Risky Sector Research Articles

Corporate foreign bond issuance and interfirm loans in China

We use firm-level data to analyze international bond issuance by Chinese non-financial corporations, distinguishing those by sectors classed as ‘risky’. Dollar issuance is positively correlated with the differential between domestic and foreign interest rates, and this effect is particularly strong for firms in risky sectors. Strikingly, firms in risky sectors use the proceeds to do more interfirm lending than firms in non-risky sectors. Moreover, this lending rose significantly after the authorities sought to restrict the financial activities of risky sectors in 2008–09. Firms in risky sectors compound risk by engaging in speculative activities that mimic the behavior of financial institutions while escaping prudential regulation.

Optimum Portfolio Construction Using Single Index Model: An Empirical Study of Nepal Stock Exchange

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to construct the optimum portfolio of eight sectors listed in NEPSE applying the Sharpe’s single index model.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Adopting the judgement sampling method, eight sectors were selected for the study. The study period was taken from august 2018 to august 2021 for the three years period as this time frame is the recent bull period. During this period the market index increased from around 1100 to an all-time high index 3200. To construct the optimum portfolio, daily returns of the market and sectors were used. Cut off rate (C*) was calculated in order to form the optimum portfolio using daily basis data. Those sectors whose excess return to beta ratio is higher than cut off rate were included in the optimum portfolio.
 Findings: The study revealed five sectors- non-life insurance, hydro power, finance, microfinance, and development bank-form the optimum portfolio. In terms of ratio of investment in the optimum portfolio, the proportion of investment is found higher in the finance sector (36.6%) and lower in the development bank sector (11%). Furthermore, in terms of unsystematic risk, non-life insurance (3.681) and hydro power sector (3.508) are found as risky sectors compared to other sectors. This study exclusively used the bull period data to form the optimum portfolio applying the Sharpe’s single index model in a daily basis data.
 Implications: The finding can help the investors to make informed decisions aligned with their risk tolerance, return expectation and overall investment objectives.

A research landscape bibliometric analysis on climate change for last decades: Evidence from applications of machine learning

Climate change (CC) is one of the greatest threats to human health, safety, and the environment. Given its current and future impacts, numerous studies have employed computational tools (e.g., machine learning, ML) to understand, mitigate, and adapt to CC. Therefore, this paper seeks to comprehensively analyze the research/publications landscape on the MLCC research based on published documents from Scopus. The high productivity and research impact of MLCC has produced highly cited works categorized as science, technology, and engineering to the arts, humanities, and social sciences. The most prolific author is Shamsuddin Shahid (based at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia), whereas the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the most productive affiliation on MLCC research. The most influential countries are the United States and China, which is attributed to the funding activities of the National Science Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), respectively. Collaboration through co-authorship in high-impact journals such as Remote Sensing was also identified as an important factor in the high rate of productivity among the most active stakeholders researching MLCC topics worldwide. Keyword co-occurrence analysis identified four major research hotspots/themes on MLCC research that describe the ML techniques, potential risky sectors, remote sensing, and sustainable development dynamics of CC. In conclusion, the paper finds that MLCC research has a significant socio-economic, environmental, and research impact, which points to increased discoveries, publications, and citations in the near future.

Obligation for AI Systems in Healthcare: Prepare for Trouble and Make it Double?

AbstractThe Artificial Intelligence Act is the first EU proposal to impose binding provisions for AI Systems. As AI is now used in several different fields, those provisions setting AI legal standards might interact with other Regulations, especially in risky sectors, i.e. healthcare. This paper offers a brief analysis of what standards are to be considered if an AI system was intended to be used as a medical device. It shows the intersection between the Medical Device Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Act, presenting which opportunities and challenges the new proposal might bring. Three case studies will test the intersection and report the practical outcomes in terms of classifications and obligations.

THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION TRANSPARENCY ON THE VALUE INDICATORS OF SECURITIES DURING THE CRISIS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE TIME HORIZON OF INVESTMENT

In the conditions of the turbulence of the stock markets, the low level of publicity and transparency of the published information and the increase of uncertainty regarding the future development of socio-economic processes, it is relevant to analyze the relationship between the risk and the yield of the securities of companies that were most vulnerable to the financial and economic crisis caused by the pandemic Covid-19. The purpose of the article is to analyze indicators of profitability, risk and variability based on the analysis of the value of shares of the analyzed companies in the pharmaceutical, aviation, transport and information industries of the economy in the conditions of financial and economic crisis and global uncertainty. In the process of analysis, it was determined that the most vulnerable to the consequences of the financial and economic crisis are the sectors of the economy that have experienced significant financial, economic, and personnel losses. It has been established that the lack of an adequate level of information transparency is one of the determining factors affecting the investment process and the possibility of obtaining stable returns in the long term. The indicators of the development of stock indices of the London and European stock exchanges FTSE 100 and Euronext were studied. A comparative analysis of the value of shares of industrial enterprises was conducted for the period from 2015 to the beginning of 2023. It has been found that with the growth of the time period of investment, the risk and volatility between the maximum and the minimum rate of return on shares are reduced to a minimum. The aviation sector is the most attractive from the point of view of investment, as the maximum return during the first month of investment is 67.22%. The least attractive, but at the same time the least risky sector of the economy is the pharmaceutical industry, where during the first month of investment it is possible to get 19.36% profit from the invested capital.

Tenant Industry Sector and European Listed Real Estate Performance

This paper extends the empirical evidence on the relationship between the performance of public real estate companies (PRECs) and the industrial sector of their tenants. By investigating the performance of a large sample of European real estate firms from 2010 to 2019 and information pertaining to the firms’ tenants, we find that the systematic risk in the tenants’ industry sectors is capitalized in real estate company equity returns. Our results remain robust after correcting for stock beta modifications, tenant sector alpha, tenant anchor effects, and other tenant characteristics. We consider a hypothetical trading strategy that assumes a long position on PRECs whose occupier base is dominated by tenants belonging to riskier sectors, while the trading strategy shortens PRECs whose tenants belong to less risky sectors. The adoption of this strategy yields benchmark-adjusted annual returns of 3.68%.

Does weather index-based insurance adoption influence Cocoa Output? An endogenous swicth regression approach

ABSTRACT Agriculture is the most weather-dependent and risky sector where it is unpredictable when a season will be profitable during harvest. Droughts and floods may increase the risk of weather-related catastrophes in agriculture. Weather index Insurance has been widely recommended for decades to control weather risk. 600 Ashanti cocoa producers were surveyed to see how weather index insurance adoption affects cocoa output in Ghana. The endogenous switching regression (ESR) technique coupled with probit models were employed in this study. Cocoa bean production was 30.8 percent whiles only 15.8% of cocoa farmers knew about weather index insurance. The average annual farm income, off-farm, and remittances were 7.40, 7.26, and 6.61, respectively. Weather index insurance adoption and cocoa output were positively influenced by cocoa farm age, gender, education, awareness, and access to finance. We found that weather index insurance negatively influences cocoa output in Ghana due to inadequate information on insurance among farmers, lack of education, lack of awareness, and access to credit. Our findings will help Ghana Agricultural Insurance Pool and the government improve accessibility, affordability, and awareness for cocoa growers in the region and beyond. The findings will add to weather index insurance literature and improve agriculture risk.

