Workplace Injury Risk Research Articles

Impact of Automation

Industrial automation significantly impacts industries and employees, with both positive and negative effects. On the positive side, automation enhances efficiency, accuracy, and productivity, streamlining operations and enabling tasks to be completed faster and more precisely than manual methods. It simplifies complex processes, reducing the potential for human error and minimizing the risk of workplace injuries or fatalities, thereby contributing to a safer work environment. However, the downside of automation is its potential to displace human workers, reducing their significance in the workplace. This displacement can lead to job loss, creating economic insecurity and a sense of redundancy among employees. Additionally, the increased reliance on machines and technology can contribute to feelings of depression, anxiety, and stress among workers, as they may struggle to adapt to new roles or face concerns about their job security. These emotional and psychological impacts pose risks to employees' overall well-being and safety. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the multifaceted effects of automation and to strike a careful balance between human labor and machine use. Maintaining this balance is essential to fostering a healthy and sustainable work environment where technology enhances rather than diminishes the value of human contribution. Consequently, conducting comprehensive studies on the impacts of automation and strategies for achieving an optimal balance between human and machine involvement is vital for the future of work.

Evaluating the surgical trainee ergonomic experience during minimally invasive abdominal surgery (ESTEEMA study)

Minimally invasive abdominal surgery (MAS) can exert a physical cost. Surgical trainees spend years assisting minimally-invasive surgeries, increasing the risk of workplace injury. This prospective questionnaire-based cohort study was conducted amongst general surgery residents in Singapore. Residents assisting major MAS surgery were invited to complete anonymous online survey forms after surgery. The Phase 1 survey assessed physical discomfort scores and risk factors. Intraoperative measures to improve ergonomics were administered and evaluated in Phase 2. During Phase 1 (October 2021 to April 2022), physical discomfort was reported in at least one body part in 82.6% (n = 38) of respondents. Over a third of respondents reported severe discomfort in at least one body part (n = 17, 37.0%). Extremes of height, training seniority, longer surgical duration and operative complexity were significant risk factors for greater physical discomfort. In Phase 2 (October 2022 to February 2023), the overall rate of physical symptoms and severe discomfort improved to 81.3% (n = 52) and 34.4% (n = 22) respectively. The ergonomic measure most found useful was having separate television monitors for the primary surgeon and assistants, followed by intraoperative feedback on television monitor angle or position. Close to 20% of survey respondents felt that surgeon education was likely to improve physical discomfort.

Analysis of The Level of Compliance With Employee Safety Behavior at PT. X Uses The Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) Method

Behavior-based safety (BBS) programs are a safety approach based on human behavior and social relationships in the work environment. This approach aims to increase employee awareness, commitment and responsibility to create a safer and healthier work environment. A behavior-based safety (BBS) approach focuses on human behavior to reduce the risk of workplace accidents and injuries. This research uses a qualitative approach that combines observation and interview methods. This approach was chosen to gain a deeper understanding of the safety behavior of PT employees. X and the factors that influence it are observed directly in the PT work environment. X observes employee safety behavior in real-life situations. Dangerous behavior is the behavior of an individual or group of workers that can create a dangerous situation in a work process. Implementation of security in the PT environment. X has been around since the company's inception, but safety was only documented around 2022. work without complete PPE. Employees in the company already understand SMK3. Strengthen safety training, implementation and monitoring of safety procedures, safety culture, risk assessment, effective incident reporting systems, regulatory enforcement and discipline.

Physical activity and risk of workplace and commuting injuries: a cohort study.

Leisure-time physical activity (PA) has been hypothesized to reduce the likelihood of occupational injuries, but it is unclear whether this association varies between workplace and commuting injuries. The aim of this study was to examine the association between PA and risk of workplace and commuting injuries. Data were derived from the Finnish Public Sector study including 82 716 person-observations (48 116 participants). PA was requested repeatedly in four questionnaire surveys between 2000-2012. The average level of PA from two subsequent questionnaires was used to assess long-term PA. To obtain a 1-year incidence of injuries, participants were linked to occupational injury records from the national register. Logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was used to examine the association between PA and injury risk. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, education, work schedule, job demand, sleep difficulties, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and depression for workplace and commuting injuries, and workplace injuries were additionally adjusted for physical heaviness of an occupation and injury risk by occupation. Higher level of PA was associated with a lower risk of workplace injuries compared to inactive participants [odds ratio (OR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.98]. This association was most marked in the ≥50-year-old age group (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.99). No association between the PA and the risk for commuting injuries was observed. Higher PA is associated with lower risk of workplace injuries particularly among older employees.

