Walking Risk Research Articles

A Social Entrepreneurship Approach for the Development of an Active-Ageing Smartphone Application

Trends in the world population are shown to favor the increase market of elderly people aged 65 and over. This creates a new and promising market with many peculiarities and a variety of needs to be satisfied in terms of improving quality of life. The proposed solution to this problem which is investigated in this paper comes from technology. Especially, smart phone technology can lead to the creation of innovative products and services facilitating the elderly in their daily lives. The purpose of this study is to explore how a smart phone application (Active Ageing), could upgrade the quality of life of the elderly people and how to motivate them by making them feel safe and comfortable to go out for a walk. Further, the proposed app development takes a stakeholder’s approach where the society, the state, local actors and private investors, are involved. In this way opportunities can be seized and be a deterministic factor in this new market with many economic, social and environmental benefits. At the same time, the study examines the conceptual framework of an innovative business model which will contribute to the sustainable development of the application in the Greek society by taking a social entrepreneurship approach. Going through a critical literature review in relation to Active Ageing, the benefits and risks of walking, social entrepreneurship, market research methods and smart cities, an appropriate survey instrument was developed for evaluating the potential of the envisioned Active Aging app. Elements in the survey examined key issues that concern the elderly. Specifically, market needs have been identified regarding the necessary information to create confidence, safety, enjoyment and high quality of life in a framework of sustainable mobility.

The Last Peacock by Gerald Dawe

Reviewed by: The Last Peacock by Gerald Dawe Jordan Smith The Last Peacock, by Gerald Dawe (Loughcrew, Oldcastle, County Meath: The Gallery Press, 2019, 55 p., paperback, $17) What to make of a diminished thing? Weldon Kees's Robinson poems, Donald Justice's "Tremayne" and "Men at Forty," pages of Philip Larkin, Walt Whitman shamefaced and begging—there is pleasure in the poetry of reduced expectations that maps the doldrums with precision, recounts their passage with the wry shrug of shared experience, commiseration, even affection. Or perhaps not the doldrums in Gerald Dawe's The Last Peacock, but a littoral zone, the indeterminate boundary where a country shelves off into the sea, an insular culture into a cosmopolitan one, memory into elegy. What is the risk of walking along this eroding strand? That the wind will carry your words away. [End Page 141] Unless you place them properly, squarely, a drystone mason's craft of exactitude, as in the opening poem, "East Pier": Not a bad day todayby all accounts. Little bitsof mist hang aboveour encampments— Like the view on a commonplace shoreline drive, much of this might pass without comment, except for the carefully canceled flatness of the first line's double negatives and the way the speaker deflects judgment to others "by all accounts," then reduces the romantic tourist standby of mist to shards, just before the encampments are revealed as villas wedged into cliff facethe grand terracesoverlooking the bay:an older order of things. Encampments, villas (of the noble sort), grand terraces invoke an older order of wealth-as-power; the same words in their modern Airbnb usage (just google "villas Ireland") suggest transience, the cliff-hanging of middle-class comfort and pretension and convention. The self-effacing (or is it self-mocking?) demotic tips the scales toward the latter, and yet the half remembrance of lost elevations underscores this complaint about complaints: Along with the sprightlythere's one or two giving out,on the latest iPhones,unassuageable complaint. The new order is designed in Cupertino and manufactured in China, but the lament of its subjects is an old one: nothing suffices, unless this does: I keep to the east pierunder this cold blanketof sky, patches of mistlike smoke from a fire. This is a slow trawl through a short poem, but you wouldn't want to walk this stretch of pier quickly; there is too much you might trip on (that slightly archaic "sprightly," say) and too much time involved, centuries of grievance going back from the dominance of the cell phone to the rise of the bourgeoisie to the smoky fires of encampments, each a stage in what never would turn out to be a liberation. There are similarly themed, equally deft poems in this collection that have less in mind—"Rock Bottom," "Neighborhood Watch"—but even at their briefest, [End Page 142] Dawe's sketches provide the clear satisfactions of concision and of a free verse line that is as deliberate in its composition as in its effects. This is the versification of the post–World War II generation, not the exuberant experiments of the early Modernists or the prosy nonchalance of our own time, but a line, carefully balanced between an ear for implicit meter and an eye for natural but emphatic phrasing, that served so well the directness of poets such as Donald Justice and James Wright and Elizabeth Bishop: At the Coal Harboura handful of trawlersnudge each otherin the swell, swooping gulls fallupon a crab shelland play. This is it.This be all. And that's it, "Rock Bottom," the whole poem, a plain postcard of a landscape except for the care with which the sounds are knit into the details. Two- to three-stress lines predominate, but no two scan alike, and some stretch, some contract. Syllables echo, consonant and vowel, and the full rhymes are so casual and so appropriate to the scene as to seem both accidental and inevitable. Imitation is at work here, not of the susurration of waters, but of the dialectic of nature's composition as Ralph Waldo Emerson described it...

