone therapy for a minimum of three months at Grhasia Mental Hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sampling was executed using an accidental sampling technique, targeting patients who met the predefined inclusion criteria. Results: The study enrolled a total of 97 participants, comprising 58 males and 39 females. Subsequent statistical analyses failed to demonstrate any statistically significant associations between hyperglycemia and various factors, including the risperidone regimen (p = 0.574), risperidone dosage (p = 0.619), and the duration of risperidone therapy (p = 1.000). Conclusion: Risperidone has a long-term risk of causing hyperglycemia in people with schizophrenia; consequently, blood glucose and HbA1C levels must be monitored on a regular basis.

Metabolic effects of risperidone on patients with psychosis in a tertiary care hospital of Myanmar

Background: Risperidone, a second generation antipsychotics, used to treat many psychotic conditions is related with obesity, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Objective: To find out the metabolic effects of risperidone on patients with psychosis in a tertiary care hospital of Myanmar Method: A hospital based before and after observational study was done on 37 male patients with psychosis who were treated with risperidone. Anthropometric parameters (weight, body mass index, waist hip ratio), clinical parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), biochemical parameters (fasting total cholesterol, fasting high density lipoprotein, fasting low density lipoprotein, fasting triglyceride and fasting blood glucose) were determined before and at one, two, three months of risperidone therapy. Results: After three months of treatment with risperidone at doses ranging from 2 to 6 mg, there were significant alterations in various anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters among participants. Notably, there was a marked increase in body weight from an average of 55.8 kg to 61.6 kg (p<0.001) and in BMI from 20.5 to 22.5 (p<0.001). The waist-hip ratio rose from 0.84 to 0.89 (p<0.001), while systolic blood pressure increased from 119.7 to 125.7 (p=0.001) and diastolic blood pressure from 77.3 to 83.2 (p<0.001). Total cholesterol levels increased from an average of 169.4 to 185.7 (p=0.027), and triglyceride levels increased from 127.2 to 170.7 (p=0.007). However, there were no statistically significant changes observed in high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The results of the study underscore the metabolic effects associated with risperidone therapy, necessitating vigilant monitoring by healthcare providers to manage potential adverse metabolic outcomes effectively.

Therapeutic Impacts of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Risperidone on Children with Autism: A Clinical Trial.

In this research, we investigated any possible effect of receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) or risperidone on the core symptoms of autism in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial in Minia and Assiut University hospitals in Egypt with three parallel groups. One hundred and eighty children with autism, aged 5-8 years were divided into three equal groups (n=60). Group 1 (G1) received 40 sessions of HBOT within two months, group 2 (G2) received risperidone (dose: 0.25 mg per day in children weighing less than 20 kg and 0.5 mg per day in cases weighing more) for six months, and group 3 (G3) as the control group, received a placebo for six months. The assessment was done using childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC) at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after one year. The mean total CARS and ATEC scores significantly decreased (improved) by varying degrees in the three groups after a year of follow-up compared to the baseline scores, but the best results were found in G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Using HBOT or risperidone is effective in treating the core symptoms of autism in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, but using HBOT gives better results than risperidone therapy. Non-pharmacologic therapy can be used for the treatment of the core symptoms of autism.Both hyperbaric oxygen therapy and risperidone reduce the core symptoms of autism.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy gives better effects than risperidone in reducing the core symptoms of autism. Since the long-term use of drug therapy in children with autism leads to the occurrence of side effects in addition to the difficulty in complying with the drugs for long-term use, efforts have begun to use non-traditional alternative treatments, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The current study assessed the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and risperidone on the core symptoms of autism. The results revealed that both hyperbaric oxygen therapy and risperidone reduced the core symptoms of autism, but hyperbaric oxygen therapy gave better therapeutic results than risperidone.