Leveraging YouTube to aid Construction Hazard Prevention through Design (CHPtD)

Construction Hazard Prevention through Design (CHPtD) is widely recognized as a key approach for preventing injuries in construction workplaces. It prioritizes the safety of construction workers by explicitly tackling potential hazards during the design development phase. This involves proactively incorporating design features aimed at minimizing the risk of workplace injuries. Despite the theoretical promise of CHPtD, practical implementation has faced significant challenges. Notably, prior research has emphasized issues such as designers’ unfamiliarity with construction means and methods, along with their inability to anticipate safety hazards that may arise in the field due to their design choices. In response, proponents of CHPtD have advocated for educational interventions aimed at equipping designers with the essential skills needed for effective implementation of CHPtD. This investigation assessed the effectiveness of YouTube as an educational resource for enhancing hazard recognition in simulated CHPtD review sessions among civil engineering students. YouTube was expected to aid hazard recognition due to its extensive collection of videos featuring various construction operations and related safety hazards. The study utilized a randomized controlled experiment to evaluate treatment effects. The results indicate that YouTube can serve as a valuable tool in supporting CHPtD efforts. Furthermore, the benefits derived from using YouTube were more pronounced when examining specific building elements (e.g. interior upper-level drywall) compared to other elements.

Ergonomic Assessment of Septorhinoplasty Maneuvers During Simulated Pregnancy.

Women represent an increasing proportion of the otolaryngology workforce. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) are a little-studied yet important impediment to career completion. Scant attention has been directed to study the impact of pregnancy on surgeon posture and ergonomics. We piloted the use of a pregnancy simulation suit (Empathy Belly) to assess the risk of ergonomic compromise when performing open septorhinoplasty. Surgical simulation. Single session, training simulation lab at academic medical center. Medical students and surgical residents performed the initial steps of a rhinoplasty procedure without and with a pregnancy simulation suit and were filmed with an artificial intelligence-based video analysis app from Kinetica Labs that calculates joint angles and categorizes the ergonomic risk factors. Still images from videos were taken and analyzed using validated posture-based analysis rubrics. Participants were asked to complete a qualitative questionnaire after the session. Twelve medical students and surgical residents participated in the study. Posture-based analysis indicated increased ergonomics risk factors among trainees when performing a rhinoplasty while wearing the pregnancy suit. Video analysis indicated trends of worsening back angle and shoulder postures. Trainees reported experiencing pain in the neck, suprapubic area, and lower back. They acknowledged the importance of ergonomics in otolaryngology and desired further education about workplace injury risk mitigation. Pregnancy impacts the ergonomics of performing septorhinoplasty and further investigation is required into interventions to reduce risk of WRMSDs.

Increase in Trauma Leading to Psychological Injury Among Canadian Homelessness Services Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study examined the traumatic psychological impact of the pandemic on frontline workers in homelessness services. Staff from homelessness serving organizations completed pre- and mid-COVID pandemic surveys measuring traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), burnout, and job-related traumatic experiences. The mid-pandemic survey was expanded to seven Canadian cities to determine prevalence of workplace PTSS nationally. In the comparison group, baseline rates of PTSS (41%) rose to 47.3% ( n = 164), while 75% reported low-moderate levels of burnout both times. Nationwide, PYSS was 51% ( n = 574). Case managers working at remotely had greater levels of PTSS. COVID-19 exacerbated risk of psychological workplace injury from traumatic stress; however, burnout did not increase significantly, indicating the primary dynamic as anxiety and emotional exhaustion associated with ubiquitous trauma induced by COVID-19. Working remotely increased the hazards of psychological workplace injury.

