Risky Society Research Articles

(Im)prescindibilidade de um marco legal e da regulação administrativa do uso da IA no Brasil: análise a partir da Resolução 332 do CNJ

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a reality in the legal routine of several decision-making areas in Brazil. The judiciary is one of them. The adoption of AI systems has become frequent and has fostered debates about its limits and possibilities, especially regulations. With this, it is relevant to research the (in)dispensation of AI regulation in the judiciary, with an administrative or a legal regulation, especially after the publication of CNJ Resolution 332/2020. For this, the present work attempted a bibliographic research on the theme, covering scientific articles and legal and normative texts. In the end, it was understood that in a technological, global and risky society, like the current one, the regulatory intention should not be limiting, but be made up of (mandatory) parameters, under penalty of the law remaining hermetic to the possibilities that especially the use of AI can imply. The presence of AI systems in the decision-making area of ​​the judiciary is essential, but an attempt to regulate their manifestations in an exhaustive manner is essential. The conclusions also understood that an administrative regulation is better.

The latest policies, practices, and hotspots in research in conjunction with the aging of Japan's population.

Population aging is a global concern, and Japan currently has the world's highest proportion of an aging population. In 2020, the population age 65 and over accounted for 10% of the global population, while this proportion was 29% in Japan, and it is expected to reach 38.4% in 2065. The average life expectancy in Japan in 2022 was 81.05 for males and 87.09 for females. At the same time, Japan's healthy life expectancy continues to increase, and it is increasing at a faster rate than the average life expectancy, with males expected to live 72.68 years and females expected to live 75.38 years in 2019. This is causing the social role of elderly people in Japan to constantly change. The Japanese Government continues to adjust its policy orientation, to improve the health level and social participation of the elderly, improve the accessibility of long-term nursing services and the treatment of nursing professionals, and improve the pension system. By 2025, one-fifth of people in Japan are expected to suffer from dementia. Japan has implemented a series of policies to create a dementia-inclusive and less risky society. The proportion of the population ages 65 and over living alone in Japan increased from 4.3% among males and from 11.2% among females in 1980 to 15.0% among males and 22.1% among females in 2020, representing a sustained increase. Changes in the composition of the population have prompted sustained attention to the personalization and diversification of elderly care. At the same time, Japanese researchers continue to utilize scientific and information technology to innovate elderly care products, improve the efficiency of elderly care, and provide intelligent elderly care.

HYBRID SOCIALITY: SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article deals with the problem of socio-humanitarian aspects of the impact of achievements in the field of artificial intelligence on the development of higher education in an increasingly risky society. It is argued that social and technological processes tend to accelerate more and more, exerting significant mutual influence, not always equivalent and predictable, contributing to drawing attention to the need to resolve emerging problems. These processes cannot be left without constant coordination of management decisions at various levels. The theoretical framework is determined by the analysis of socio-humanitarian aspects of accelerated progress in the development of neural networks with "deep learning" on large amounts of data, as well as emerging new trends in the organization and development of higher education. The research method is a theoretical socio-cultural analysis of current changes in opportunities and management practices in the educational process and university administration. The novelty of the article is represented by substantiating the emergence of aspects of a new sociality as a result of the development of modern technologies of generative artificial intelligence.

Process model of development of adolescents’ social initiative in educational organization environment

The paper presents theoretical and methodological grounds that actualize the development of a process model of development of adolescents social initiative in educational organization environment as a regulatory of productive stimulation of civil, patriotic, spiritual and moral development of young people, the basis for creative activity in a changing reality, for conscious opposition to the destructive influences of risky society. The problems and risks of insufficient attention to the development of adolescents social initiative in school by means of the opportunities of the educational environment have been identified. The content of the basic concepts of research is specified on the basis of interdisciplinary analysis of literature and advanced pedagogical experience. A designed process model of the development of adolescents social initiative in the educational organization environment is presented. Its block structure (target, methodological, content, productive blocks), optimally implemented in the sequence of stages (orienting, activating, reflexive) is described. The research also characterizes the target block of the model which sets guidelines for updating the study based on the social order of society, the requirements of regulatory legal documents in the field of education and the social sphere. The methodological block of the model was substantiated, reflecting the conceptual ideas of the environmental and activity scientific approaches and the general scientific principles arising from them (axiology, individuality and personal priorities, social cooperation, eventuality). The content block is aimed at the phased implementation of organizational forms and methods of the process model of the development of adolescents social initiative from the standpoint of using the capabilities of the educational organization environment (semantic, informational, activating) and its components (value-regulatory, informational, communicative, event, spatial). A productive block of the model has feedback functions and makes it possible to determine the productivity of the conducted study in the context of the sequential transition of the level of the components development of the adolescents social initiative (eposeological, axiological, praxeological) from low to medium and high.

Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Risiko Masyarakat Kontemporer

The Covid - 19 pandemic is a disaster that occurs quickly and thoroughly. This pandemic affects not only health, but also the economic, cultural, social and political education fields. The existence of the Covid - 19 pandemic makes people live in conditions of risk. Society will face terrible threats such as the spread of viruses and other threats. The consequences of the emergence of the Covid - 19 virus have caused social anxiety in society. This raises serious concern because this virus is increasingly spreading, including in areas where there are few positive confirmed cases of Covid - 19 itself. There are so many threats of Covid 19 that great attention is needed for the perception of own risk in decision making. The current situation shows that society has become a risky society. Where people are at risk themselves are vulnerable people. Community life will be colored by risks that can affect society. This article tries to analyze the context of the covid - 19 pandemic in at-risk communities by using a sociological perspective of at-risk communities, especially in the covid - 19 pandemic. This Covid - 19 pandemic also shows that society is not ready to face the Covid 19 disaster which occurred as a whole and not a single country that can avoid the impact of Covid - 19. In addition, this article shows that the pandemic affects all classes in society and affects people from young to old

AUDIT OF THE YOUTH POLICY ECOSYSTEM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION: A RISK-REFLEXIVE APPROACH (PART 1)

The main goal of the presented study is to analyze the features of the development of state youth policy in the Russian Federation in the context of digitalization. The authors start from the modern understanding of the foundations of social audit as a critical analysis of the efficiency of modern youth policy through the study of mechanisms and methods, processes of constituting meanings and gaining the rights of young people to self-realization and social innovation, achieving a conflict balance of their expectations with institutional norms and resources. As the main theoretical tool for auditing the efficiency of youth policy in the digital environment, the potential of a risk-reflexive approach to assessing interactions and conflict/cooperation between society and the state in generational optics is used. The ideas of risk-reflexive management are considered as a normative basis for focusing the audit of youth policy not only on institutions and organizational structures, but above all on values and meanings. The audit of youth policy is disclosed in the article as a check for the compliance of its goals and methods with the tasks of youth socialization, its adaptation in a risky society in the context of global information confrontation and risk assessment. The article proposes a risk-reflexive interpretation of the criteria for the efficiency of strategic management in the field of youth policy implementation (productivity, security, development, satisfaction). Based on the analysis of the social capital concept, its “triad” (trust, cultural norms and social networks) and forms, the article reveals the specific features of strategies for young people to choose models of response to social and political problems, proposes an original classification of youth policy using “bonding” and “bridging” types.

Impact of Public Risk Perception in China on the Intention to Use Sports APPs during COVID-19 Pandemic.

At the onset of the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, China effectively reduced the risk of a major outbreak through measures such as lockdown, quarantine and closure, which also brought the country to a standstill with normal social operations largely becoming stagnant, including suspension of production, schools and business. In active response to this non-normality, the nation has resorted to various apps to promptly restore social operations, forming a new norm of ‘offline life’ as supplementary to ‘online life’. Although a variety of increasingly sophisticated APPs have gradually restored the public’s life and work, the people’s emotions and psychology are still under influence from the risk environment of COVID-19 with high mortality and infection rates. Then, given that existing APPs have been proved effective in many areas in a risky society, is the Chinese public willing to use sports APPs to exercise as an active response to the pandemic? With risk perception theories as the foundation, this study explores the impact of risk perception on the intention to use sports apps among the Chinese public, and introduces ‘self-efficacy’ and ‘social norms’ as mediating and moderating variables, respectively; the two factors, deemed closely related to app use behaviours, have been customarily considered in previous studies. This study aims to fill the research gap in terms of the influence of risk perception on public behaviour in the context of emerging life states during global public health events, and to enrich the spectrum of risk perception theories. During the study, 1366 valid questionnaires were collected and analysed using hierarchical linear regression (HLR). The results show that risk perception, self-efficacy and social norms significantly influence the intention to use sports apps, and that the stronger the perception of the risk is, the higher the usage intention. Among the three factors, social norms during COVID-19 play a moderating role in the relationship between risk perception and the intention to use such apps.