Baby walkers and the phenomenon of toe-walking

Background. There is limited data in the literature regarding the clinical impact of baby walkers (BWs).
 Aim. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the formation of abnormal motor pattern in the form of preferred moving without support on the heel, while using a BW.
 Objectives. We aimed to determine certain epidemiological impact of the use of infant walkers in order to identify the toe-walking pattern to determine the accuracy of its connection with the walker for estimating the volume and characteristics of the phenomenon.
 Methods. Three retrospective cohort studies were conducted. All the children included in the sample (n = 749) and 363 infants used BWs. Method selected anamnestic survey of parents on a specially designed, anonymous questionnaires and statistical analysis of data.
 Results. The study population had been using BWs for several years. The reasons for the use of infant walkers were identified. The relative risk of walking without heel support in the BWs user groups RR2 = 3.555 (2.535–4.990, 95% CI) and RR3 = 2.766 (1.178–6.494, 95% CI) was calculated for the second and third studies, respectively. There was an increase in the correlation between toe walking and the use of BWs with longer duration of use. The risk of toe walking in the BW user group (PAR = 19.647%) was calculated. The study revealed no static deformation associated with the use of BWs.
 Conclusion. The use of BWs was identified as a factor contributing to the formation of the toe-walking pattern and as a possible causal factor of idiopathic toe walking.

LANGUAGE TEACHING AND HISTORY OF EDUCATION: THE BRAZILIAN CASE

The aim of this article is to evince the correspondence and interdependence between the teaching of languages and the history of education in general and thehistory of Brazilian education in particular. Language teaching is a common objectof study for linguists and pedagogues but not for historians, and this lack of a historical perspective makes those researchers come to conclusions that, without discussing with what has been studied and spoken of the matter, always run the risk of walking in circles, or, in a different degree, rediscovering gunpowder.Keywords: Brazilian education. History of education. Language teaching.

The Relationship Between Objectively Measured Walking and Risk of Pedestrian-Motor Vehicle Collision.

Safe urban walking environments may improve health by encouraging physical activity, but the relationship between an individual's location and walking pattern and the risk of pedestrian-motor vehicle collision is unknown. We examined associations between individuals' walking bouts and walking risk, measured as mean exposure to the risk of pedestrian-vehicle collision. Walking bouts were ascertained through integrated accelerometry and global positioning system data and from individual travel-diary data obtained from adults in the Travel Assessment and Community Study (King County, Washington) in 2008-2009. Walking patterns were superimposed onto maps of the historical probabilities of pedestrian-vehicle collisions for intersections and midblock segments within Seattle, Washington. Mean risk of pedestrian-vehicle collision in specific walking locations was assessed according to walking exposure (duration, distance, and intensity) and participant demographic characteristics in linear mixed models. Participants typically walked in areas with low pedestrian collision risk when walking for recreation, walking at a faster pace, or taking longer-duration walks. Mean daily walking duration and distance were not associated with collision risk. Males walked in areas with higher collision risk compared with females, while vehicle owners, residents of single-family homes, and parents of young children walked in areas with lower collision risk. These findings may suggest that pedestrians moderate collision risk by using lower-risk routes.