Evaluation of efficiency and quality of mechanical cleaning of autopsy tools in ultrasonic cleaners

Discharging their duties, doctors manning autopsy departments and forensic examiners contact infected biological objects and risk contracting infectious diseases. The risk they run is much higher than dangers faced by specialists involved in other aspects of forensic investigations. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and quality of mechanized cleaning of autopsy tools in ultrasonic cleaners following standard operating procedures. We compared the results of sanitary and bacteriological examination of the said tools washed manually and mechanically, with the help of ultrasonic cleaners. McNemar’s test used in the context of processing of the data allowed revealing the frequency of change of the monitored indicators between the two groups. Mechanical cleaning minimizes direct contact with the tools, allows decontamination of items of complex geometry (including their hard-to-reach parts) without damaging them and ensures high quality of cleaning. With ultrasonic cleaners, mechanized cleaning significantly shortens the time needed to clean medical tools, eliminates the need to wash them manually without compromising their operability, and brings down the risk of workplace injuries and occupational morbidity.

Workplace and non-workplace cannabis use and the risk of workplace injury: Findings from a longitudinal study of Canadian workers

ObjectivesFindings of previous studies examining the relationship between cannabis use and workplace injury have been conflicting, likely due to methodological shortcomings, including cross-sectional designs and exposure measures that lack consideration for timing of use. The objective was to estimate the association between workplace cannabis use (before and/or at work) and non-workplace use and the risk of workplace injury.MethodsCanadian workers participating in a yearly longitudinal study (from 2018 to 2020) with at least two adjacent years of survey data comprised the analytic sample (n = 2745). The exposure was past-year workplace cannabis use (no past-year use, non-workplace use, workplace use). The outcome was past-year workplace injury (yes/no). Absolute risks and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated between workplace and non-workplace cannabis use at one time point and workplace injury at the following time point. Models were adjusted for personal and work variables and were also stratified by whether respondents’ jobs were safety-sensitive.ResultsCompared to no past-year cannabis use, there was no difference in workplace injury risk for non-workplace cannabis use (RR 1.09, 95%CI 0.83–1.44). However, workplace use was associated with an almost two-fold increased risk of experiencing a workplace injury (RR 1.97, 95%CI 1.32–2.93). Findings were similar for workers in safety-sensitive and non-safety-sensitive work.ConclusionIt is important to distinguish between non-workplace and workplace use when considering workplace safety impacts of cannabis use. Findings have implications for workplace cannabis use policies and substantiate the need for worker education on the risks of workplace cannabis use.

Alcohol consumption in healthcare workers and risk of workplace injury: a case-control study

Medical surveillance for alcohol abuse and dependency at work is mandatory for a list of high-risk occupations. The occupational physician is the only figure entitled to perform alcohol and laboratory tests on employees. This study aims to investigate alcohol-induced injuries in healthcare workers, by using Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT) as a marker during medical surveillance visits. A retrospective study was carried out in an Italian healthcare unit. The sample consisted in 75 healthcare workers who sustained an occupational injury. To assess alcohol consumption, CDT levels were tested as well as serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV). No worker had positive CDT levels (cut-off 2%); 12% of cases (5 male and 4 female workers) had γ-GT level higher than normal range (cut-off: 36 U/L). Most injuries (53.33%) occurred during morning shifts, 33.33% during afternoon shifts and 13.33% during night shifts. Female workers had a higher injury rate (73%); biological injuries were the most frequent (36%), followed by slipping and falling 33%. This study seems to indicate that alcohol does not represent an important cause of occupational injuries, as no cases of workplace injury were found positive for CDT. CDT as a biomarker in health surveillance programs could be used to assess alcohol consumption when used alongside other biochemical parameters, and its routine use during medical surveillance could act as a deterrent.