New Dilemma that Social Media Poses for Crisis Communication

The popularization of social media has brought about a major change in the whole society. Crisis communication, an increasingly essential subject in a risky society, can not be spared, but not enough attention has been paid to it. The objective of the study is to unveil the impact social media have on crisis communication. By means of literature reading analysis, the author looks into the existing literature and sorts out 3 major differences social media make to crisis communication: the way crises are constructed and spread, the redistribution of discursive power in crisis communication, and instinct features of social media which affect crisis communication. After carefully interpreting, the author comes to the conclusion that social media is playing such a core part in crisis communication that higher demand for crisis communication management ought to be set.

Sun Nepal Life Insurance Company: Customer Satisfaction to Its Products

This study explores customer satisfaction towards the products and services of the Sun Nepal Life Insurance Company Ltd. Customer satisfaction with company’s products and services is often seen as the key to a company’s success and long-term competitiveness. In other words, customer satisfaction is defined as a measurement that determines how happy. They are with the company’s product, services and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company determine how to improve the best of their products and services and identify the area which needs improvement in order to maintain or increase their quality of services and membership base. This research tries to systematically review significance of life insurance in modern competitive and risky human life due to risky society, busy scheduled, unhygienic life style etc. The study uses descriptive and percentage techniques for data analysis after the collection of data entry is checked. The primary data was collected through survey. About 100 questionnaires were distributed in Jhapa district, out of which 87 questionnaires were received back. This study is very helpful to see the effect of customer satisfaction and attitude towards SNLIC.

Halal and The Risk Society

In the process of modernization, many Muslims have come to consume industrially produced products. According to Beck, this is a process that unwittingly creates risks, and risks related to Halal are included in those risks. Discussion on Halal is about cultural risks, which arise later than environmental and health risks as Beck brought up. This is because the Muslim population entered the process of modernization later than in developed countries such as Europe and the United States in general. The base of industrial technologies related to food have been established without any awareness of Halal and have had to interpret, create regulations, build systems, and make choices for Halal. Furthermore, in the process of creating new technologies, the risk of violating Halal is further increased. Surrounded by shubhah, Muslims are having to assume responsibility for halal and make choices amid uncertainty in modern society. As consumers, Muslims will have to confront this situation through transnational solidarity and by joining the risks of halal with other risks also created by modernity. Science is a cog in the wheel of industrial progress. In order to address the issue of Halal in a risky society, it is essential to provide information and risk communication to Muslim consumers, in addition to providing alternative technologies suitable for Halal.

Reality Therapy: an Approach for Handling the Psycho-Social Challenges Confronting Divorcees in Nigeria

The house is the bedrock of any society. Risky domestic therefore results in risky society. Divorce in marriages and the consequent impact, a part of which might be anger, inferiority complex, mistrust, stigmatization, discrimination, emotional overload, loneliness, guilt, depression and so forth, are most of the maximum urgent problems going through human society nowadays. However, as painful as this reality is, this situation absolute confidence requires the attention of professional counsellors. This paper therefore evaluations the psycho-social demanding situations confronting divorcees and the counselling approach for handling it. In so doing, efforts are geared closer to highlighting the idea of reality remedy and its applications in coping with the psycho-social challenges confronting divorcees in Nigeria.

PECULIARITIES OF NON-STATE HIGHER SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT IN THE USA AND GREAT BRITAIN

In the era of information systems and digital technologies, the urgency of developing non-state higher education is primarily related to economic progress and the challenges of a risky society. The investigation is devoted to revealing the peculiarities of the development of non-state higher education in the United States and Great Britain.On the basis of historiographical analysis, the degree of elaboration of the selected problem is determined. Using a retrospective analysis of the development of the world educational space, the historical origins of the emergence and formation of non-state higher education institutions in these English-speaking countries, related to the implementation of church, private and public initiatives. With the help of synchronous analysis of the course of innovation processes in higher education, the peculiarities of the development of the non-state higher school in the USA and Great Britain at the present stage are outlined. The method of synthesis summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages of non-state higher institutions in these English-speaking countries, as well as identifies prospects for further research.The importance of church, private and public initiative in the origin and formation of non-state schools in the United States and Great Britain is revealed, the dominance of the non-state higher education sector over the public in terms of quantity and quality of educational services in these countries.There is a growing tendency to popularize and democratize higher education in the context of the implementation of “ideas of free higher education”, primarily due to the spread of the movement for “Enlargement of the University” in the second half of the nineteenth century from Britain and the United States. The role of open universities in providing quality educational services in developed English-speaking countries at the present stage is presented.
 Keywords: development; non-state higher school; free university; free higher school; internationalization; globalization; massification; democratization; quality of educational services.

