Dimensions Of Perceived Risk Research Articles

Risk perception in paranoia and anxiety: Two investigations across clinical and non-clinical populations

ObjectivesIt is common, among clinical and non-clinical populations alike, for paranoia and anxiety to co-occur. It has been suggested that anxiety and its related appraisal styles may contribute to development of paranoia. We aimed to evaluate different aspects of risk perception in relation to paranoia and anxiety and to identify specific aspects that may differentiate paranoia from anxiety. This paper consists of two inter-related studies. MethodsStudy 1 compared 30 patients with persecutory delusions, 21 patients with generalized anxiety disorder and 52 healthy controls. Study 2 compared 30 non-clinical individuals with high levels of paranoia and anxiety, 28 individuals with high anxiety only and 36 healthy controls. Within each study, the two symptomatic groups were matched on level of anxiety. Four dimensions of risk perception (i.e. likelihood, harm, controllability, and intentionality) were compared across groups, as measured by the locally validated Risk Perception Questionnaire. ResultsIn both studies, the paranoia and the anxiety groups reported an elevated perceived likelihood of negative events than controls respectively. Only the paranoia groups reported an elevated perceived harm of neutral events than controls. In Study 2, the two at-risk groups attributed more harm and intentionality to negative events than controls. ConclusionAlthough perception of negative events was characteristic in anxiety (with or without paranoia), a biased perception of neutral events as risky was unique to the addition of paranoia. Implications to the transdiagnostic and continual view of psychopathology, and mechanism-based interventions were discussed.

Kurumsal İtibar ve Algılanan Riskin Tüketici Satın Alma Davranışına Etkisi: Elektronik Ticaret Perakende Sektöründe Bir Uygulama1 (The Effect of Corporate Reputation and Perceıved Risk on Consumer Purchasing Behavior: an Application In Electronic Trade Retail Sector)

Purpose - The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate reputation and perceived risk on consumer buying behavior. Design/methodology/approach - In this context, 412 usable questionnaires were obtained as a result of the survey applied to people who shop via electronic commerce. The data obtained from the survey was coded by entering the statistical package program. Correlation multiple regression analysis were applied to investigate the relationship between the scales used. Findings - According to the results of the research, a significant relationship was found between the corporate reputation and perceived risk and consumer buying behavior. Corporate reputation and perceived risk affect consumer buying behavior. Corporate reputation affects the variables of perfectionist / high quality oriented, brand oriented- price = quality awareness, habit, brand oriented and price oriented variables. Among the perceived risk dimensions, performance and psychological risk dimension are indecisive, perceived social risk dimension is fashion oriented, perceived online payment risk dimension is experiencing confusion, perceived delivery risk dimension affects negatively shopping, careless consumer purchasing behavior dimensions. Discussion - The use of studies aimed at increasing corporate reputation and reducing perceived risk is for purchasing behaviors. Market strategies can be developed, changed and renewed through research based on corporate reputation and perceived risk. The impact of corporate reputation and perceived risk on consumer buying behaviors will provide a guiding contribution to both marketing literature and operating on the internet individiual or companies.

To bu(Y) or not to bu(Y): Perceived risk barriers to online shopping among South African generation Y consumers

In South Africa the adoption and growth of online shopping is relatively slow. The primary objective of this study was to investigate possible perceived risk barriers that might influence the online shopping behaviour of technologically enabled Generation Y South African consumers. Perceived risk was investigated by means of an online questionnaire in the context of high-involvement products (clothing), and low-involvement products (books). Consideration was also given to experienced and inexperienced online consumers. Results indicate that, for experienced online shoppers, the dimensions of perceived risk that showed significant relationships with their online repurchase intention were psychological risk and social risk (both retailer reputation and social influences), for clothing and books. Time risk was furthermore significant for experienced consumers in terms of books. For inexperienced online shoppers, results showed that financial risk and social risk (retailer reputation), had a significant relationship with online purchase intention for clothing and books. In addition, an equal size multi group analysis between the experienced and inexperienced online consumers for books, indicated no significant differences in the relationship between all the perceived risk dimensions and purchase/repurchase intent. For clothing significant differences were found for the relationships between financial risk and psychological risk and purchase/repurchase intent. The insights gained from the findings can be used by South African online retailers to improve their understanding of technologically enabled consumers and develop more focused and effective marketing strategies to grow online shopping.

