Risks Versus Benefits Research Articles

Angiography Consent—Communicating Risk Versus Benefit

Angiography Consent—Communicating Risk Versus Benefit

Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Food Safety: Risks Versus Benefits

Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Food Safety: Risks Versus Benefits

Risk Versus Benefit of Combined Aspirin and Warfarin Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Purpose: Guidelines have differing recommendations for aspirin use in patients with an indication for anticoagulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of major bleeding and thromboembolic events (TEs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving warfarin alone (monotherapy group) versus warfarin plus aspirin (combination therapy group). Methods: This was a retrospective, cohort study including patients from a pharmacist-run anticoagulation clinic. Inclusion criteria were patients with AF receiving anticoagulation between January 2013 and January 2014 observed over 5 years. Results: One hundred forty-two patients were included in the combination group versus 89 in monotherapy group. In the combination group, 60 (42.3%) patients were on aspirin for no apparent indication, 19 (13.4%) had stable coronary artery disease and diabetes, and 26 (18.3%) had diabetes alone. Major bleeding occurred in 21 (14.9%) patients in the combination group versus 7 (7.9%) patients in the monotherapy group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-5.91; P = .17). TE occurred in 10 (7%) patients in the combination group versus 4 (4.5%) in the monotherapy group (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 0.44-7.24; P = .57). There was no significant difference in bleeding (P = .85) or TE (P = .37) rates between aspirin indications in the combination group. Conclusion: Combination therapy versus monotherapy may increase bleeding risk with little benefit in decreasing AF-related stroke or cardiovascular events.

Social Media Savvy: Risk Versus Benefit.

Social Media Savvy: Risk Versus Benefit.

TCT-5 Risk Versus Benefit of Early Invasive Approach in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Baseline Anemia: Analysis from the Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey (ACSIS)

TCT-5 Risk Versus Benefit of Early Invasive Approach in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Baseline Anemia: Analysis from the Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey (ACSIS)

African Americans and Genetic Research, Risk Versus Benefit: Implications for the Profession of Social Work

The Human Genome Project was a 13-year study with great potential for improving the health of the current generation and extending the life of future generations. Genetic research, though showing potential for good, may also result in societal problems. This article considers the implications of future genetic research for African Americans and other vulnerable groups with a retrospective view of medical research and the African Americans' experience. In light of the growing health disparity between Whites and Blacks, this article argues for minority participation in clinical trials and other studies. It addresses the role of social workers as genetic counselors and encourages, especially social workers of color, involvement in the field of genetics as advocates, teachers, and as members of research teams.

Balancing Risk Versus Benefit in the Treatment of Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia Patients with Nucleoside Analogue–Based Therapy

Nucleoside Analogues (NA) are considered as appropriate agents in the treatment of Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM). There are sporadic reports on increased incidence of transformation to high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (transformation to NHL) and development of therapy related-myelodysplasia/acute leukemia (t-MDS/AML) among WM patients treated with NA. Several studies have been conducted in Europe and in the United States to retrospectively examine the incidence of such events in WM patients. The incidences of transformation to NHL and t-MDS/AML ranged from 4.7% to 8%, and from 1.4% to 8.9%, respectively, and demonstrated an increased incidence of these late events among WM patients treated with NA. The effect of these secondary malignancies needs to be better evaluated in prospective studies, especially in young patients. These NA treatment–associated risks should not by themselves be used to justify avoidance of NA therapy for WM patients but should be used in considering risk versus benefit for a particular patient given the expanding options of therapy for WM patients.

Polypharmacy: Too Much Of a Good Thing?

Polypharmacy: Too Much Of a Good Thing?

Weighing Exercise Risk Versus Benefit

Weighing Exercise Risk Versus Benefit

ONE-ON-ONE: Weighing Exercise Risk Versus Benefit

ONE-ON-ONE: Weighing Exercise Risk Versus Benefit

Ethical Issues in Clinical Research: Informed Consent and Risks Versus Benefits in the Treatment of Primary Hypertension

Clinical research involves a number of ethical issues for the nurse researcher and clinician. When new treatments, such as experimental drugs, are used in patient care, the issues of informed consent to treatment and the balancing of risks and benefits may be especially difficult to resolve. By understanding the functions and elements of informed consent, nurses can assist their patients to ask for and to comprehend the information they need to be truly and fully informed about treatment choices. Likewise, assessing the risks and benefits of an experimental treatment option, such as an experimental drug for the treatment of primary hypertension, may be important to the long-term health of patients. Nurses assist patient decision making and the assessment of relevant risks and benefits by being fully informed about the planned research and by applying knowledge of ethical principles to patient care. When nurses incorporate this type of ethical reflection and moral skill into nursing practice, they meet minimal moral obligations to patients.

Staging Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Carcinoma of the Prostate: Risk Versus Benefit

A total of 125 patients underwent limited staging lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Of these patients 19 per cent with clinical stage B1 disease, 52 per cent with clinical stage B2 disease and 59 per cent with clinical stage C disease had positive nodes. There was 1 death secondary to myocardial infarction and postoperative complications occurred in 7.2 per cent of the 125 patients. Limited staging pelvic node dissection provides information regarding nodal dissection similar to that identified after more extensive dissection and it can be accomplished with little morbidity.

Junior League Football: Risks Versus Benefits

Major concerns about physical injury, emotional stress, poor adult leadership, and interference with junior high school football programs contribute to the Junior League Football controversy. In the final analysis, benefits of participation in these football programs are shown to far outweigh the risks.