Latin Kare Tasarımı ile Farklı Sektörlerdeki İş Kazalarının Analizi

Dünya nüfusundaki artış ile doğru orantılı olarak artan üretim, ekonomik büyüme ve teknolojik gelişmeler ile petrol, kömür, doğal gaz, nükleer, hidrolik gibi gerek fosil gerekse yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına olan talep de artmaktadır. Kömür rezerv değerleri göz önüne alındığında, global olarak kömür üretim ve tüketimine yönelik teknolojik gelişmelerin devam edeceği öngörülmektedir. Türkiye için de, sera gazı salınımları doğrultusunda alınan önlemlere göre kömüre dayalı elektrik üretimi azalım gösterse de, dünya genelindeki enerji arz paylarındaki artış ile trende uyum göstermesi beklenmektedir. Ülkemizdeki ekonomik yeri ve üretim sürecinin doğası gereği en riskli iş kollarından biri madencilik sektörüdür. Avrupa bazında, bu sektörde yaşanan can kayıplarının %59’unun Türkiye’de olduğu görülmüştür.
 Bu çalışmada, 17 farklı Avrupa ülkesi için ILOSTAT verileri ile tarım, üretim, inşaat, maden ve diğer sektörlerde 2009 – 2019 yıllarında meydana gelen iş kazalarında yaşanan can kayıpları incelenmiştir. Tarım dışında tüm sektörlerde Türkiye en çok kayıp veren ülke olmuştur. 
 İş kazası riski göz önünde tutularak kömür üretimine sahip ve madencilik sektöründe en çok kayıp veren Türkiye, Almanya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, ve Polonya verileri Latin Kare Tasarım deneysel düzeninde, yıl, ülke ve sektör değişkenleri ile Genel Doğrusal Model ile istatistiksel olarak incelenmiştir. ANOVA analizi ile her değişkenin tekil ve ikili etkileşimleri (p

AUDIT FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN TURKEY. “AN ASSESSMENT REGARDING THE YEARS 2010-2018”

Effective supervision of workplaces in terms of occupational health and safety contributes significantly to the prevention of occupational accidents in many developed countries. The Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331, which entered into force in 2012 in Turkey, brought obligations to employers and employees on the subject. However, the extent to which employers and employees fulfill their responsibilities arising from the Law and related Regulations has often had to be left to the initiative of the parties, due to the insufficient number of occupational health and safety inspections carried out by the Guidance and Inspection Board. One of the important reasons why the occupational health and safety policies implemented in line with the ILO conventions and EU directives in Turkey cannot achieve the desired success in practice is the insufficient number of occupational health and safety inspections carried out in enterprises. In this study, first of all, the general view of work accidents in Turkey, work accidents occurring in risky sectors over the years and deaths as a result of work accidents will be examined. Afterwards, evaluations will be made by the Presidency of the Guidance and Inspection Board by including the number of inspections carried out in the workplaces over the years. Keywords: Occupational Accidents, Occupational Safety, Occupational Health and Safety Audit

Were we prepared to face a pandemic? Exploring companies' CSR disclosure on social media before COVID-19 outbreak

PurposeA model on the cognitive elements of engagement is adopted and content analysis, along with sentiment analysis, has been used to explore the post characteristics and the levels of stakeholders' interactions in controversial and non-controversial European industries through three Poisson regressions. At last, an ANOVA test has been used to check the level of interaction regarding the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related aspects.Design/methodology/approachThe intrinsic characteristics of controversial industries cause the stakeholders’ skepticism about their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. This results in the need to elaborate proper involvement strategies to approach industries' stakeholders. Such need has assumed relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and has traced a certain border between the companies that are more sensitive to the social side of the surrounding environment and the ones that are less involved in risky sectors. The present paper aims to understand the role of social media in stakeholder engagement, and social media's characteristics, and tries to elaborate on companies' CSR communication readiness to the challenges shown by the pandemic.FindingsThe study reveals how the success of stakeholder engagement in CSR communication is affected by both controversial sector membership and the characteristics of the posts such as the inclusion of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). In addition, the study emerges how the European companies have focused on social aspects in companies' communication, revealing a certain readiness for the COVID-19 challenges.Practical implicationsBuilding on a model of cognitive elements of engagement, the present study provides useful insights for companies' next engagement strategies on social media. Moreover, the thematic analysis provides a benchmark for the improvement of current corporations' communication strategies in light of the pandemic effects.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by investigating the role of Twitter as a stakeholder engagement tool and identifies the drivers for an effective Twitter content strategy. Moreover, the paper provides a useful proxy for current and future research on the COVID-19-related CSR communication.