Effect of Music Therapy on The Improvement of Clinical Symptoms and Cognitive Functions of Schizophrenia Patients Receiving Risperidone Therapy

Background: Music therapy as a non-pharmacotherapy management has not been widely used. Data about effectiveness, ideal number of sessions and types/methods of music therapy have not been widely studied in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was designed to answer these problems so that music therapy can be applied appropriately. Objective : To determine the effect of music therapy on the improvement of clinical symptoms and cognitive function of schizophrenic patients that are receiving risperidone therapy. Methods : This study was an experimental study with comparative analysis. Sampling with consecutive sampling on the population of patients who were hospitalized in the Regional Special Hospital of South Sulawesi Province. The treatment group received risperidone therapy and music therapy (active and receptive) 6-8 sessions with a duration of 45 minutes/session, the control group only received risperidone 2-4 mg/day. The instruments used were the PANSS and the MoCA - Indonesian version, examined in the second and fourth weeks after music therapy. Results: There was a significant difference between the treatment group compared to the control group in decreasing the PANSS score for negative symptoms (p=0.000), general psychopathology (4th week p=0.011) and cognitive function (4th week p=0.000) especially on visuospatial components (p=0.001), attention (p=0.009) and abstraction (p=0.011). There was no significant difference between the treatment group compared to the control group in decreasing the PANSS score for positive symptoms (p=0.0.102) Conclusion: Music therapy can be a non-pharmacological therapy of choice to support the improvement of negative symptoms, cognitive function and general psychopathology in the stabilization phase of schizophrenic patients receiving risperidone.

Risperidone response in patients with schizophrenia drives DNA methylation changes in immune and neuronal systems.

Background: The choice of efficient antipsychotic therapy for schizophrenia relies on a time-consuming trial-and-error approach, whereas the social and economic burdens of the disease call for faster alternatives. Material & methods: In a search for predictive biomarkers of antipsychotic response, blood methylomes of 28 patients were analyzed before and 4weeks into risperidone therapy. Results: Several CpGs exhibiting response-specific temporal dynamics were identified in otherwise temporally stable methylomes and noticeable global response-related differences wereobserved between good and bad responders. These were associated with genes involved in immunity, neurotransmission and neuronal development. Polymorphisms in many of these genes were previously linked with schizophrenia etiology and antipsychotic response. Conclusion: Antipsychotic response seems to be shaped by both stable and medication-induced methylation differences.

EFFECT OF RISPERIDONE ON HEART RATE DYNAMICS OF PATIENTS HAVING SCHIZOPHRENIA

Risperidone is a first-line antipsychotic drug for treating schizophrenia. It has antiadrenergic action but vhas a negligible impact on neurocardiac regulation. However, due to the relationship between cardiac autonomic regulation and a psychotic state, risperidone induces treatment-associated changes in heart rate variability (HRV). This Prospective study was designed to assess the effect of risperidone therapy on the heart rate dynamics of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry & Medicine Department, Nishtar Medical Hospital, conducted this study from January 2021 to January 2022. After screening, patients with psychosis causing psychosocial impairment (PANSS score 70) were included in the study. Fifteen patients were selected after the screening. All were administered risperidone. A Control group having age and gender-matched subjects was selected, and ECG was done. Data from 15 controls and 15 patients were analyzed. Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of illness scale (CGI-S) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used for quantifying psychiatric symptoms. Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) was used to measure drug-associated movement disorders. The mean risperidone dose was 3.2± 0.8 mg/ day. Data collected after 6 weeks of treatment showed that the mean PANSSscore, positive symptoms subscale score, negative symptoms subscale score, CGI-S score and general psychopathology score decreased significantly (p< 0.001). Comparison of HRV parameters between the control group (healthy subjects) and unmedicated patients showed a significant group effect (p<0.001). Evaluation of the association between the severity of psychotic symptoms and HRV measures shows the negative correlation between PANSS positive symptoms score changes and SDNN changes (p= .012).Risperidone treatment in acutely ill schizophrenic patients leads to an increase in cardio-vagal activity, thus causing improvement in sympathovagal imbalance.

Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation in peripheral blood from first-episode schizophrenia patients parallel changes in neuroimaging and cognitive phenotypes

BackgroundSecond generation antipsychotics such as risperidone are first-line pharmacotherapy treatment choices for schizophrenia. However, our ability to reliably predict and monitor treatment reaction is impeded by the lack of relevant biomarkers. As a biomarker for the susceptibility of schizophrenia and clozapine treatment response, DNA methylation (DNAm) has been studied, but the impact of antipsychotics on DNAm has not been explored in drug-naïve patients. ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to examine changes of DNAm after short-term antipsychotic therapy in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia (FES) to identify the beneficial and adverse effect of risperidone on DNAm and their relation to treatment outcome. MethodsThirty-eight never treated schizophrenia patients and 38 demographically matched individuals (healthy controls) were assessed at baseline and at 8-week follow-up with symptom ratings, and cognitive and functional imaging procedures, at which time a blood draw for DNAm studies was performed. During the 8-week period, patients received treatment with risperidone monotherapy. An independent data set was used as replication. ResultsWe identified brain related pathways enriched in 4,888 FES-associated CpG sites relative to controls. Risperidone administration in patients altered DNAm in 5,979 CpG sites relative to baseline. Significant group differences in DNAm at follow-up were seen in FES patients at 6,760 CpG sites versus healthy controls. Through comparison of effect size, we found 87.54% out of the risperidone-associated changes in DNAm showed possible beneficial effect, while only 12.46% showed potential adverse effect. There were 580 DNAm sites in which changes shifted methylation levels to be indistinguishable from controls after risperidone treatment. The DNAm changes of some sites that normalized after treatment were correlated with treatment-related changes in symptom severity, spontaneous neurophysiological activity, and cognition. We replicated our results in an independent data set. ConclusionThe normalizing effect of risperidone monotherapy on gene DNAm, and its correlation with clinically relevant phenotypes, indicates that risperidone therapy is associated with DNAm changes that are related to changes in brain physiology, cognition and symptom severity.

Analisis Perbandingan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Skizofrenia Fase Stabil pada Pengobatan Kombinasi Risperidon-Haloperidol dengan Kombinasi Klozapin-Risperidon-Haloperidol di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

Schizophrenia is one of the most complex mental disorders that can burden individuals and families, and it requires long-term treatment since it is a chronic disease that can potentially relapse. Therefore, this study compared the Health-Related Quality of life (HRQoL) of schizophrenic patients receiving a combination of antipsychotic therapy of risperidone and haloperidol (RH) antipsychotic therapy to clozapine, risperidone, and haloperidol (CRH). This was an observational cohort, prospective, pre-post observation study of schizophrenic inpatients at the Mental Hospital of West Kalimantan Province in the stable and discharge phases. Data were collected prospectively from March–May 2020, and consecutive sampling was conducted on 95 respondents. The Indonesian version of The 5-Level European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions (EQ5D-5L) questionnaire was filled by nurses and patients simultaneously to measure the HRQoL. The pre-therapy analysis performed at the stable phase using the Mann-Whitney test showed no difference in HRQoL between RH and CRH groups (p>0.05). Meanwhile, during the discharge phase (post-therapy), the HRQoL of the RH and CRH groups was not significantly different (p>0.05). The Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference in the RH and CRH groups from the beginning of the patients’ stable phase to the discharge (p<0.05). Therefore, there is a significant difference between RH and CRH combination therapy as well as the HRQoL improvement of schizophrenic patients.

Comparison between Interleukin-2 Serum Levels and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Scores of Schizophrenia Patients that Received Haloperidol with Risperidone Therapy

