Crime Risk Research Articles

E-scooters: how do latent and socioeconomic factors affect their usage in the global south? Implications for policy planning

ABSTRACT Electric scooters have been a rapidly growing mode of transport in recent years. This massive proliferation has brought issues frequently addressed without sufficient technical or scientific support, especially in cities of the Global South. This study seeks to identify latent and socioeconomic factors influencing e-scooter usage and their implications for policy planning. For this purpose, we applied a survey (n = 1073) to users and non-users in Bogota, Colombia. We estimated MIMIC model to assess the influence of individuals’ perceptions. The results show that perceptions of crash risk and fear of crime negatively influence usage, while environmental awareness and pro-technology attitudes have a positive influence. On the other hand, e-scooter use decreases with the age of individuals, while it is higher in men, car owners, high-income and college-educated individuals. Finally, using the modelling results, we study the implications for policy planning and propose measures to reduce concerns related to e-scooter usage.

Exploring the value of holiday preferences and routine activities for understanding tourist victimisation while on holiday

Crime risk can affect tourists’ choices of holiday destination, accommodation, and activities. However, victimisation of tourists has received limited attention in existing studies. This paper integrates tourists’ holiday preferences with lifestyles and routine activities explanations to examine the relationship between tourism and victimisation. Using a sample of Australian tourists who travelled to Bali or the British Isles (N = 1027), we demonstrate the usefulness of this integrated approach in understanding the risk of theft while on holiday. We found that tourists aspiring to be adventurous, but opting for pre-arranged package holidays and spending most of their time with other tourists, were most vulnerable to theft from their person. The findings can help ensure that security measures target those who will benefit it the most.

Pencegahan Kejahatan Digital Dimasa Sekarang Melalui Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan

This research is aimed to find out about digital crime prevention in today's trough civic education. The method used in this research is a qualitative description of viewing data in moderation. The digital age presents a variety of ease and opportunities for society. But underneath it all, there is a dark side to be aware of, is a digital crime. Digital crime is against the laws of digital technology, such as online fraud, data theft, and hate speech. Citizenship education helps students understand the risks and dangers associated with digital crime, and it gives them the skills to protect themselves and actively participate in the digital world.Through citizen education, individuals gain a deeper understanding of their rights, obligations, honesty and responsibilities as responsible citizens when using digital technology and online ethics. With effective education, we can reduce the risk of digital crime and build a society to deal wisely with it.

AUTOMATIC LABORATORY LIGHTING SYSTEM WITH AN INFRARED BASE

The "Infrared-Based Automatic Laboratory Lighting System" represents a novel way to improve energy efficiency and stoner comfort in lab environments. Conventional laboratory lighting systems often warrant rigidity and efficacy, leading to unnecessary energy usage and inadequate lighting. In order to overcome these obstacles, this design incorporates a smart lighting control system that uses infrared (IR) detectors to identify the presence of mortals inside the laboratory. The primary operation of the system entails placing IR detectors in strategic locations across the lab space. These detectors monitor individuals continuously and relay the data they find to a central control unit that is based on a microcontroller platform. The control unit initiates the activation or adaptation of lighting institutions in the vicinity of detected movement upon detection of a mortal presence. This guarantees that the lighting is optimized for continuous conditioning, providing suitable lighting while reducing energy waste during periods of unoccupied occupancy. Crucial features of the proposed system include real-time responsiveness and rigidity to varying residency patterns. The integration of IR detectors with the microcontroller-grounded control unit enables a nippy and accurate discovery of mortal presence, allowing the system to acclimate lighting situations instantly as individuals enter or leave the laboratory space. Additionally, the system can be configured to generate lighting configurations based on particular circumstances, including ambient lighting for common spaces or task lighting for lab workstations. Apart from enhancing energy efficiency, the method places emphasis on the safety and experience of stoners. The technology lowers the risk of accidents or crimes related to dim illumination by providing appropriate and safe lighting conditions that are tailored to the functional needs of the laboratory. Similarly, the automation of lighting control eliminates the need for handcrafted solutions, allowing laboratory workers to focus on research or experimentation. All things considered, the "Infrared-Based Automatic Laboratory Lighting System" provides stoner-friendly and environmentally friendly outcomes to improve lighting operations in laboratory settings. By promoting energy conservation, perfecting the stoner experience, and ensuring safety, this system contributes to the advancement of effective and sustainable practices in laboratory operations. Keywords: LED (light emitting diode), microcontroller, Internet of Things, sensors, relay mechanism, and LCD (liquid crystal display).

