Supply Chain Risk Research Articles

Mapping Supply Chain Risks and Resilience Strategies For Startups Using The SCOR and FMEA Model: An Innovation Hub Perspective

Mapping Supply Chain Risks and Resilience Strategies For Startups Using The SCOR and FMEA Model: An Innovation Hub Perspective

How supply chain digitalization investment affects firm's financial and non-financial performance: Evidence from listed companies in China

Although many studies have focused on the impact of digitalization on firm performance, a definitive conclusion has yet to be reached. This study aims to comprehensively reveal the mechanisms by which SCDI affects firm performance. We employ large language model to identify the annual report information, and measure the SCDI for Chinese listed companies from 2017 to 2022. The empirical results indicate that SCDI contributes to improving supply chain capabilities, including reducing supply chain risk and enhancing supply chain efficiency. However, it also leads to increased financial risk and resource slack. Furthermore, SCDI decreases financial performance but increases non-financial performance. This study is an early attempt to uncover the paradoxical outcomes of SCDI, providing a new explanation of digitalization failure and the mechanisms behind the “IT-productivity paradox” hypothesis.

Information model for assessing the impact of tactical material procurement risks on order fulfillment in make-to-order manufacturing

Manufacturing businesses are showing increased interest in the issue of supply risks for materials and components. In recent decades, numerous studies and reviews have been published on the subject of supply chain risks. However, most research examines the global impact of risks on business as a whole and proposes a multi-level procedure for identifying, assessing, and developing risk mitigation measures, which should be carried out in advance with the involvement of specialists and experts. Nevertheless in maketo-order manufacturing, it is important to assess the risks of material supply for individual production orders, at the same time taking into account constant changes in production state and supply chains. The problem of assessing the risks of material supply gets even more complicated at enterprises with a high mix of manufactured products. To solve the above-mentioned problems, the authors propose an automated model for risks evaluation. The model is implemented as a component of the enterprise's information system (ERP) and uses data from the technological, production, inventory, and logistics modules to calculate the probability of deviation in order fulfillment time from the planned schedule due to potential disruptions in material supply chains. When executing the model, it analyzes the production's material requirements in both volumetric and calendar terms, inventory levels, and the condition of supply channels. The risks of delayed delivery for each material are expressed as the standard deviation of the delivery date from the planned date and are calculated by composing the risks for segments (elements) of the supply chain, the risks for which are, in turn, calculated based on performance data accumulated in the logistics module, with the possibility of introducing correction coefficients and expert evaluations. The overall risk of order material supply is determined by summing up the delivery risks of individual materials, expressed as the corresponding standard deviations. The model's results can be used for managerial decision-making in production and procurement or for communicating expected order fulfillment times to customers. The model has been tested at an enterprise in the electrical engineering industry.

Developing resilience strategies amid supply chain risks in the automotive industry: A stakeholder theory perspective

AbstractManaging automotive supply chain risks contributes to achieving sustainability goals, including ensuring business continuity, maintaining production and delivery schedules, and reducing environmental impact. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the risks confronting the supply chain in the automotive industry through the moderating effect of reactive and proactive resilience strategies. The stakeholder theory perspective was used in this study to examine supply chain risk in the automotive industry. A quantitative method was employed, resulting in 157 valid responses. The results reveal that demand risk had the most significant effect on auto dealer performance, followed by logistics/transportation, production, and supply risk. Notably, proactive resilience strategies were found to significantly impact the relationship between risk and performance. The findings underscore the importance of proactive measures in mitigating the performance impacts of supply chain risk. This study contributes a theoretical framework by identifying four major supply chain risks and seven proactive and 12 reactive strategies. In addition, the study was conducted through the lens of stakeholder theory, emphasizing the importance of suppliers, manufacturers, and dealers cooperating to establish a reliable supply chain.