The dependencies of subindexes of Stoxx 600 during the Covid-19 pandemic

In this index study, the relationships between Stoxx Europe 600 and sector indices are analyzed. This research uses DCoVar and MES as analytical tools developed as a measure of systemic risk and applied to financial institutions, to sectoral subindexes. For the sake of systemic risk assessment we calculate the dynamic correlation model with bivariate t copula distribution. We focus on the impact of sectors on the market. Despite the similarity between the time series plots of both measures, with maximum values on similar days, the compatibility of daily rankings, measured as a percentage of concordant pairs, is equal to about 50%. The rankings of the most and least risky sectors are different and depend on the choice of measure, but in the case of both we observe poor stability. When sectors are ranked in terms of the highest and lowest mean values at specific intervals (designated by the structural break estimation method, which surpisingly detects very similar dates of structural changes) we draw the same conclusions. For both measures we note huge percentage changes in mean values of risk, especially in the period from February 24, 2020 till August 20, 2020 with respect to the previous period. The percentage changes for both intervals indicate the same most risky sectors, but the indications of both measures are not consistent.

Study of Cashflow Constrains in a Construction Project

A constraint is a condition, agency or force that impedes progress towards an objective or goal an and Construction industry is a one of the most risky sectors due to high level of uncertainties included in the nature of the construction projects. Although there are many reasons, the deficiency of cash is one of the main factors threatening the success of the construction projects and causing business failures. Therefore, an appropriate cash planning technique is necessary for adequate cost control and efficient cash management while considering the risks and uncertainties of the construction projects. The main objective of this thesis is to conduct a brief study of cash flow management. ,its various aspects ,The factors influencing a cash.To prepare a questionnaire to identify the factors impact on current markets cashflow status by using satical pacakage for social science(SPSS)software and to develop a framework. The linguistic expressions are used for utilizing from human judgment and approximate reasoning ability of users for reflecting their experience into the model to create cash flow scenarios. The uncertain cost and duration estimates gathered from experts are inserted in the model. The model provides the user different net cash flow scenarios with formats that are beneficial for foreseeing possible cost and schedule threats to the.

STRATEGI PENINGKATAN MUTU PERTANIAN PERKOTAAN UNTUK KETAHANAN PANGAN DI PROVINSI BALI

Food is a basic human need therefore food security has always been an interesting topic. However, realizing food security is often faced with many challenges. The agricultural sector and the tourism sector are very important for the Balinese economy, but since the Covid-19 pandemic the tourism sector has decreased. As a result of the decline in the tourism sector, many workers in the tourism sector have turned to the agricultural sector by cultivating fields or just using their yards. More and more people are interested in trying urban farming. However, there are many obstacles faced by urban farming, such as the absence of regulations on urban farming, and the absence of an institution that protect urban farming communities in the Bali region, and effective marketing methods. This research was conducted by literature study method. Agriculture is a very risky sector, so government support is needed

MAKNA TEOLOGI SESAJI TRADISI RUWATAN DESA PADA MASYARAKAT JAWA DI DESA KUMENDUNG, KECAMATAN MUNCAR, KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI, JAWA TIMUR