Exploring the association between park size and crime

ABSTRACT This study explored the link between park size and crime risk in Alabama, analyzing 564 parks across 73 cities with populations over 10,000. Park dimensions were measured using Google Earth Pro, and crime data, covering violent and property crimes, were sourced from Applied Geographic Solutions. Additional data on population density, mental health prevalence, social vulnerability, and alcohol expenditure (indicative of affluence) were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, CDC, and ESRI. A multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between park size and crime risk, meaning that larger park sizes tended to have lower crime rates. Key covariates—mental health, social vulnerability, and alcohol spending— were also significantly related to crime rates. Our findings have policy implications for local governments and community organizations seeking to reduce crime rates.

Implementation of K-Means Clustering in Recognizing Crime Hotspots and Traffic Issues Through GIS

The challenge of accurately identifying instances of crime and traffic issues has rendered the precise localization thereof difficult, thereby impeding the populace's access to information concerning areas of high risk and safety. Employing a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based mapping system utilizing the K-means clustering method, spatial data pertaining to crime and traffic concerns are grouped. The primary objective is to aid in the identification of high-risk areas concerning crime and traffic matters. The methodology employed in this study revolves around the application of the K-means clustering method to categorize spatial data relevant to crime and traffic issues. K-means clustering represents a non-hierarchical cluster analysis technique designed to partition data into multiple groups based on spatial similarities. Research findings elucidate that through the utilization of the K-means clustering method, three distinct sets of clusters predicated upon the intensity of crime and traffic issues emerge. Consequently, from these clustering outcomes, districts and specific locales falling within each cluster, denoted as moderately vulnerable (C1), vulnerable (C2), and highly vulnerable (C3), can be delineated. This system is poised to furnish recommendations to pertinent authorities for addressing areas exhibiting heightened intensity levels while concurrently facilitating the generation of reports and dissemination of information to the public via a dedicated website pertaining to areas at elevated risk of crime and traffic issues.

The Association Between Adolescents’ Perceived Negative Treatment by Teachers and Peers on School Victimization

Drawing data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we examine whether adolescents’ perceived teacher and peer negative treatment (being put down by teachers in the classroom and being perceived as a troublemaker by peers) increase the risk of school-based crime (property and personal victimization). We also investigate whether negative teacher and peer treatment conditions the effects of race (African American) and ethnicity (Latino) on property and personal victimization. We found teacher negative treatment was significantly related to property and personal victimization even after controlling for other relevant factors. Moreover, teacher negative treatment affected property victimization among African American students while peer negative treatment had an impact on personal victimization among White students. The implications of our findings are discussed.

Drugs, guns, and violent crime in California

BackgroundThere is evidence linking use of controlled substances with perpetration of interpersonal violence. While the United States constitution protects the right to own a firearm, federal law prohibits firearm purchase and possession by persons believed to be at high risk for violence, including those who use controlled substances unlawfully. MethodsWe report here the results of a 13-year prospective observational study on the risk of violent crime associated with a history of criminal drug charges in a cohort of 79,678 legal purchasers of handguns in California in 2001. The main outcomes were post-purchase charges for any violent crime, violent Crime Index crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault), and firearm-related violent crimes. The main exposure of interest was a history of pre-purchase charge(s) for drug-related offenses; we examined as a secondary exposure a history of marijuana-related charges. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazards multiple events models. ResultsWe found that legal handgun purchasers in California with a history of drug-related charges, even those with marijuana charges only, had triple the risk of a post-purchase violent crime charge compared to purchasers with no criminal charges (drug charges only: aHR=2.9, 95 % CI 2.2–3.8; marijuana charges only: aHR=3.3, 95 % CI 1.8–6.0). In addition, a criminal history of drug charges only vs. no criminal history was associated with increased risk of one or more violent crime charges after the first post-purchase arrest event (aHR=1.6, 95 % CI 1.2–2.3). ConclusionIt is incumbent on researchers and policy makers to understand the nature and causes of this risk in order to take effective steps towards mitigation.