Supply chain chronic losses and risk interdependencies: a Bayesian Belief Network approach

ABSTRACT Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) has become integral to firm governance, and risk interdependencies, despite limited attention, significantly impact risk analysis and mitigation. Recurrent risks, resulting from consistent disturbances, generate chronic losses and are critically affected by other related risks. This work enhances the assessment of chronic losses with interdependent risks, building upon an existing Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) approach for risk interdependencies in SCRM, combining expected utility theory to address the complex, interconnected nature of risks. This work advocates a change in existing approaches to properly evaluate chronic losses often underestimated due to decision makers’ expectations. The research shows that the impact of recurrent risks may be underestimated by other approaches based on their frequency, undermining confidence in mitigation strategies. This work not only presents a novel approach to risk assessment but also highlights the importance of studying causal interdependencies, and emphasises the need to consider low-probability and high-impact risks but also recurrent, seemingly minor risks in SCRM processes.

Mitigating security risks in global supply chains: The role of strategic communication and criminological approaches in countering illicit trade and cyber threats

In the era of global commerce, the integrity and resilience of supply chains have become paramount. However, the increasing complexity of international supply networks has exposed them to a myriad of security risks, including both physical threats and cyberattacks. This paper explores the critical role of strategic communication and criminological approaches in mitigating security risks within global supply chains. It argues that a proactive approach to security—one that integrates effective communication strategies and criminological theories—can significantly enhance the ability of organizations to manage and mitigate these risks. Strategic communication, encompassing clear messaging, timely information sharing, and robust stakeholder engagement, is essential for maintaining transparency and preparedness in supply chain operations. Effective communication ensures that all stakeholders are informed about potential threats and the measures in place to address them, thereby facilitating a coordinated and timely response to security incidents (Fearn-Banks, 2016; Coombs, 2007). This paper examines how organizations can develop and implement comprehensive communication plans that enhance their ability to anticipate and respond to security threats. In addition, the application of criminological theories, such as routine activity theory, situational crime prevention, and deterrence theory, provides valuable frameworks for understanding and addressing security vulnerabilities in supply chains. Routine activity theory emphasizes the importance of identifying motivated offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardians, which can help organizations develop targeted security measures to reduce opportunities for criminal activities (Cohen & Felson, 1979). Situational crime prevention focuses on modifying the environment to deter crime, while deterrence theory highlights the role of penalties and enforcement in preventing criminal behavior (Clarke, 1997; Becker, 1968). This paper explores how these theories can be applied to enhance supply chain security and develop effective preventive strategies. The integration of strategic communication with criminological approaches offers a holistic framework for mitigating security risks in supply chains. By combining these strategies, organizations can improve their ability to manage security threats, safeguard their assets, and ensure the continuity of their operations. The findings of this paper underscore the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to supply chain security that incorporates both communication and criminological insights. Keywords: Global Supply Chains, Security Risks, Strategic Communication, Criminological Approaches, Cyber Threats, Licit Trade, Routine Activity Theory, Situational Crime Prevention, Deterrence Theory, Supply Chain Security.

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) process: an analysis in the aerospace industry

PurposeThe study analysed the aerospace industry, a traditionally important sector for the topic of risk management, from three complementary perspectives: the supply chain risks present in the sector, the mitigation strategies adopted to face them, and the characteristics (dimensions) observed in the SCRM process of aerospace companies.Design/methodology/approachThe research employed a quali–quantitative method: a survey was carried out, followed by interviews with professionals from companies belonging to different tiers of aerospace supply chains. Interviews helped to interpret the survey data and understand in more detail risk management in aerospace companies.FindingsThe study presents a panorama of the aerospace industry in terms of risk management. The sector’s turbulent environment is described as well as the strategies to prevent, minimise or postpone the impact of supply chain risks. In particular, ten dimensions that have been identified in the SCRM process of aerospace firms are discussed. These characteristics influence the objectives of this process and are related to resources, roles and responsibilities, incentives, development of competences and skills, scope (internal and external) and approaches to integrate decisions and actions in the context of the supply chain.Originality/valueArticles that address the SCRM process usually focus on the process steps, whereas this study investigated dimensions that transcend these steps but whose discussion in the literature is still fragmented. It also analysed a reference sector for the topic from a broader perspective than others available in the literature (supply chain risks, mitigation strategies and characteristics of the SCRM process). Supply chain members with relationships with each other were investigated, a desirable approach for SCRM but still under-explored. The study also answers calls for industry-specific studies and research on emerging countries.