Ruwatan Desa offerings are a hereditary tradition in Javanese culture, especially in Kumendung Muncar Village, Banyuwangi, which is held once a year in the month of Sura (Javanese calendar) around August of the Gregorian calendar. The series of implementations begins with making donations to the needy and on the peak day, residents bring offerings in the form of tumpeng and other things to the village hall, followed by a prayer together and continued by parading the tumpeng around the village, at night doing gendurenan and wayang performances, the next morning after the puppet performance ends, it is filled with Pray together and then eat a cone with grilled chicken meat and vegetables. The event is over. This implementation is also from the theological view that as a form of petition to God in his manifestation as Lord Vishnu as the protector of the world, Dewi Sri the symbol of fertility and Hyang Bawu Rekso as the ruler of the region with the aim that the residents and the area of Kumendung Village always get harmony between humans and nature, humans and their environment, humans and humans with the environment. All these things are connected with humans and nature is a unity. In addition, as a form of gratitude for the gift of God Almighty, both in the form of where God is, God Almighty and God is most gracious, which is symbolized by abundant harvests, health and prosperity. The relationship between humans, God and nature is an element that cannot be separated from each other even though in modern times like today, nature seems to be an object to strengthen and continue human life throughout the ages. This research was conducted by literature study method. Agriculture is a very risky sector, so government support is needed

High-Risky Sectors in Terms of Work Accidents in Turkey

Work accidents are serious issues that disrupt harmonious environment in workplace. They cause not only death, injury or disability of employees, but also serious financial loss for businesses and countries. Work accidents are highly preventable incidents, when necessary, precautions are taken. Like the whole world, in Turkey also there are risky sectors where work accidents are intensified. The identification of risky sectors in Turkey, is the first step of being able to fight against work accidents in this sector. Therefore, in this study the riskiest sectors in Turkey were investigated basing on the official accident data from the last ten years. Thus, first of all, the sectoral distribution of work accidents, death and permanent incapacity cases that occurred in Turkey in 2010-2019 was examined. Sectors were evaluated in terms of six different parameters: the number of work accidents, the number of deaths because of work accidents, the number of permanent incapacities because of work accidents, general accident incidence rate, fatal accident incidence rate, and permanent incapacity accident incidence rate. The top ten sectors with intensity have been determined for each parameter. Then, all these data were combined and the ten most risky sectors in Turkey in terms of work accidents were defined. In the last 10 years, the sector of "41-Building Construction" has been found to be the riskiest sector in Turkey, where the most work accidents have occurred, the most employees die and the most employees are permanently disabled. On the other hand, the "05- Mining of Coal and Lignite" sector, in which the general accident incidence rate, fatal accident incidence rate, and permanent incapacity accident incidence rate values are the highest, was the second most risky sector.

Impact of Priority Sector Lending on Financial Profitability: Segment Wise Panel Data Analysis of Indian Banks

A sustainable and financially stable banking system is a prerequisite to achieve comprehensive growth as well as economic and social well-being of residents of any country. This research focused on analyzing profitability of Indian banks and how it is affected by lending in the priority sector. Priority sector lending (PSL) mainly includes deployment of credit to weaker and neglected segments of an economy. The study adopted a distinctive measure to represent total PSL by classifying it into four sub-segments i.e., agriculture, industrial, service, and personal credit. Applying panel least square regression with fixed and random effects model, the study concluded that agricultural lending has a significant negative impact on bank profitability whereas the service sector lending adds positive value towards financial profitability of banks. Industrial and personal credit were found to be insignificant factors affecting profitability. The study will be beneficial to banking professionals and policy makers to determine sensitive and risky sectors of lending and develop appropriate approaches to deal with them.

Analysis of growth trends in area, production and yield of tea in Bangladesh

The Growth trends in area, production and yield of a crop express its contribution to the economy. The present study seeks to examine the growth rates of area, production, and yield of tea in Bangladesh before independence (1947–1970) and after independence (1972–2018). To carry out the objectives the secondary data were collected from the various issues of the Annual Report of Bangladesh Tea Association and International Tea Committee. The exponential growth model was run to estimate the growth of the area, production, and yield of tea. The study showed that on average area, production and productivity increased significantly @ 1.05, 1.89, and 0.98% respectively per annum during the period of 1972–2018 than the period of 1947–1970. Area expansion and yield were the main vehicles for increased tea production. Therefore, the thrust should be given to increase the area by utilizing the suitable area and to increase the yield through technological advancement, varietal research, and strengthening advisory services in Bangladesh. • The Bangladesh tea industry has reached its extensive margin. • The exponential growth model was used. • Tea industry is a highly risky sector. • Bangladesh Tea Industry has attained its extensive margin of tea. • Irrigation might be a solution to tea industry.