Realization of Preventive Function of Environmental Law in the Governance of Risky Society: Based on the Article 39 of the “Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China”

The protection of public health is one of the legislative purposes of China’s environmental legal system. The “Environmental Protection Law” puts forward the legal goal of “establishing and improving the environment and health monitoring, investigation and risk assessment system”, and incorporates the environmental health risk assessment system into the environment Protect the scope of basic systems, but China’s existing environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessment, and environmental standards cannot achieve the functions of environmental and health risk prevention and regulation. It is necessary to build an environmental health risk assessment system with Chinese characteristics from both physical and procedural aspects.

Years of potential life lost in HIV/AIDS patients and its determinant factor

Padang is one of the areas in West Sumatera with the highest HIV/AIDS cases. There are 370 HIV cases and 39 AIDS cases in 2017. These cases increased in 2018 to 447 cases for HIV and 103 cases for AIDS. This study aimed to find out the description of HIV/AIDS patients who have been passed away due to socio-demography characteristics. Also to know the number of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) caused by HIV/AIDS infection and its determinant factors. This study used a quantitative methodology with retrospective cohort study design and collected the data from medical records installation in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang on patients with HIV/AIDS diagnosis that have been passed away. The data then analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. The result showed that 186 of death cases happened on 2015-2020 were mostly dominated by man (76.34%) with the average age around 31 years old, married (65.59%), and infected through heterosexual relationship (29.03%). The average year of YPLL was 26.09 year. Moreover, this study found that there was a significant relation between ARV therapy (CI 95% P= 0.002) and the total of CD4 diagnosed with YPLL (CI 95% P= 0.0001). Therefore, respondents of productive age should get serious attention from the Government and society around. Also for the Health Office and AIDS prevention commission were expected to make innovations in preventive promotive efforts and strengthening surveillance system on HIV/AIDS either to the risky group or general society.

Has our World Changed? Demystifying Entrepreneurship Thinking as a Way-out in a Risky Society

In order to enhance the responsiveness of the current generation, this project approached a total of 180 Hong Kong undergraduates from the Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET) domain to receive training in Computational Thinking between February and November in 2019. Critical thinking has a long tradition in influencing the training of professional studies at different levels, including undergraduate programs, post graduate programs, and even qualifying training. When the promotion of critical thinking has become a compulsory module for primary and secondary schools in some regions, how Hong Kong can avoid falling behind has become an irreversible topic among scholars and all walks of life. Undergraduates in this pilot study were engaged with their projects on entrepreneurship. The results showed that applications and practices of critical thinking had fostered the responsiveness of the involved undergraduates. They have also reached a significant improvement in the effectiveness of project management. This pilot study has confirmed that critical thinking is a way to solve specific problems, as well as a timeless, transferable skill that enables an individual to think more clearly and logically.

위험사회 대응과 신거버넌스 탐색: 미세먼지 루머 신뢰에 대한 가치, 지각, 소통, 자원요소의 영향분석

미세먼지에 대한 국민들의 불안감이 높아지고 미세먼지와 관련된 과학적 사실이 쟁점화, 정치화되면서 미세먼지 문제는 한국사회에서 중요한 사회적 갈등이슈로 부각되고 있다. 이와 더불어 미세먼지와 관련된 루머나 가짜뉴스가 온라인을 중심으로 유포되면서 불안감을 가중시키고 있다. 불안은 루머를 낳고 루머는 불안을 낳는다. 루머의 확산과 이에 대한 신뢰 강화는 정부 차원에서 미세먼지 관련 정책을 원활히 수행하는 데 걸림돌이 된다. 이에 본 연구는 미세먼지 관련 루머에 대한 신뢰를 결정하는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석을 위해서 가치요소, 위험지각요소, 위험소통요소, 자원요소에 속하는 21개의 변수를 독립변수로, 루머에 대한 신뢰를 종속변수로 설정하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 환경주의(+), 지각된 편익(+), 주관적 지식(+), 부정적 감정(+), 신뢰(-), 공식적 정보의 질(-), 가구소득(-), 사회계층(+), 건강 수준(-), 열악한 주거환경(-)이 루머에 영향을 미치고 있다. 둘째, 설명력에서는 연령변수가 루머신뢰에 가장 큰 영향력을 보이며, 공식적 정보의 질> 주관적 지식> 사회적 계층> 환경주의> 가구소득 순으로 영향을 미치고 있다. 셋째, 사회적 계층, 건강 수준, 거주환경, 교육수준은 위험지각·소통요소와 루머신뢰간에 조절 기능을 수행하고 있다.