Research on Risk Assessment Model for Brushing Type Telecom Network Fraud Victim Based on Bayesian Network

Assessing the risk level and exploring the risk characteristics of victims of brushing type telecom network fraud is of practical significance for crime risk prevention and control. Starting from the demographic characteristics of victims and case characteristics, this paper establishes a Bayesian network model with a tuple composed of loss amount and contact duration as the evaluation index of victim risk level, aiming to provide ideas for police to implement precise anti-fraud propaganda. The research shows that the tuple victim risk assessment model has a high prediction accuracy and can take into account both the loss amount and contact duration, which is feasible as a victim risk assessment model; there is no significant single influencing factor characteristic that affects the victim risk level; among the key victim groups of women who are commerce service personnel and use social media platforms, police should focus on highly educated groups, and among people with the same educational background, police should focus on young people under 28 years old.

What’s the safest way home? Mapping safe transport routes in South Africa with (and without) crime data

Safety is arguably the single biggest daily concern for commuters. Popular navigation software systems such as Google Maps, TomTom and Waze do not however currently give the same weight of consideration to crime risk when directing road users to the safest and shortest routes as they do existing traffic knowledge. In this study we propose three simple methods to delineate the safest and shortest route between any two locations in South Africa considering crime risk. The first method uses historical crime data to delineate the safest and shortest route; the second method, uses only the location of so-called ‘risky facilities’ to determine the safest and shortest route; while the third method uses a combination of both historical crime data and facility data to delineate the optimal route. We contrast the resultant routes delineating by these three methods and speculate on the policy implications of integrating this knowledge into future navigation software systems.

Governance of Super Maximum Security Prison Karang Anyar Nusa Kambangan Indonesia in Realizing the Correctional Revitalization Program

The correctional system has undergone changes due to the emergence of the Minister of Law and Human Rights regarding the implementation of correctional revitalization which provides classification of prisons which has an impact on the existence of prisons with categories for placing high risk prisoners. One of them is the Super Maximum Security (SMAX) Class IIA Karang Anyar Nusakambangan Prison for placement of high classification prisoners. This has an impact on the problem of not being able to grant conditional rights to prisoners who do not reduce their risk of crime until they have finished serving their sentence. The aim of the research is to analyze the governance of the SMAX Class IIA Karang Anyar Penitentiary in realizing a correctional revitalization program to improve training for high risk prisoners. The research method uses descriptive qualitative research with informants from prison officers and high-risk prisoners in prison. The results of the analysis show that prison management with a revitalization program has an impact on limiting the granting of conditional rights, there is no maximum guidance carried out by the prison, guidance for high risk prisoners must involve other parties such as the National Counterterrorism Agency, the National Narcotics Agency, the Corruption Eradication Agency, and other parties who have an interest in it. Thus, it is necessary to provide appropriate guidance for high-risk prisoners to be able to change their behavior and obtain their conditional rights. Providing this guidance by applying the principles of planning, organizing, regulating and strictly monitoring during the process of changing behavior and coaching prisoners.

Crime Prevention Through an Environmental Design Approach in Reducing Crime Rates in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze crime prevention through an environmental design approach in crime prevention policies in Indonesia and to analyze weaknesses in crime prevention through an environmental design approach in reducing the rate of crime in Indonesia. By using normative legal research methods. The results of this research show that crime prevention through an environmental design approach in crime prevention policies in Indonesia, Indonesia has never used the concept of crime prevention through an environmental design approach in crime prevention policies in Indonesia. Because the CPTED concept is a crime prevention concept that is not known in Indonesia. The concept that is often known as Secure Guard Area is a concept that offers an area where crime prevention mechanisms are completely handed over to security officers. Crime prevention in the concept of security officers must have the ability to carry out territorial areas, the ability to carry out surveillance, must be able to have the ability to portray a good image of the environment, so that officers are able to provide comfort and security for the areas in their duties. Then, the weaknesses in the crime prevention approach through environmental design in reducing the rate of crime in Indonesia, in understanding the weaknesses in CPTED, the author divides them into three weaknesses, namely theoretical weaknesses are a process and not a result and in practice the CPTED process often fails to consider the risk of crime in detail. adequate. Juridical weaknesses and practical weaknesses.

Exploring the effects of age and gender on the relationship between psychological distance and worry about crime

Recent work has explored how psychological distance can shape individuals’ perceptions of crime risk in the absence of actual threats. However, it is not known whether age and gender, which are common correlates of fear of crime, influence the relationship between perceptions of psychological distance, and worry about crime. This study investigates whether there are differences among these demographic groups by analysing survey responses collected from N = 423 women and N = 296 men living in Queensland, Australia. Although on average women report higher levels of worry, there were no significant effects of gender or age on the relationship between psychological distance and worry about crime. Community wellbeing campaigns might not need to target different perceptions of psychological distance across audiences. Implications of these results and directions for further research are discussed.