BACKGROUND: There is a possibility of interleukin-2 (IL-2) being involved in the pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. The increase of IL-2 levels has been discovered in the serum of schizophrenic patients in earlier studies. An amount of antipsychotic has been associated with the decrease of IL-2. AIM: Therefore, this study was intended to compare the serum IL-2 levels of schizophrenic patients who received Haloperidol therapy with patients who received Risperidone as well as examine the relationship between serum IL-2 levels with the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) score of schizophrenic patients receiving Haloperidol and Risperidone therapy. METHODS: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort design consisting of 36 patients who have met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition criteria for Schizophrenic patients who did not take antipsychotic drugs for 2 weeks and were hospitalized at the Special Hospital of South Sulawesi Province. Afterwards, the patients were grouped into two groups, where each group consisted of 18 people, namely, the group of patients who received Haloperidol and the group of patients who received Risperidone, and then were furtherly evaluated until the 4th week. The sample examination method used was enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to see the blood serum IL-2 levels. Clinical symptoms of Schizophrenia were assessed using the PANSS score. RESULTS: The study showed that serum IL-2 levels decreased at the 4th week after conducting antipsychotic therapy among both groups. The decrease in PANSS scores in the Risperidone group was greater compared to the Haloperidol group at week 3 and week 4. In the serum IL-2 levels difference of the group who received Risperidone therapy, the decrease was greater than those receiving Haloperidol therapy (3.72 ± 1.30 ng/ml vs. 2.43 ± 1.39 ng/ml, p = 0.008). In addition, based on the correlation test, no significant correlation was present between the difference in the total PANSS score and the difference in the serum IL-2 levels within the Haloperidol group (p = 0.059, r = 0.453) and the Risperidone group (p = 0.518, r = 0.113). Schizophrenic patients have higher serum IL-2 levels than healthy people. Schizophrenic patients who received antipsychotics for 4 weeks experienced a decrease in serum IL-2 levels. Risperidone administration had a higher decrease in serum IL-2 levels than Haloperidol. CONCLUSION: Changes in serum IL-2 levels as a consideration of one of the Biomarkers are still needed for further evaluation. The therapeutic role of Haloperidol and Risperidone can be attributed as anti-inflammatory in Schizophrenia but cannot be attributed to improvement in the psychopathological status of Schizophrenic patients.

Free Papers Compiled

BACKGROUND:Second generation antipsychotics are first line treatment of psychotic disorders and mood disorders with psychotic symptoms(as adjunct to mood agents). Atypical anti-psychotic drugs are known to cause varied metabolic side effects1. But, amisulpiride being an SGA, is postulated to have glucose lowering action by overcoming insulin resistance and enhancing insulin secretion2.CASE SERIES:In this case series, we describe 3 different case scenarios, where we bring to your notice three cases, where patients with psychosis and diabetes, who were started on Amisulpiride and did not take OHA under various scenarios, have shown improvement in the glycaemic control, as well. Thus, it is an interesting hypothesis to see if Amisulpiride having an OHA like action and if a trial of amisulpiride monotherapy can be given in patients with diabetes with psychotic disorders or mood disorders with psychotic symptoms for glycemic control, before giving any OHA.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:Amisulpride has been demonstrated to have anti-diabetec effect by increasing insulin secretion in rats3.Novelty of our case series has been generating a hypothesis that Amisulpiride also has OHA like action in humans and it can be tried as standalone therapy for patients with psychotic symptoms and co-morbid diabetes.This hypothesis needs further research and systemized study with a well-designed RCT to substantiate it further. REFRENCES Ravan, J. R., Thomas, N., Paul, T., Prasanna, S., Thomas, N., & Ramaswamy, D. (2017). The endocrine impact of long term risperidone therapy in Asian Indian patients. Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences, 8(2), 107. doi:10.5958/2394-2061.2017.00003.9Peuskens J, De Hert M, Mortimer A; SOLIANOL Study Group. Metabolic control in patients with schizophrenia treated with amisulpride or olanzapine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 May;22(3):145-52. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e3280148c29. PMID: 17414740.Roix JJ, DeCrescenzo GA, Cheung PH, Ciallella JR, Sulpice T, Saha S, Halse R. Effect of the antipsychotic agent amisulpride on glucose lowering and insulin secretion. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012 Apr;14(4):329-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01529.x. Epub 2011 Dec 27. PMID: 22059694.

Differentiation in Neurological Soft Sign Scores on Schizophrenic Patients with Antipsychotic Treatment

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that affects cognitive aspect of a patient which need long term care with antipsychotics. Long term use of antipsychotic itself causes neurobiological change in the brain which results in alteration of cognitive function. The latest research had demonstrated that NSS (Neurological Soft Sign) reflect a rather wide range of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia which was not accounted for by age, education or severity of global cognitive deficits. Therefore, we examined the effects and impact of antipsychotic Haloperidol and Risperidone treatment in schizophrenic patient using NSS scores. The Study showed that chronic schizophrenia patients had a higher NSS scores than acute patients. NSS also significantly associated with all neuropsychological domains of MMSE in both groups and were confirmed when age, education and severity of global cognitive deficits were not accounted for. This study also obtained a lower NSS score in patients who received Risperidone therapy compared to Haloperidol with p = 0.003. Out of 5 NSS domain in the Heidelberg scale, there was a significant improvement in motor coordination and motor sequencing (p = 0.004) and (p = 0.048) in patients who received Risperidone therapy compared to Haloperidol. There was an association between the chronicity of the disease and NSS, NSS also shows that it’s not influenced by age, education and severity of global cognitive deficits as a screening instrument. Finally the improvement of NSS scores in the Risperidone group was far superior compared to the Haloperidol group particularly in motor coordination and motor sequencing.