Amino acid sensitive latent fingermark detection formulations based upon improvised carrier solvents for resource-limited environments: A proof-of-concept study

HFE-7100 and petroleum ether (bp 40–60 °C) are routine carrier solvents used in amino acid sensitive fingermark reagents such as 1,2-indanedione/zinc chloride (IND-Zn) and ninhydrin. However, limited resource jurisdictions face major challenges in sourcing laboratory-grade reagents due to budgetary and geographical restrictions. Common hydrocarbon solvents, available from hardware stores and similar outlets, may offer a more readily available and inexpensive alternative for such jurisdictions. This study assessed the range of improvised carrier solvents for their suitability in the IND-Zn formulation and found that eight different hydrocarbon solvents were able to develop fingermarks when substituted into the formulation. The formulation based on shellite solvent outperformed all other improvised formulations tested, providing high-quality fingermarks and similar sensitivity to a petroleum ether (bp 40–60 °C) based formulation across six porous substrates using six donors. A similar approach was applied to ninhydrin, where it was discovered that formulations using kerosene, white spirits and shellite as carrier solvents performed comparably to a formulation based on petroleum ether (bp 40–60 °C). By chemically characterising each solvent using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this study also provided a greater understanding of how the chemical composition of a carrier solvent impacts the efficacy of the resulting IND-Zn formulation, emphasising that hydrocarbon solvents should contain short-chain alkanes and minimal aromatic content to give a more volatile formulation. Additionally, the identity of the solvent was found to cause slight differences in the colour and luminescence intensity of ink diffusion on porous substrates. These results indicate that improvised hydrocarbon solvents are suitable alternatives to common carrier solvents with their operational use offering major benefits for limited resource jurisdictions by reducing costs and supply chain risks. A thorough risk assessment must be conducted by each jurisdiction that intends to use this method as health and safety considerations are concerns with these improvised solvents.

Managing Currency Risk in Global Supply Chains: Resilience Strategies

Currency risk was a significant difficulty for firms involved in international commerce in the current global economy. The profitability and competitiveness of organisations with supply chains that span across borders were greatly affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. This introduction examined the intricacies of managing currency risk in global supply chains, investigating the most recent solutions used by organisations to strengthen their operations. Over the last 10 years, there has been an extraordinary increase in globalisation, characterised by more market integration and increased international trade. Nevertheless, globalisation brings with it not just benefits but also inherent concerns, with currency volatility being the most prominent among them. According to projections by Grand View Research, Inc., the global currency exchange market was expected to reach a value of $28.8 trillion by 2025. This highlights the significant currency risk that firms throughout the globe were facing. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic emphasised the need to effectively handle currency risk in worldwide supply networks. Amidst trade interruptions and shifting currency rates, economies faced increased uncertainty and volatility, which in turn affected enterprises. Research conducted by the Foreign Monetary Fund had shown that there was a significant increase of 59% in currency volatility during the early phase of the epidemic. This has worsened the difficulties faced by companies that heavily depend on foreign commerce. In light of this situation, companies were obligated to reevaluate their methods for managing currency risk to strengthen their ability to withstand challenges and reduce the possibility of financial losses. Conventional methods such as forward contracts and currency options, while somewhat successful, may not be enough to handle the intricacies of contemporary supply chains. As a result, organisations are using novel methods and technology to effectively manage currency risk. Recent developments in Financial Technology have created new opportunities for innovative currency risk management strategies. Blockchain technology had the potential to provide transparent and secure cross-border transactions, which helped decrease the risk of currency exposure. Moreover, the advent of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning algorithms enabled organisations to analyse extensive information and forecast currency fluctuations with enhanced precision. Collaborative alliances within supply chains provided a strategic opportunity to reduce currency risk. Companies may enhance risk mitigation and improve their ability to adapt to market dynamics by developing stronger connections with suppliers and consumers. This can be achieved via the exploration of collaborative hedging methods and the sharing of risk burdens. Nevertheless, effectively managing currency risk in international supply chains requires the ability to quickly adapt, come up with new ideas, and work together. This summary summarised important findings from the following conversation, emphasising the need for proactive risk management techniques in protecting against the uncertainties of the global economy. Keywords: Currency risk management, Global supply chains, Exchange rate volatility, International commerce, Financial technology (Fintech).