Obsolescence risk in B2B purchase of high technology products

This study investigates the relative importance of perceived obsolescence risk in comparison to generic perceived risk dimensions among business buyers while purchasing high-technology products. We use step-wise regression to assess the contribution of obsolescence risk towards the overall perceived risk (OPR). Our results show that perceived obsolescence risk is a significant predictor of variation in the OPR and reports the highest mean score, implying that it is also the most important of all the risk dimensions. Our findings have significant implications for marketing managers of high-technology products, enabling them to design their marketing mix in a manner that reduces the OPR with particular emphasis on reducing the obsolescence risk.

Influence Of Perceived Risk Dimensions On Consumers Attitudes Towards Buying Electric Vehicles EVs In Jordan

Influence Of Perceived Risk Dimensions On Consumers Attitudes Towards Buying Electric Vehicles EVs In Jordan

Obsolescence risk in B2B purchase of high technology products

This study investigates the relative importance of perceived obsolescence risk in comparison to generic perceived risk dimensions among business buyers while purchasing high-technology products. We use step-wise regression to assess the contribution of obsolescence risk towards the overall perceived risk (OPR). Our results show that perceived obsolescence risk is a significant predictor of variation in the OPR and reports the highest mean score, implying that it is also the most important of all the risk dimensions. Our findings have significant implications for marketing managers of high-technology products, enabling them to design their marketing mix in a manner that reduces the OPR with particular emphasis on reducing the obsolescence risk.

The effect of risk perception on the willingness to purchase hazard insurance—A case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China

Natural hazard insurance is widely recognized as an implement for reducing risk to adverse environmental change such as mountain hazards. Rural households' willingness to purchase (WTP) for mountain hazard insurance may be affected by their risk perception. Notably, individuals generally behave following prospect theory under uncertain threats of mountain hazards. This paper uses the survey data (N = 348) from four counties with the most severe mountain hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is utilized to verify 13 hypotheses which are proposed based on the prospect theory. The results show that: (1) Risk perception can be divided into five dimensions, namely, Probability factor (perceptions of the likelihood of hazard occurrence); Controlled factor (confidence in human efforts to survive hazard); Fear factor (worry or nervousness of suffering disaster); Experience factor (hazards experiences); and Unknown factor (ignorance associated with disaster). (2) The unknown factor, controlled factor, probability factor, and experience factor have a significant influence on WTP. However, the fear factor does not affect WTP. (3) The five risk perception dimensions have a significant direct impact on each other. These results support the hypothesis that people have limited abilities to process information and help understand better the influence of risk perception on the insurance purchasing decision.

Study on Risk Perception of Domestic Cruise Tourists

Although risk perception plays a key role in affecting cruise tourists’ purchase intention, the existing literature lacks of an empirical exploration of risk perception dimensions of cruise travel. A study of tourists of WuSongKou International Cruise Terminal in Shanghai was carried out by the methods of in-depth interview and questionnaire survey to explore the specific dimensions of cruise tourists’ risk perception. And this paper found six dimensions of risk perception from the perspective of tourists’ loss classification: physical risk, psychosocial risk, service risk, performance risk, communication risk and financial risk.

Understanding Decision Making about Breast Cancer Prevention in Action: The Intersection of Perceived Risk, Perceived Control, and Social Context: NRG Oncology/NSABP DMP-1.