Is there a u-shaped relationship between load levels and fatigue and recovery? An examination of possible mechanisms

In a previous study, an unexpected u-shaped relationship was observed between load level and fatigue/recovery responses. Moderate load levels resulted in lower perceived discomfort, pain, and fatigue, and shorter recovery times compared to either low or high load levels. This phenomenon has been reported in other studies, but no article has examined the possible mechanisms that might explain this u-shaped relationship. In this paper, we re-examined the previously published data and found that the phenomenon does not appear to be due to the experimental artefact; the u-shape may be due to unexpectedly lower fatigue effects at moderate loads, and higher fatigue effects at lower loads. We then conducted a literature review and identified several possible physiological, perceptual, and biomechanical explanatory mechanisms. No single mechanism explains the entirety of the phenomenon. Further research is needed on the relationship between work exposures, fatigue, and recovery, and the mechanisms related to the u-shaped relationship. Practitioner summary: We examine a previously observed u-shaped relationship between load level and fatigue/recovery, where moderate force resulted in lower perceived fatigue and shorter recovery times. A u-shaped fatigue response suggests that simply minimising load levels might not be an optimal approach to reduce the risk of workplace injuries.

Is presence of children or youth a farm workplace injury risk factor on Irish farms?

Is presence of children or youth a farm workplace injury risk factor on Irish farms?

Unlocking the Benefits of Mobile Manipulators for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Comprehensive Study

The mobile manipulator is a relatively recent development in the robotics domain. It is a type of robot system that extends the manipulation capabilities of a robotic arm by the mobility capabilities of a mobile platform. As a result, mobile manipulators promise to provide a wider usage of manipulators (for example, by extending their reach) and to enable automation of use cases that are still manually performed. They can, for instance, automate repetitive tasks, freeing human workers to focus on more valuable tasks. They can also be deployed to perform dangerous or difficult tasks, reducing the risk of workplace injuries. Additionally, using mobile manipulators can help meet the growing demand for fast and flexible production processes, enabling them to better compete in a rapidly changing market. However, integrating these systems bears complexity, high acquisition costs, and unsolved safety and security challenges. Therefore, this new approach is only beginning to be adopted in the manufacturing industry. Especially small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) suffer from these challenges, as they usually have fewer resources. However, mobile manipulators are a valuable tool to enhance their competitiveness and profitability in various industries. In order to unleash these benefits, this paper provides a comprehensive review of application cases of mobile manipulators within smart factory setups. It focuses on specific requirements and advantages for SMEs.

AI IMPACT ON JOB AUTOMATION

Artificial intelligence (AI) has quickly become a transformational force that is reshaping several sectors and changing how work is done. Automating jobs is a crucial component of AI's effect. As artificial intelligence (AI) technology develops, it has the potential to automate operations that are now done by people, creating both possibilities and difficulties for the employment market. AI's influence on job automation has many different facets. However, automation powered by AI has the potential to improve many industries' productivity, efficiency, and accuracy. AI systems may be used to do repetitive and boring activities, freeing up human employees to concentrate on more important, creative, and strategic duties. Increased work satisfaction and creativity may result from this. Automation fueled by artificial intelligence has already had a substantial impact on sectors including manufacturing, shipping, and customer service. However, there are also worries regarding the displacement of human labor as a result of job automation. Certain predictable and regular jobs may be carried out more effectively by robots as AI technology develops. This may lead to changes in work patterns as well as job losses. Manual labor-intensive jobs and routine data processing tasks are especially susceptible to automation. Discussions regarding the future of work and the need of retraining and upskilling the workforce to stay relevant in an AI-driven economy have been triggered by concerns about widespread unemployment. While AI may automate certain employment tasks, it also increases the need for human labor and opens up new possibilities. Intelligent experts that can design, develop, and maintain these technologies are needed for the integration of AI systems. Data scientists, machine learning engineers, and AI experts are in high demand right now. New businesses and employment categories will develop as AI technology advances, highlighting the need of lifelong learning and adaptation in the workforce. Additionally, AI-driven automation may improve the quality and security of employment. Robots may be used to do hazardous and physically taxing activities, lowering workplace injury risk and creating safer working conditions for people. AI may help employees make decisions by giving them insightful information and enhancing their talents. Increased productivity and job satisfaction may result from collaborative work settings where humans and AI systems play to one other's strengths. The difficulties must be addressed by legislators, educators, and corporations in order to minimize the possible negative effects of AI-driven job automation. Investments in education and programs for lifelong learning may provide people the tools they need to adapt to a changing labor market. Governments may aid employees impacted by automation by supporting reskilling programmes and offering social safety nets. To guarantee ethical AI deployment and reduce prejudice and discrimination, laws and regulations must also be in place. In summary, the influence of AI on job automation is profound and intricate. While technology presents chances for improved effectiveness, productivity, and creativity, it also presents problems in terms of job displacement. It's critical to strike a balance between the advantages of automation and the necessity to assist and retrain the workforce. Societies can use AI to their advantage by fostering collaboration between people and AI systems, investing in education and skill development, and enacting thoughtful policies. This will result in a future where people and machines coexist peacefully and a more prosperous and inclusive economy.