Resilience in the Face of Uncertainty: Navigating Supply Chain Challenges Through Proactive Risk Surveillance and Mitigation Strategies among SMEs in ASEAN countries

Background Supply chain risk management is crucial for the consumer products industry due to its vulnerability to uncertainties and risks. This study investigates the relationship between supply chain risks and performance among SMEs in the ASEAN countries. Supply chain performance, defined as meeting end-customer demands, involves ensuring commodity availability, on-time deliveries, and maintaining sufficient inventory and capacity across organizational boundaries from raw materials to the final consumer. Methods The study utilized a sample of 385 entrepreneurs from the consumer products industry in ASEAN countries. The research was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to establish the correlation between supply chain performance and risks. Factors related to the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) for economic integration and regional trade agreements were incorporated to understand the diverse economic development, infrastructure, and regulatory environments across nations. Results The analysis revealed a strong correlation between supply chain risks and performance. Entrepreneurs in the consumer products industry should collaborate closely with governmental organizations to address the unique challenges posed by regulatory landscapes, cross-border logistics, and geopolitical risks within the ASEAN region. Adapting to cultural nuances and market variations, along with optimizing logistics and infrastructure, are crucial for successful supply chain risk management. Conclusions Effective supply chain risk management significantly enhances the performance of the consumer products industry’s supply chain. Entrepreneurs in this sector should align their strategies with regional and national governments to proactively address issues and mitigate risks. Continuous monitoring and adaptive measures are necessary to handle emerging risks in the dynamic market landscape. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting that supportive frameworks and policies are necessary to bolster SME capabilities in risk management. By fostering a collaborative environment between the public and private sectors, ASEAN countries can enhance overall supply chain resilience. Future research could explore sector-specific risk management practices and their impact on supply chain robustness, underscoring the imperative for SMEs to adopt proactive and integrated risk management approaches to thrive in a complex and evolving economic environment.

Fuzzy synthesis analysis of social network risk factors in supply chains of African megaprojects

PurposeMegaproject supply chains involve multiple layers of stakeholders, leading to complex relationships and risks. The role of social interactions within these networks is unexplored. Therefore, an analysis of construction supply chain risk management from the perspective of social networks is essential to identify related stakeholders, their relationships and the social network risk factors.Design/methodology/approachAbout 65 risk factors, identified from literature and interviews, informed the development of a questionnaire for the study. Online questionnaires administered in Ghana and South Africa produced 120 valid responses. Feedback from the responses was ranked and assessed to determine the overall social network risk levels using the Normalised Mean and Fuzzy synthesis analysis methods.FindingsAbout 24 risk factors were identified and classified into six groups: Client/Consultant-related, Community-related, Government-related, Industry Perception-related, Supplier-related and Stakeholder Opportunism. The top five social network risks identified include bribery, supplier monopoly, incomplete design teams, poor communication and lack of collaboration.Practical implicationsThe study provides detailed evaluations of social network risks in Africa, and the findings will help in developing strategies to mitigate supply chain disruptions caused by these challenges.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on supply chain risk management by offering context-specific insights into the social network perspective of megaprojects in Africa, which differs from those in developed countries.

Supply Chain Finance and profitability of SMEs in China: the moderating and mediating effect of finance constraint and the moderating effect of risk management

This study investigates the influence of SCF on the profitability of SMEs in China, considering the mediating role of financial constraints and the moderating effects of financial constraints and risk management. Through a comprehensive analysis of 86 SMEs, employing multiple regression models and SEM, the research establishes a significant positive relationship between SCF utilization and SME profitability, as measured by ROA. The findings reveal that financial constraints mediate this relationship, suggesting that SCF alleviates financial pressures, thereby enhancing profitability. Additionally, the study demonstrates that both the degree of financial constraints and the capability for risk management exert moderating effects on the SCF-ROA link, indicating that the benefits of SCF are more pronounced under greater financial challenges and with stronger risk management practices. The constructed SEM model validates all hypotheses, illustrating that SCF positively impacts profitability through direct effects and by reducing financial constraints. The model fit indices confirm the high level of model fit, supporting the theoretical and practical implications of the study. The research contributes to the literature by enriching theories related to supply chain finance, SME development, financial constraints, and risk management. It also provides actionable insights for Chinese SMEs in optimizing financing strategies and risk management, and offers a basis for policymakers to improve support policies. The study acknowledges limitations in sample size and scope, suggesting avenues for future research to expand the sample and explore non-financial factors affecting the effectiveness of SCF.