Strategic parameters for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the agricultural sector

The article contains proposals for the development of state regulation of the functioning of small and medium-sized businesses in the most problematic and risky sector of the economy – the agricultural one. The necessity of developing a system of concession agreements with the aim of leveling the specific problems of small and medium-sized agricultural businesses has been substantiated. The directions of public-private partnership (logistics centers for storage and processing of agricultural products, etc.) are proposed. The authors present a methodology for calculating the cost of a tax patent for the potential basic yield of 1 hectare of agricultural land used by households in order to generate regular income, contributing to the transformation of such households into the category of small businesses. Three strategic scenarios for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Lipetsk region have been developed: baseline – maintaining the existing measures of state regulation and the amount of financial support provided for by the Strategy for the Development of the Region until 2024; optimistic, providing for the development of small and medium-sized agricultural businesses with the activation of public-private partnership in the form of concession agreements; target, based on the parameters of an optimistic scenario with the introduction of a tax patenting system on the territory of the region of the potential basic profitability of 1 hectare of land. When determining the strategic parameters for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the agricultural sector in the Lipetsk region until 2024, the negative trends in the country's economy due to the coronavirus pandemic were taken into account. We have proved that the implementation of the proposed measures to improve the system of state regulation of the functioning of small and medium-sized businesses in the agricultural sector will have a positive effect on the dynamics of the development of this sector of the economy in the region.

Transformative adaptation in agriculture: A case of agroforestation in Bangladesh

Agriculture is one of the risky sectors that directly related with climate change impacts in Bangladesh. Various organizations have been working to improve the resilience of farming systems and rural livelihoods. A notable measure of agricultural adaptation is agroforestation, which denotes a process of mixed cultivation of trees and crops grown in the same plot of land. The country is recently experiencing a huge agroforestation that arguably helps to maintain agricultural productivity and incomes as well as protect rural biodiversity. This article tries to explore the causes, contributions and challenges of practicing agroforestation as a process of transformative adaptation in the Barind Tract of Bangladesh. A mixed methods approach was used to collect data. A total of 13 farmers, 8 agricultural labourers and 2 agricultural inputs suppliers and 2 agricultural officials were interviewed. Questionnaire survey was conducted with 90 farmers from different study areas. The article has found that the farmers have accepted transformation in agricultural pattern by incorporating various fruit-dominated farming systems instead of rice-dominated monoculture. The results also suggest that unreliable rainfall and temperature variations, shortage of laborer for rice farming, economic benefits, and availability of agricultural inputs are the major causes of adaptation of agroforestation. In addition, agroforestation has brought several challenges which includes lacking in proper training of farmers for farm management, financial support for big investment and risk of joblessness to the marginal community. However, an integrated agricultural and rural development policy considering collaboration between farmers and relevant stakeholders is imperative for sustainable agroforestation.

Dense point cloud acquisition with a low-cost Velodyne VLP-16

Abstract. This study develops a low-cost terrestrial lidar system (TLS) for dense point cloud acquisition. Our system consists of a VLP-16 lidar scanner produced by Velodyne, which we have placed on a motorized rotating platform. This allows us to continuously change the direction and densify the scan. Axis correction is performed in post-processing to obtain accurate scans. The system has been compared indoors with a high-cost system, showing an average absolute difference of ±2.5 cm. Stability tests demonstrated an average distance of ±2 cm between repeated scans with our system. The system has been tested in abandoned mines with promising results. It has a very low price (approximately USD 4000) and opens the door to measuring risky sectors where instrument loss is high but information valuable.