Clinical Characteristics Associated with Physical Violence in the Elderly: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis.

Background:Elder abuse is predicted to increase with the rapid population ageing in many countries. Violent injury is influenced by individual factors as well as interpersonal and social relationships, with different manifestations based on changes in the socioeconomic position of older adults. We comparatively investigated the clinical and injury characteristics of physical violence in the elderly with those in another age group.Methods:We included elderly patients (age ≥65 years) who visited six emergency departments (ED) with violence-induced injuries in 2017. The control group comprised patients aged 45–64 years, selected by 1:2 matching based on hospital and sex. Data were extracted from the National Emergency Department Information System and electronic medical records. Both groups were compared for injury mechanism, injury location, activity during injury, diagnosis, and clinical outcomes.Results:Among the 316,944 patients who presented to the 6 ED, 89,178 (28.1%) had traumatic injuries, and 1.6% and 4.5% of injuries were sustained due to violence in the ≥65 and 45–64 year age groups, respectively. There were no significant intergroup differences in the perpetrator (P=0.27), body parts affected (P=0.63), and diagnosis (P=0.23), whereas the older adult group had a significantly higher proportion of traumatic injury by fall (P=0.01), at road and traffic facilities (P=0.01), during work (P=0.01), and multiple injuries (P<0.01).Conclusion:The increase in non-regular workers in the elderly after retirement may have increased the risk of traumatic workplace injuries. As workplace injuries may be a new risk factor for physical violence in the elderly, institutional workplace injury prevention policy is needed.

Pre-Employment physical capacity testing as a predictor of musculoskeletal injury in Victorian paramedics.

Paramedic work has periods of intermittent high physical demand, a risk of workplace injury, may be confounded by inherent fitness of the paramedic. This study aimed to identify the nature of workplace musculoskeletal injury, and determine if there was a relationship between pre-employment physical capacity testing (PEPCT) scores and risk of workplace musculoskeletal injury within the paramedic industry. A retrospective case review using PEPCT scores and workplace injury (WI) manual handling data collected from 2008 to 2015 by an Australian pre-hospital emergency care provider (Ambulance Victoria), enabled comparison and analysis of two distinct data sets. A total of 538 paramedics were included for analysis with 34 paramedics reporting a workplace musculoskeletal injury from manual handling. The mean time to injury from commencement of employment was 395.4 days (SD 516.2). Female paramedics represented 53.0%and male paramedics represented 47%of the sample. Mean total PEPCT score for the entire sample was 19.1 (SD 2.9) with a range from 16.2-22, while for those reporting injuries it was 18.3 (SD 2.6) with a range from 15.7-20.9. Musculoskeletal injury amongst Victorian paramedics is more prevalent where the paramedic is female, and/or within three years of commencement of employment. The PEPCT score did not differentiate those at risk of subsequent injury.

The Impact of Adverse Employment and Working Conditions on the Risk of Workplace Injury in Canada.

BackgroundEmployment standards (ES) include having a regular payday, regular breaks, the right to paid sick or vacation time, and paid wages. Inadequate ES contribute to the labour market vulnerability of workers; however, they are not typically considered to be risk factors for workplace injury. In a sample of Canadian workers, we examine the risk of injury associated with inadequate ES, independent of, and combined with inadequate workplace protections from workplace hazards.MethodsData from 2,803 adults working 15 hours or more/week in workplaces with at least five employees were analysed. We explored associations between exposure to workplace hazards with inadequate protections [termed occupational health and safety (OHS) vulnerability] and inadequate ES on workplace injury (physical or mental injury; injury requiring time off). Additive interaction models were used to examine the independent and combined effects of these exposures.ResultsOccupational health and safety vulnerability and inadequate ES were independently associated with increased injury outcomes. Adjusted models showed an additive relationship for all injury outcomes between OHS vulnerability and inadequate ES. Statistically significant superadditive relationships were observed for physical injury risk with policy and procedure vulnerability plus inadequate ES [synergy index (S) 1.50, 95% CI: 1.13–2.00] and for overall OHS vulnerability plus inadequate ES (S 1.53, 95% CI: 1.16–2.02), suggesting a combined effect greater than independent effects.ConclusionOccupational health and safety vulnerability and inadequate ES are independently associated with workplace injury. For certain injury outcomes, the combined effect of OHS vulnerability and inadequate ES is greater than the independent effects of each individual exposure.