Literature on decision making about breast cancer prevention focuses on individual perceptions and attitudes that predict chemoprevention use, rather than the process by which women decide whether to take risk-reducing medications. This secondary analysis aimed to understand how women's perceptions of breast cancer risk and locus of control influence their decision making. Women were accrued as part of the NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Decision-Making Project 1, a study aimed at understanding contributors to chemoprevention uptake. Thirty women participated in qualitative in-depth interviews after being counseled about chemoprevention. Deductive codes grouped women based on dimensions of risk perception and locus of control. We used a constant comparative method to make connections among inductive themes focused on decision making, deductive codes for perceived risk and perceived locus of control, and the influence of explanatory models within and across participants. Participants were predominantly non-Hispanic white (63%), with an average age of 50.9 years. Decision making varied across groups: the high-perceived risk/high-perceived control group used "social evidence" to model the behaviors of others. High-perceived risk/low-perceived control women made decisions based on beliefs about treatment, rooted in the experiences of social contacts. The low-perceived risk/low-perceived control group interpreted signs of risk as part of the normal continuum of bodily changes in comparison to others. Low-perceived risk/high-perceived control women focused on maintaining a current healthy trajectory. "Social evidence" plays an important role in the decision-making process that is distinct from emotional aspects. Attending to patients' perceptions of risk and control in conjunction with social context is key to caring for patients at high risk in a way that is evidence based and sensitive to patient preferences.

Classification and dynamic evolution of public's environmental risk coping actions in China

Existing studies on public attitudes and actions towards sites elections of projects with existing environmental risk usually make simple binary partition and mostly focus on public confrontational actions. Whereas, no attention has been paid to the complexity and dynamic convertibility of public's risk coping actions. This paper constructs an integrated framework for environmental risk coping actions referring to risk social amplification theory and risk protective theory. Through the comparative analysis with three typical projects of nuclear facilities in China, it has been found that there are four different types of risk coping action based on dual dimensions of risk perception and risk communication, namely, acquiescence–support and acquiescence–adaption, belonging to low‐grade risk coping actions, and two high‐grade risk coping actions, prevention–mobilization and prevention–protest. Under specific conditions, the dynamic conversions from low grade to high grade among the four action choice models also existed. Findings of this paper try to provide a theoretical interpretation for getting a better understanding of the public action choices in relation to environment risk. In the meanwhile, policy enlightenment to risk governance for government has also been discussed.

Prioritization of multi-dimensional risk for digital services using the generalized analytic network process

PurposeIn current times, organizations operating in emerging economies are providing digital services to its citizen the internet. Literature indicates that digital services are facing major challenges with respect to its adoption among users groups due to the perceived risks.Design/methodology/approachWith the use of generalized analytic network process (GANP), prioritization of different dimensions of risk has been done on the basis of an empirical survey among user groups in India.FindingsThe result indicates that dimensions like privacy risk, performance risk and financial risk are more important risks across digital services models. However, physical risk, social risk, psychological risk and time risk are comparatively less important risks across digital services. This research also finds out that the end users are reluctant to provide their personal information.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size is relatively small which limits generalizability of results beyond India. However, an application of GANP has been showcased for empirical research.Practical implicationsThe research outcome can help managers in deciding which dimensions of risk are more important for digital service delivery and thus facilitate adoption.Originality/valueThis paper focused on the different facets of risk perceived by consumers, toward the digital services available in smart cities. Perceived risk dimensions such as privacy risk, performance risk, financial risk, physical risk, social risk, psychological risk and time risk have shown that there is a need to prioritize these risks to the digital services which is offered to the residents of the smart cities.