Calcium Levels Differences in Men with Schizophrenia Treated with Olanzapine and Risperidone in Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital Medan

BACKGROUND: Second generation of antipsychotic medications is widely administrated in Indonesia and there is a distinctive difference in plasma calcium level in those receiving risperidone and olanzapine. According to several studies, decreased bone density is one of the deleterious effects affecting schizophrenic individuals receiving risperidone and olanzapine. AIM: The objective of the study was to determine the difference in serum calcium levels between men with schizophrenia who treated with olanzapine and risperidone at Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital, Medan. METHODS: This is an experimental pre-test and post-test that compares two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group. Eligible subjects are those who meet our inclusion criteria in the following; age between 15 and 35 years old, total score of PANSS between 90 and 150, and normal serum calcium level. The subjects of the study were 60 men with schizophrenia, namely 30 who received olanzapine and 30 who received risperidone. The sampling method is non-probability sampling with a consecutive sampling type. RESULTS: There was a decrease in the total serum calcium level with the antipsychotic risperidone and olanzapine after 4 weeks, and a higher decrease occurred in the risperidone treatment group compared to olanzapine (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in serum calcium levels among men with schizophrenia who received risperidone therapy compared with those who received olanzapine therapy between the beginning and the end of week 4. It is expected that clinicians can consider giving antipsychotic therapy olanzapine in people with schizophrenia with low calcium levels.

Regional brain network and behavioral alterations in EGR3 gene transfected rat model of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease while its etiology and effective treatment are not completely clear. A rat model of schizophrenia was previously established by transfecting EGR3 gene into the hippocampus of rats. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and cerebral alterations of the schizophrenic model rats and the risperidone effects.Twenty-six rats were divided into 3 groups: schizophrenia model group (E group), risperidone treatment group (T group), and healthy control group (H group). Morris water maze and open field test were used as behavioral tests, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed after EGR3 gene transfection and risperidone therapy. Graph analyses were used for examining cerebral alterations of the rats.Behavioral tests demonstrated reduced spatial working memory and exploring unfamiliar space ability in schizophrenic model rats. Graph analyses revealed reduced regional architectures in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, and pineal gland in group E compared to group H (p < 0.05), while group T showed increased regional architecture in pineal gland compared to group E (p < 0.05). Besides, the regional architectures in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens were lower in group T than group H, while the hippocampus showed increased regional architecture in group T compared to group H (p < 0.05).Schizophrenia induced several regional alterations in the cerebrum while risperidone can reverse part of these alterations. This study lends support for future research on the pathology of schizophrenia and provides new insights on the role of risperidone in schizophrenia.

Risperidone induced tardive dyskinesia

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug which has been less likely to produce extrapyramidal symptoms. The aim of this case report is to illustrate that low dose risperidone may cause tardive dyskinesia. A 29 year old male patient with 9 year history of paranoid schizophrenia, developed tardive dyskinesia after receiving risperidone 2 mg for 7 years. He had received small dosages of Haloperidol before the therapy of risperidone for short periods.

P.514 Contribution of polymorphic variants of MAO genes into prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia under risperidone therapy

A recent United Kingdom (UK) report found that breast and colorectal cancers were more common in people with severe mental illness (SMI) and recommended targeted screening. Epidemiological evidence is however inconsistent.To estimate relative incidence rates for colorectal, breast and lung cancer, and the overall incidence of the commonest other UK cancers, in people with SMI compared with people without SMI.Cohort study in the UK using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database between 1990 and June 2008. Poisson regression was used to obtain adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for cancer, comparing two cohorts of people over 18; with and without a diagnosis of SMI.We identified 20,632 people with SMI and 116,152 people without, with median follow up of over 6 years. No significant associations were observed between SMI and cancers of the breast (adjusted IRR 1.17; 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.45), colon (0.70; 0.46–1.05), rectum (1.05; 0.65–1.69) or lung (0.84; 0.65–1.10). The adjusted IRR for an aggregate cancer outcome in SMI was 0.95; 0.85–1.06. Results were similar for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.In a cohort analysis within a large UK primary care database, the incidence of colo-rectal, breast and lung cancer, and of all common cancers, did not differ significantly in people with SMI, including schizophrenia, compared with people without SMI. Our results do not support enhanced screening procedures for cancer in people with SMI.