Effect of Joint Exposure to Psychosocial and Physical Work Factors on the Incidence of Workplace Injuries: Results From a Longitudinal Survey.

To analyze the interaction between physical and psychosocial work factors regarding the workplace injuries incidence among 6900 workers out of a longitudinal survey. Based on responses to questionnaires, we obtained exposure groups respectively for physical factors and for psychosocial factors using hierarchical clustering. We performed multiple Poisson regression model with the workplace injuries incidence during 4 years of follow-up as the outcome and the clusters as the independent variables of interest. High psychosocial exposure had a deleterious effect on workplace injuries incidence, which was no longer significant when adjusting for physical factors. The difference in model-based workplace injuries rates between high and low psychosocial exposures seemed to increase (non-significantly) with increasing physical exposure. The risk of workplace injuries was highest among workers with high physical exposures regardless of the psychosocial exposures.

Selection of wearable sensor measurements for monitoring and managing entry-level construction worker fatigue: a logistic regression approach

PurposeThe identification of fatigue status and early intervention to mitigate fatigue can reduce the risk of workplace injuries. Off-the-shelf wearable sensors capable of assessing multiple parameters are available. However, using numerous variables in the fatigue prediction model can elicit data issues. This study aimed at identifying the most relevant variables for measuring occupational fatigue among entry-level construction workers by using common wearable sensor technologies, such as electrocardiogram and actigraphy sensors.Design/methodology/approachTwenty-two individuals were assigned different task workloads in repeated sessions. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify the most parsimonious fatigue prediction model. Heart rate variability measurements, standard deviation of NN intervals and power in the low-frequency range (LF) were considered for fatigue prediction. Fast Fourier transform and autoregressive (AR) analysis were employed as frequency domain analysis methods.FindingsThe log-transformed LF obtained using AR analysis is preferred for daily fatigue management, whereas the standard deviation of normal-to-normal NN is useful in weekly fatigue management.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was conducted with entry-level construction workers who are involved in manual material handling activities. The findings of this study are applicable to this group.Originality/valueThis is the first study to investigate all major measures obtainable through electrocardiogram and actigraphy among current mainstream wearables for monitoring occupational fatigue in the construction industry. It contributes knowledge on the use of wearable technology for managing occupational fatigue among entry-level construction workers engaged in material handling activities.

Identifying Farmer Workplace Injury Risk Factors in Ireland Using Farm Accounts Data

ABSTRACT Identification of occupational workplace injury risk factors is dependent on gaining sufficient and reliable data on both injury occurrence and associated workplace factors. Assessing workplace injury risk factors associated with farming is challenged by non-collection, non-reporting, or under-reporting by farmers, particularly those operating family farms in a self-employed manner. A supplementary (or add-on) farm operator (FO) workplace injury survey was undertaken in association with the Irish National Farm Survey (NFS), which is responsible for provision of Irish farm-level data to the European Commission (EC) Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Data from this add-on survey were analyzed in association with farm and socio-economic data routinely collected by NFS as a component of the FADN. The combined data-set was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques including multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors for occurrence of farm operator workplace injuries (FOWI). FOWI levels were significantly higher on farms where both the FO and their spouse engaged in Off Farm Employment (OFE). More generally, FO injury levels were associated with farm workload and investment levels. The study demonstrates how FADN farm and socio-economic data can be combined with additional FO workplace injury data to identify workplace injury risk factors. The study identifies a risk factor for FOWI occurrence where both FO and spouse engaged in OFE. More generally, it indicates that farm workplace injuries are associated with farm management-related factors.