헬스케어 공급망 리스크 주요 이슈 분석: 뉴스기사를 중심으로

This study investigates the major risk issues and their causes in healthcare supply chains, using network analysis and qualitative analysis of news media publications, and then proposes response and operational strategies for managing healthcare supply chain risks. We divided our study into two time periods for a comparative analysis of key risk issues in different degrees of environmental uncertainty. The year 2020 marked the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first period of our analysis is four years covering 2016-2019, prior to COVID-19 disruptions. The second period is also four years during 2020-2023 when the full force of COVID-19 disruptions affected healthcare supply chains. The keywords used to collect news media publications were “healthcare,” “healthcare industry,” “healthcare services,” “hospital,” “health center,” and “medicine.” The results of the study indicated that the major risks experienced in healthcare supply chains were due to the following factors: the type of patients who needed healthcare services, care services provided (lab tests, treatment, prescriptions, etc.), care service methods used (surgery, utilization of medical devices), and examination and diagnostics (clinical kits, etc.). While these factors were identified as possible causes of risk in the healthcare supply chains involving procurement of supplies and raw materials, these risks tend to intensify in the increased disruption period (year 2020-2023). Managing these risk issues in the disruptive periods contributes significantly not only to the performance of healthcare organizations but also to the well-being of the society at large. This study offers theoretical implications in that it analyzes the causes of risks in the healthcare supply chains and provides a basis for a comparative analysis of the relationships of risk factors in healthcare supply chains during a normal environment and a very disruptive environment. From a practical perspective, this study suggests effective countermeasures for managing healthcare supply chain risks with examples that can be used as a guideline by healthcare executives, managers, and policy-makers of healthcare services.

Climate change and marine cargo insurance - A global survey of insurers' perceptions

The increasing frequency of climate-related hazards poses a significant risk to supply chains and marine insurance companies, which are already grappling with complex and interdependent global operations. Through a survey, this research examines the perceptions of an international cohort of marine insurers regarding their organization's participation in the Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) framework for climate change. In addition, the influence of respondents' experience levels and the World Bank's country classifications by income level are investigated. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted to examine the effect of the SCRM framework's steps on perception, revealing significant variations among the steps and identifying gaps for improvement. While experience levels do not significantly affect involvement in the SCRM framework, distinct patterns emerge within each experience group, highlighting nuanced risk management practices. Comparing perceptions across World Bank income level categories reveals that higher country income levels generally correlate with higher average perception scores, indicating a potential association with greater awareness and management of climate change risks. The research also highlights the need for comprehensive involvement in all steps of the SCRM framework. Addressing climate change and building resilient supply chains requires a multi-faceted approach that includes enhanced risk management practices, and to this end, the authors' present areas for future research.

Managing supply chain risk through inter-organisational justice

Managing supply chain risk through inter-organisational justice

Proton Intercalation into an Open-Tunnel Bronze Phase with Near-Zero Volume Change.

Managing safety and supply-chain risks associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an urgent task for sustainable development. Aqueous proton batteries are attractive alternatives to LIBs because using water and protons addresses these two risks. However, most host materials undergo large volume changes upon H+ intercalation, which induces intraparticle cracking to accelerates parasitic reactions. Herein, we report that Mo3Nb2O14 bronze exhibits reversible H+ intercalation (200 mAh g-1) with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% owing to near-zero volume change and solid-solution-type phase transition. Combination of experimental and theoretical analyses clarifies that rotation and shrinkage of open tunnels, which consist of flexible corner-sharing Mo/NbOn polyhedra, relieve local structural distortions upon H+ intercalation to suppress intraparticle cracking. The prototype full cell of an aqueous proton battery with a Mo3Nb2O14 anode operates stably over 1000 charge/discharge cycles. This study reveals the importance of implementing distortion-relieving voids in host materials to reduce volume change upon charge/discharge.