A Bi‐objective Optimization Model for Designing Safe Walking Routes for School Children

This study uses a mathematical optimization approach to design safe walking routes from school to home for children. Children are thought to be safer when walking together in groups rather than alone. Thus, we assume that the risk of walking along a given road segment in a group is smaller than that of walking the same segment alone. At the same time, the walking route between school and home for each child should not deviate substantially from the shortest route. We propose a bi‐objective model that minimizes both the total risk (particularly, the total distance walked alone) and the total walking distance for all children. We present an integer programming formulation of the proposed problem and apply this formulation to two instances based on actual road networks. We obtain Pareto optimal solutions using a mathematical programming solver and analyze the characteristics of the solutions and their potential applicability to real situations. The results show that the proposed model produces much better solutions compared with the solution where each child walks along the shortest path from school to home. In some optimal solutions, only a small deviation from the shortest path results in a dramatic reduction of the risk objective.

A86 Comparative fatality risk for different travel modes of transport by age, sex, and deprivation

Abstract Background Cycling is widely perceived as an unsafe mode of transport in England and many other countries. However, numbers of road deaths in England have fallen sharply since 2007. We explored whether differences in fatality rates by age and mode persist, and the impact of deprivation on these. Methods Comparative fatality rates by distance (bn km) and time travelled (million hours’ use, mhu) were calculated by age, travel mode, and sex or area deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation of residence). Data for Travel-related deaths, including pedestrian falls, were drawn from the ONS mortality database (2007–2012). Data for distance and time travelled by age and sex or age and IMD quintile were drawn from National Travel Survey data 2007–2012. Results Fatality rates for walking, cycling and driving fell significantly between 2007–2009 and 2010–012, particularly among men. Male fatalities per bn km fell from 3.4 (95%CI 3.3–3.6) to 2.2 (2.1–2.4), for driving, 32.1 (28.5–36.0) to 20.8 (18.1–23.9) for cycling, and 51.4 (48.5–54.4) to 36.7 (34.3–39.3) for walking. Fatality rates varied by age, sex, and mode, ranging in males from 1.2–26.4/bnkm (0.05–1.01/mhu) for driving, 14.1–231.4/bnkm (0.22–2.59/mhu) for cycling, and 13.1–708.9/bnkm (0.05–2.55/mhu) for walking. For males aged 17–20, fatality rates were 25.9 (23.9–28.1)/bnkm; 1.01 (0.93–1.09)/mhu) for drivers and 22.5 (14.2–33.7)/bnkm; 0.28 (0.18–0.42)/mhu) for cyclists. Age-specific rates showed a J-shape for cycling, a U-shape for driving, and an exponential increase with age for walking. Fatality rates for adults aged 80+ were an order of magnitude higher in each mode than the all-age mean. For both f/bnkm or f/mhu, rates were significantly above mode-specific all-age rates (p Conclusions Fatality rates for walking, cycling and driving are higher for males than females at almost every age and vary more by age than by travel mode. Deprivation exacerbates the risks of walking for age groups >34 years old and driving for age groups

As políticas de promoção da saúde e a questão dos lugares aprendentes

What is the power of a health promotion politcs if it does not take the risk of walking in a democratic participation way, involving health care professionals and local people in a reciprocity manner? Today we are historically facing two representations that cause serious disruptions. The first one separates experts and laymen; the second, deepens the gap between politicians (the elected) and the citizen. We should then propose a making together in order to create the debate, the confrontation, to build a common world. From the perspective of the individual who transforming himself, changes his own world of uncertainties, this article aims to address the question of the where the social action happens. How a can be a place of learning? How the participates of a collective action, as an expression of cultural identity and solidarity? A policy of health promotion can favorize the transforming action which proposes a exploration of the world based on learning, experimentation, deliberation and respect for plurality?

The risk of walking

Analysis of National Travel Survey data on the amount of walking done by 17,000 individuals has shown that people spend about twenty minutes per day travelling by foot, on average. This implies a pedestrian accident rate of about 500 accidents per hundred million miles walked, a greater rate than for car drivers but less than for motor cyclists. This paper also relates accident risk to age and sex of pedestrian, time of day, day of week, and month of year. It is further shown that, for daylight hours, the average number of pedestrian accidents is approximately proportional to the product of vehicle and pedestrian flows.