Influence of EGR3 Transfection on Imaging and Behavior in Rats and Therapeutic Effect of Risperidone in Schizophrenia Model.

Schizophrenia is a type of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. However, to date, scientists have not discovered the etiology and effective treatment of this condition. We injected the early growth response gene (EGR3) into the bilateral hippocampus to build a schizophrenia rat model. Behavioral phenotyping and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were used to analyze the behavioral and cerebral alterations in the schizophrenia rat model. The efficacy of risperidone therapy was also evaluated. We divided 34 rats into four groups: schizophrenia model group (E group), sham-operation group (FE group), healthy control group (H group), and risperidone therapy group (T group). Open field test and Morris water maze were conducted as behavioral experiments. Next, we performed rs-fMRI after four weeks of EGR3 transfection and risperidone treatment and analyzed imaging data using regional homogeneity (ReHo), the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), and functional connectivity (FC). We examined the difference in behavioral and neural activation among the four groups and considered the correlations between behavior and imaging results. EGR3 gene transfection decreased the total moved distance in the open field test and the duration in the Q5 zone of the Morris water maze. Risperidone treatment reversed the trend and improved the performance of rats in these behavioral tests. Schizophrenia induced several neural alterations in ALFF and ReHo metrics of the rat brain, and risperidone could partly reverse these alterations. The results suggest that similar research is required for schizophrenia and that risperidone may be a novel treatment for dysregulated neural activation in schizophrenia.

Resveratrol in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Behavioral and Molecular Effects.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic stillbenoid with significant anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties recently tested in animal models of several neurological diseases. Altered immune alteration and oxidative stress have also been found in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and these alterations could add to the pathophysiology associated with ASD. We reviewed the current evidence about the effects of RSV administration in animal models and in patients with ASD. RSV administration improves the core-symptoms (social impairment and stereotyped activity) in animal models and it also displays beneficial effects in other behavioral abnormalities such as hyperactivity, anxiety and cognitive function. The molecular mechanisms by which RSV restores or improves behavioral abnormalities in animal models encompass both normalization of central and peripheral immune alteration and oxidative stress markers and new molecular mechanisms such as expression of cortical gamma-amino butyric acid neurons, certain type of miRNAs that regulate spine growth. One randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) suggested that RSV add-on risperidone therapy improves comorbid hyperactivity/non-compliance, whereas no effects where seen in core symptoms of ASD No RCTs about the effect of RSV as monotherapy have been performed and the results from preclinical studies encourage its feasibility. Further clinical trials should also identify those ASD patients with immune alterations and/or with increased oxidative stress markers that would likely benefit from RSV administration.

Effect of Non-Computerized Cognitive Remediation and Risperidone to Improve Disability Function in Schizophrenia

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of non-computerized cognitive remediation and risperidone therapy to improve cognitive function and disability condition in schizophrenia patients. This study was an experimental research design, with fourteen participants divided into two group as the experimental group and the control group. The experimental and control groups both received Risperidone. In addition, the experimental group was given the non-computerized cognitive remediation (CR).The non-computerized cognitive remediation will be carried out in 12 sessions (3 sessions per week) using mainly paper and pencil tasks and is based on cognitive strategy instruction. Moreover, all samples will be measured for PANSS (Positive and Negative Symptom Scale), WHODAS 2.0 (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule), and SCoRS Vi (Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scales Indonesian Version) scores. As the results, both experimental and control group showed a significant decrease in the SCoRS Vi and WHODAS 2.0 score (p=0.001). However, the experimental group showed greater improvement compared to the control group. Synergistic effect of Non-computerized Cognitive Remediation and Risperidone can improve disability condition in schizophrenia patients.