The different dimensions of risk perception: The role of individual traits and watching TV

The goal of this study was to investigate the relation between watching various types of TV programs and risk perception. Because risk perception is a complex phenomenon, we focused also on the role of personal (gender, educational level, personality) and contextual characteristics (living in a large, mid-sized, or small city) in the development of social concerns. A self-reported pen and paper questionnaire was administered to 316 Italian adults. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis to identify different groups of perceived risk causes, which revealed three factors: Violence, Politics and Economy, and Environment. We verified the relations among factors of risk perception, TV genres, and personal dimensions via structural equation modelling. Viewing News and Public Affairs was positively related to all dimensions; Films and TV series were positively related to Violence, and Reality and Variety Shows is not related to any factor of risk perception. Educational level was negatively related to all risk perception factors and to watching Reality and Variety Shows. Neuroticism was positively associated with Violence and Politics and Economy, whereas living in a large city was negatively related to Violence.

Medical students’ risk perceptions on decreased attention, physical and social risks in using mobile phones and the factors related with their risk perceptions

ABSTRACTThe aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the mobile phone use, risk perception and related factors among the medical students. The study population was 1465 medical students. The dependent variable was the risk perception on mobile phones. The risk perception was assessed in three dimensions: decreased attention, physical risks and social risks. The exploratory factor analysis was used for the success of the scale, and the factor loadings were calculated using the varimax rotation method. Logistic Regression Analysis was applied to determine the factors associated with risk perception. The presented results are based on 1079 students (Access rate = 73.7%). In all dimensions of risk perception, more than half of the medical students had high risk perceptions. Female students and lower social classes had high risk perceptions. An understanding of the determinants and mobile phone utilization characteristics might help in developing effective risk communication to these subgroups.

Differentiated effects of risk perception dimensions on nuclear power acceptance in South Korea

Perceptions of risk from nuclear power generation have received considerable attention as a significant determinant of public acceptance of nuclear power—a requirement to draw social and political support for nuclear power generation. However, the distinction between the dimensions of risk perception and the differentiated effects of such dimensions has been less explored. The present study demonstrates that two distinct dimensions of risk perception from nuclear plants—perceived intrinsic risk and extrinsic risk—reveal contrasting patterns of influence on the acceptance of nuclear power. Our results, using a sample from South Korea, show that the relative effect of perceived extrinsic risk from nuclear plants on the acceptance of nuclear power (compared to that of intrinsic risk) is stronger at higher levels of such acceptance than at lower levels. This finding provides implications for public policy to encourage the acceptance of nuclear power. Such policy should selectively choose between the two approaches—reducing the public's perceived level of intrinsic risk and that of extrinsic risk—depending on whether the policy's aims is to soften opposing voices or to promote positive voices for nuclear power.

Preservice Teachers’ Risk Perceptions and Willingness to Use Educational Technologies: A Belief System Approach

One of the beliefs that is responsible for teachers’ resistance to educational technologies (Ets) is risk perceptions. The purpose of present study was to understand the predictive power of risk perceptions for pre-service teachers (PTs)’ willingness to use Ets. We developed a questionnaire covering three sections: personal information, willingness to use Ets and risk perceptions. We administered this questionnaire to 425 Turkish PTs from different backgrounds (STEM and non-STEM branches). We benefited from factor analysis and hierarchical regression for data analyses. The results of factor analyze showed that six dimensions (dread, unnatural consequences, negative impacts on learning, noneducational purposes, traditional education and first-time use) constituted the PTs’ risk perceptions. The regression results showed that certain risk perception dimensions were predictors of willingness to use Ets. At the end of the paper, we suggested implications based on enhancement strategies for teacher epistemology and risk mitigation opportunities.

Communicating Online Diet-Nutrition Information and Influencing Health Behavioral Intention: The Role of Risk Perceptions, Problem Recognition, and Situational Motivation

Despite the concerns raised about the impact of online health information on users, research has not specifically explored different types of information behaviors people exhibit during the communicative process. In this article, we address this research gap by combining the Situational Theory of Problem Solving with considerations of multiple dimensions of risk perception, such as affective and deliberative. This study constructs a hypothetical model to explore how online users’ risk perceptions and information behaviors (information seeking, forefending, and forwarding) influence their health behavioral intention. A survey collected data from 1,463 participants at two healthcare centers in China. Based on the structural equation modeling, multiple dimensions of risk perception play a distinctive role in communicating online health information and forming health behavioral intention. Furthermore, information forwarding, an essential information behavior, influences deliberative risk perception more than information forefending, and it is a much better predictor of individuals’ health intention than information seeking. Implications and suggestions for health communication research are discussed.