China's Direct Investment in the Russian Soybean Market in the Context of Risk Management Strategy

This article is based on the multifaceted impact factors of China's direct foreign investment in the Russian soybean market, identifying potential risks encountered in the investment process, including political, economic, logistics and supply chain, socio-cultural, and environmental risks. On the basis of these risks, the paper proposes a comprehensive set of risk management measures, and validates the effectiveness and practicality of these risk mitigation strategies through the analysis of successful investment cases. Overall, the paper underscores the significance of comprehensive risk management for sustainable development, providing systematic and comprehensive risk management advice for Chinese enterprises engaged in direct investments in the Russian soybean market

Guide DNA dephosphorylation-modulated Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute fluorescence biosensor for the detection of alkaline phosphatase and aflatoxins B1

Foodborne hazardous factors pose a significant risk to public health, emphasizing the need for the development of sensitive and user-friendly detection strategies to effectively manage and control these risks in the food supply chain. Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute (PfAgo)-based biosensing approaches have been extensively explored due to its built-in signal amplification. However, the property that PfAgo is a DNA-guided DNA endonuclease has enabled almost all the existing PfAgo-based reports to be used for the detection of nucleic acids. To lend PfAgo toolbox to extended non-nucleic acid detection, we systematically investigated the mechanism characteristic of PfAgo′ preference for guide DNA (gDNA) and proposed a gDNA dephosphorylation-modulated PfAgo sensor for the detection of non-nucleic acid targets. Our results indicated that PfAgo exhibits preference for 5′-phosphorylated gDNA at a specific ratio of PfAgo to gDNA concentration. Leveraging this PfAgo′ preference and the dephosphorylation activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ALP could be detected as low as 2.7 U/L. Furthermore, the PfAgo was coupled with immunolabelled ALP to develop a PfAgo-based fluorescence immunosensor, which achieves aflatoxins B1 detection with a detection limit of 29.89 pg/mL and exhibits satisfactory recoveries in wheat and maize samples. The developed method broadens the application scope of PfAgo toolbox, and provides a simple, sensitive, and universal detection platform for a variety targets.

Contextualizing supply chain risk governance in critical infrastructure sectors: insights from the Swedish food system

PurposeCritical infrastructure (CI) sectors and their resilience are vital for societies to function. In many countries, vital societal functions (VSFs) and CIs depend on inter-organizational and international supply chains (SCs) which combine public and private actors with often competing interests and unclear responsibilities that create discontents. While collaborative supply chain risk management (SCRM) can increase the robustness and resilience of VSF&CIs, their inherent characteristics complicate SCRM. To understand this, supply chain risk governance (SCRG) has conceptually been introduced, suggesting collaborative mechanisms that facilitate inter-organizational SCRM. The purpose of this study is to elaborate on and substantiate the theoretical and practical relevance of an existing SCRG framework, by empirically exploring governance of collaborative SCRM and suggesting future research.Design/methodology/approachAn abductive case study was performed in a VSF&CI, the Swedish food system, to contextualize top-level governance of collaborative SCRM and elaborate on the conceptual SCRG framework. Archival data supplemented expert interviews with public and private actors representing direct and indirect SC actors.FindingsCurrent discourse and interventions in the Swedish food system’s SCRM confirmed discontent in governance and the importance of SCRG mechanisms and supported further conceptualization, e.g. of legal mechanisms vs economic incentives, the importance of government inquiries and the understanding of the influence of indirect public SC actors.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering the geographical scope of the study, transferability is limited but invites comparisons with both other countries and the SCRG of other VSF&CIs. Proposed research avenues guide future conceptualization and contextualization of SCRG.Practical implicationsThe framework can support CI actors to jointly find and reduce discontents related to inter-organizational SCRM and support policymakers to increase public–private collaboration.Originality/valueThe novelty lies in empirically studying SCRG in critical infrastructures by combining SCRM and risk governance lenses.

Abstract 3: Adapting to Evolving Demands: Diversifying Cord Blood Processing to Mitigate Supply Chain and Vendor Risks

Abstract 3: Adapting to Evolving Demands: Diversifying Cord Blood Processing to Mitigate Supply Chain and Vendor Risks