Importance of Compliance with the Obligation of the Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) against Money Laundering: Some General Considerations

In the fight against Money Laundering, the effectiveness of the task known as the Suspicious Activity Report (SAR), undoubtedly, constitutes one of the main protection shields for Obligated Subjects to their prevention with Risk-Based Approach (RBA). It stands as one of the most relevant sources of information for the analytical work of a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). It is the starting point for subsequent investigation, prosecution and application of criminal measures, and it is an incentive of great importance for decision-making in administrative, criminal and criminological policies for its confrontation in its dual profile: as a Risk, and as a Crime. And all this at an accelerated pace since, in addition to its seriousness, by the devastation it represents to the stability of a country’s socio-economic financial order, its implementation and effectiveness, is being permanently monitored and qualified by international agencies specialized in the matter, and whose reports work as a basic criterionto measure Country- Risk, and therefore a true radar for attracting lawful investments. Then again, it becomes necessary to understand the guidelines for an effective SAR, and understand, in order to mitigate its impact, the most common reasons for its non-compliance, as a consequence of infractions to specific legal frameworks, that can make the whole Anti-Money Laundering system of a country, ineffective. Definitely, the presentation of a SAR with Quality,Timeliness and Accuracy, directly affects the mitigation of the Risk of Financial Crime, in pursuit of the health of businesses and the economy.

The cryptocurrency conundrum: the emerging role of digital currencies in geopolitical conflicts

Purpose This paper aims to investigate technological innovations within the crypto space that have engendered novel financial crime risks and their potential utilization amidst geopolitical conflicts. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical paper uses an analysis of recent geopolitical events, with a key focus on using cryptocurrencies to undertake illicit activities. Findings The study found that cryptocurrencies and the innovations made within the crypto domain are used for both legitimate and illicit purposes, including money laundering, terrorism financing and sanction evasion. Originality/value This research contributes to understanding the critical role cryptocurrencies play amidst geopolitical conflicts and emphasizes the need for regulatory considerations to prevent their misuse. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first scholarly contribution that considers the evolving mechanisms afforded by cryptocurrencies amidst geopolitical conflicts in undertaking illicit activities.

Were Needles Everywhere?: Differing Views on Syringe Waste and Disposal Associated With Needs-Based Syringe Services Programs Among Community Partners and Persons Who Inject Drugs

Background Community concerns surrounding syringe waste are a common barrier to syringe services program (SSP) implementation. In Kanawha County, West Virginia, community opposition to SSPs resulted in the closure of needs-based SSPs prior to and during an HIV outbreak among persons who inject drugs (PWID). This qualitative analysis examines views of PWID and community partners on syringe waste and disposal associated with needs-based SSPs. Methods Qualitative interviews with 26 PWID and 45 community partners (medical and social service providers, law enforcement personnel, policymakers, and religious leaders) were conducted. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Code summaries described participants’ views on syringe waste and disposal and needs-based SSPs. Results Community partners and PWID who favored needs-based SSPs reported that needs-based SSPs had not affected or reduced syringe waste. Conversely, community partners who favored one-to-one exchange models and/or barcoded syringes described needs-based SSPs increasing syringe waste. Community partners often cited pervasive community beliefs that SSPs increased syringe waste, risk of needlesticks, drug use, and crime. Community partners were unsure how to address syringe waste concerns and emphasized that contradictory views on syringe waste posed barriers to discussing and implementing SSPs. Conclusions Participants’ views on whether syringe waste was associated with needs-based SSPs often aligned with their support or opposition for needs-based SSPs. These differing views resulted in challenges finding common ground to discuss SSP operations amid an HIV outbreak among PWID. SSPs might consider addressing syringe waste concerns by expanding syringe disposal efforts and implementing community engagement and stigma reduction activities.