Why Riders Perform Risky Riding Behavior in Jakarta: The effects of Hazardous Situation, Gender, and Risk Perception

The relationship between risky riding behavior and traffic accidents has been identified in previous research. However, there is limited research that focuses on the interaction between internal and external factors and the effect this has on riders’ risky riding decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of hazardous situations and gender on risk perception and risky riding behavior among motorcyclists. We focus on lane-splitting behavior as one of the most common risky riding behaviors among motorcyclists in Jakarta. A 2×2 mixed-groups factorial ANOVA (hazardous situation × gender) was conducted with 72 participant riders, male as well as female. Participants were asked to read different scenarios and watch six video clips that showed pro-risk and anti-risk hazardous situations. At the end of each clip, participants answered questions related to risk perception and lane splitting decisions. Results show that hazardous situations have a significant effect on each dimension of risk perception and on risky riding behavior. However, results suggest that gender has a significant effect only on two dimensions of risk perception, namely, efficacy and worry and insecurity. We also found a significant effect of the interaction between hazardous situations and gender on risk perception, which is the dimension of the likelihood of an accident. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that it is important for law enforcement to consider the role of risk perception when granting motorcycle licenses.

Virtual Exemplars in Health Promotion Campaigns

Abstract. Virtual simulations allow individuals to concretely view the future negative health consequences of present dietary choices. Integrating exemplification theory with risk communication research, the effect of using virtual simulations to exemplify the health risks of soft drink consumption was assessed across 3 weeks. A three-group pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest design (N = 62) compared the effect of three channels of delivering health risk information – base-rate statistics, picture, and virtual simulation – embedded in a digital health promotion pamphlet. Three dimensions of risk perception (perceived likelihood, susceptibility, severity), involvement with the health issue, and soft drink consumption were measured across 3 weeks. Virtual exemplars were the most effective channel for increasing perceived likelihood, perceived susceptibility, involvement, and soft drink consumption over time. Exemplification did not affect perceived severity. The paper discusses the potential of virtual exemplars as a powerful tool in designing effective health messages.

Detrimental Views on Perceived Risks and their Influence on Travel Decisions

This study, therefore, proposes to identify and investigate the risk perception dimensions of tourists travelling from South India and to determine the influence that these dimensions can have on tourist behaviour. The primary data was gathered through a survey, involving a scheduled questionnaire. Based on the nature of the data collected, data analysis techniques such as Cross Tabulation, Independent Sample t-Test and One-way ANOVA Test were employed to identify characters of heterogeneity among tourist groups based on the risk perception dimensions.

EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE APPRAISAL PATTERN ON PROBABILITY WEIGHING FUNCTION AND RISK BEHAVIOR BETWEEN GENDERS

The paper sets out to explore the effect of manipulating the appraisal dimensions, controllability and certainty, which was induced by emotions fear and anger, on probability weighting of a risky prospect between genders. By targeting the risk perception dimensions; subjects’ perception on the controllability and certainty of a situation were investigated. The experimental subjects were then asked to make choices in a lottery game. The results showed that high controllability and certainty dimensions could mitigate over-reaction to probability of losing among women. However, we found no effect of the two dimensions on men. Past studies have shown women were emotionally more sensitive and tend to overweigh probability of losing higher than men. This misperception of probability has large consequences on income discrepancy, risk tolerance and investment decisions between genders. This paper showed manipulating the controllability and certainty dimensions when faced with a risky choice could mitigate the misperception of risk. Keywords: Risks; Appraisal Dimensions; Probability weighing; Lottery; Experiment.