Legal Regulation of Algorithms From the Perspective of Interpretability

The human life in the age of artificial intelligence has undergone tremendous changes. Algorithm technology is widely developed and applied as one of the core technologies of artificial intelligence. However, a series of problems such as algorithm discrimination, algorithm killing, and “information cocoon” caused by unexplainable algorithms represented by artificial neural networks needed to be solved urgently,which forms a risk society. The algorithmic order is gradually “offside” into a new social order, which challenges the existing legal order. Because the existing legal order upholds the neutral value of technology tools and does not pay attention to the legal regulations of technology itself, it cannot make ethical prejudgment of unexplainable algorithms to prevent and control social risks. With the deepening of the “intelligence” of algorithm technology, social risk is expanding. The field of algorithm technology creates interpretable algorithms to respond to social risks. However, due to the lack of legal value and institutional design support, the technological advantages of interpretable algorithms to prevent and control algorithm black boxes, “Offside order” and coping with a risky society cannot be confirmed and guided by law. Therefore, it is an effective way to solve the risks in the age of artificial intelligence by taking the technical critical theory of risk society as the value basis and taking the interpretability of algorithms as a necessary condition for algorithm regulation.

SOCIAL SECURITY OF A RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE (ON THE MATERIALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE KRASNOYARSK REGION)

The objectives of the research presented in the article are the study of the Institute of security and its institutional form «social security» at various levels of society and the analysis of the representations of employees of one of the Russian modern industrial enterprises of the existing social security. The qualitative analysis of documentary sources allowed to carry out the social and historical analysis of social risks and social reserves of work of Mining and chemical plant in a binding to historical periods of its development (in the period from 1950 to 2012 were used). Content analysis revealed the views of the leadership of the MCC on the existing social security of the plant. A mass questionnaire survey helped to analyze the views of employees regarding the existing social security of the Mining and chemical plant. The study was conducted twice-in 2013, in 2017. The study proved that during its existence, the MCC, faced with social risks, minimized them with the help of existing social security in the enterprise. The historical periods of its development were divided into stable and transitional types of society. A comparative analysis of the views of the management of the plant and employees regarding the existing social security at the MCC revealed significant differences between them. 
 Keywords: security, institutional approach, risky society, social security, stableand transitional type of society, social security effectiveness.

Exploring the Determinants of Perceived Risk of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea.

The world is turning into a risky society. Although modernization based on the developments in science and technology has increased individuals’ well-being and wealth, the perceived risk toward the complex technological system has increased. In a risky society, social accidents amplify the existing fear among individuals. It is generally assumed that each value, perception, and resource influences the fear of risk. However, very few studies have tested these three factors together within an integrated causal model. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the determinants that influence the perceived risk in cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), a deadly epidemic disease, in Korea. Based on the theoretical model, we analyzed the survey data collected from respondents (N = 814) in Korea. After controlling for variables such as sociodemographic characteristics, we examined how three competing factors, i.e., value, perception, and resource, influence the perceived risk of MERS. The analysis showed that trust and vulnerability variables in the perception factor, health state, and perceived knowledge in the resource factor had a significant impact on the perceived risk of MERS.

Evolution of Public Cooperation in a Risky Society with Heterogeneous Assets

The phenomenon of asset heterogeneity is widespread in human society. However, it is unclear what roles heterogeneous assets play in the evolution of cooperation of the collective-risk society. In this paper, we thus introduce asset heterogeneity into a threshold public goods game with collective-risk, and we divide the population into the rich and the poor according to individual assets. We show that asset heterogeneity hinders public cooperation no matter whether the temptation to defect is high or low. We find that cooperation collapses in the conditions of low risk, the high gap between the rich and the poor, and high threshold. Besides, the increment of individual assets can significantly enhance the level of public cooperation even the conditions for the evolution of cooperation are strongly harsh. Our work is instructive to a better understanding of the emergence of cooperation in the risky society with heterogeneous assets.