Corporate Crime in the Investment Field with Trading Robots in Indonesia

Corporate crime in the investment sector with the use of trading robots in Indonesia is a serious challenge in facing the development of financial technology. This research aims to investigate this phenomenon, analyze patterns of corporate crime related to trading robots, and explore its impact on the Indonesian capital market. Data was obtained through literature study and case analysis using a qualitative approach. The research results highlight various corporate criminal practices, such as market manipulation and investor fraud, which are made easier by the use of trading robots. Factors such as lack of proper regulation and technological complexity are the main triggers for increasing the risk of corporate crime in investing with trading robots. The implications of this research include the need to increase regulators' and stakeholders' awareness of these potential risks, as well as increasing legal protection for investors and capital market security. Thus, this research contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of corporate crime in the field of investment with trading robots in Indonesia and provides a basis for developing more effective policies to overcome this challenge.

Causal Mediation of Neighborhood-Level Pediatric Hospitalization Inequities.

Population-wide racial inequities in child health outcomes are well documented. Less is known about causal pathways linking inequities and social, economic, and environmental exposures. Here, we sought to estimate the total inequities in population-level hospitalization rates and determine how much is mediated by place-based exposures and community characteristics. We employed a population-wide, neighborhood-level study that included youth <18 years hospitalized between July 1, 2016 and June 30, 2022. We defined a causal directed acyclic graph a priori to estimate the mediating pathways by which marginalized population composition causes census tract-level hospitalization rates. We used negative binomial regression models to estimate hospitalization rate inequities and how much of these inequities were mediated indirectly through place-based social, economic, and environmental exposures. We analyzed 50 719 hospitalizations experienced by 28 390 patients. We calculated census tract-level hospitalization rates per 1000 children, which ranged from 10.9 to 143.0 (median 45.1; interquartile range 34.5 to 60.1) across included tracts. For every 10% increase in the marginalized population, the tract-level hospitalization rate increased by 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 4.5 to 8.0). After adjustment for tract-level community material deprivation, crime risk, English usage, housing tenure, family composition, hospital access, greenspace, traffic-related air pollution, and housing conditions, no inequity remained (0.2%, 95% confidence interval: -2.2 to 2.7). Results differed when considering subsets of asthma, type 1 diabetes, sickle cell anemia, and psychiatric disorders. Our findings provide additional evidence supporting structural racism as a significant root cause of inequities in child health outcomes, including outcomes at the population level.

Leveraging the Legal Entity Identifier to mitigate the risk of financial crime and enhance fraud prevention in cross-border payments

While today’s global digital economy promises a new era of commerce, its sheer complexity also presents opportunities for malicious actors to perpetrate money laundering, terrorism financing, and other forms of financial crime. Despite the escalating compliance costs faced by financial institutions needing to meet increasingly rigorous anti-money laundering (AML), counter-terrorist financing (CTF) and sanction screening obligations, the lack of harmonisation within cross-border data flows inhibits the identification of suspicious actors and exposure of criminal networks. This contributes to a cross-border payments ecosystem that can be broadly characterised by limited trust, high costs, low speed and insufficient transparency. This is leading to increasing industry recognition of the need to promote unified, data-driven approaches to combating financial crime globally. In view of this growing consensus, the Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) is emerging as a key enabler. This paper examines the drivers of this consensus by: (1) detailing findings from key industry organisations, such as the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and Financial Action Task Force (FATF), outlining the need to increase data quality and standardisation of the data identifiers used within cross-border payment messages to counter complex global criminal enterprises; (2) outlining regulatory and industry momentum to leverage the unique benefits of the LEI within cross-border payment messages, to include an analysis of the implications and opportunities of ongoing initiatives to enhance payment market infrastructures; and (3) demonstrating how, by addressing inconsistencies in how legal entities are identified, connecting a greater range of datasets, and capturing entity relationships and ownership structures, the LEI mitigates AML–CFT risks, enhances fraud prevention, and supports more efficient sanction screening in cross-border payments. This is supported by examples of real-world industry initiatives.

Peningkatan Literasi Keuangan: Pendidikan Perencanaan Keuangan Personal di Kalangan Komunitas Guru SMK “Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (MGMP)” Kabupaten Malang

Financial literacy has been proven to have a positive effect on increasing economic welfare. Apart from that, financial literacy is also needed to mitigate the risk of crime or fraud which often occurs in the world of financial investment. Considering the importance of financial literacy, service activities through the personal financial planning education program are held to create people who are aware of the importance of financial planning. The activity was held for the community of vocational school teachers in Malang Regency (MGMP Malang). The results of the activity showed good enthusiasm from the participants. Participants felt they had gained new knowledge in the world of finance and planning. Changes in behavior and views about finances were also visible from what participants said after the training program