Risk Of Tongue Cancer Research Articles

The role of rare earth elements and dietary intake in tongue cancer: a mediation analysis in southeast China.

The current research aimed to examine how dietary intake and rare earth elements may affect the development of tongue cancer. The serum levels of 10 rare earth elements (REEs) in 171 cases and 171 healthy matched controls were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The conditional logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between dietary intake, serum levels of 10 REEs, and tongue cancer. Mediation effect and multiplicative interaction analysis were then performed to estimate the potential contribution of REEs in dietary intake associated with tongue cancer. Compared with the control group, patients with tongue cancer consumed significantly less fish, seafood, fruit, green leafy vegetables, and non-green leafy vegetables, with higher serum praseodymium (Pr), dysprosium (Dy), and lanthanum (La) levels, and lower serum cerium (Ce) and scandium (Sc) levels. The interaction effect was observed between some REEs and food categories. Green vegetables' impact on the risk of tongue cancer is partially attributed to the La and Thorium (Th) elements (P < 0.05, the mediated proportion were 14.933% and 25.280%, respectively). The effect of non-green leafy vegetables for tongue cancer mediated via Pr, Dy, and Th (P < 0.05, the mediated proportion were 0.408%, 12.010%, and 8.969%, respectively), and the Sc components in seafood (P < 0.05, the mediated proportion was 26.120%) is partly responsible for their influence on the risk of tongue cancer. The correlation between REEs and dietary intakes for tongue cancer is compact but intricate. Some REEs interact with food intake to influence tongue cancer, while others act as a mediator.

Tumor subsites and risk of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw in patients with oral cavity cancer: a national-based cohort study.

The association between the tumor subsites of the oral cavity and the risk of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) remains unclear. We study the correlation between oral cavity tumor subsites and the risk of ORNJ in a nationwide population-based database. We enrolled 16,701 adult patients with oral cavity cancers who were treated with radiotherapy between 2000 and 2013. The subsites of the oral tumor, treatments of oral cavity cancers, and the timing of tooth extraction were examined for their association with ORNJ in oral cancer patients. 903 patients (5.40%) developed ORNJ. Of the relevant variables, pre-RT mandible surgery, tooth extraction either before or after RT, and tumor sites were associated with the risk of ORNJ. The adjusted HRs for ORNJ in the mouth floor, gums, retromolar, and buccal cancer were 2.056 (1.490-2.837), 1.909 (1.552-2.349), 1.683 (1.105-2.562), and 1.303 (1.111-1.528), respectively, compared with the risk of tongue cancer. There was no significant difference in the risk of ORNJ between the pre-RT extraction group, the during-RT extraction group, and the post-RT extraction (less than 6months) group; the post-RT extraction (more than 6months) group had a significantly higher risk of ORNJ. This study demonstrated that oral cavity tumor subsite is an independent risk factor of ORNJ after RT. Post-RT extraction (less than 6months) group did not carry a significantly higher risk of ORNJ compared with pre-RT extraction group or during RT extraction group.

Polymorphic variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes alter the risk and survival of oral cancer patients

The present study investigated the prevalence of CYP2D6*4, CYP3A5*3 and SULT1A1*2, using PCR-RFLP, in normal and oral cancer (OC) patients that were stratified by OC subtype and gender. The risk of cancer, 5-year cumulative survival and hazard's ratio (HR) with respect to risk factors and clinical factors were estimated using Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models. CYP2D6*4 'GA' lowered the risk of buccal mucosa cancer (BMC) in males (OR = 0.37), whereas, 'G' allele of CYP3A5*3 increased risk of tongue cancer (TC) (OR = 1.67). SULT1A1*2 'GA' increased the risk of TC (OR = 2.36) and BMC (OR = 3.25) in females. The 5-year survival of the patients depended on factors like age, lymphovascular spread (LVS), perinodal spread (PNS), recurrence, tobacco, and alcohol. CYP3A5*3 'AG' and 'GG' had decreased the hazard ratio (HR) for BMC females when inflammatory infiltrate alone or along with other covariates, LVS, PNI, PNS, metastasis, recurrence, and relapse was adjusted. Similarly, CYP3A5*3 'AG' decreased the risk of death (HR = 0.05) when the grade was adjusted. SULT1A1*2 'GA' had decreased HR for TC males (HR = 0.08) after adjusting for inflammatory infiltrate, LVS, perineural invasion (PNI), PNS, metastasis, recurrence, and relapse. Further, our bioinformatics study revealed the presence of a CpG island within the CYP2D6 and a CTCF binding site upstream of CYP2D6. Interestingly, three CpG islands and two CTCF binding sites were also identified near the SULT1A1. In conclusion, the SNPs altered risk and survival of BMC and TC differentially in a gender specified manner, that varied with clinical and risk factors.

Gender specific association of TP53 polymorphisms (EX4 215G>C Arg72Pro, IVS3+40-41ins16, and IVS6+62G>A), with risk of oral cancer subtypes and overall survival of the patients.

Reports on the association of TP53 polymorphisms with oral cancer are not only limited but also not specific to site and/or gender. Hence, we examined the effect of TP53 polymorphisms (EX4 215G>C, IVS3+40-41ins16 and IVS6+62G>A) on buccal mucosa cancer (BMC) and tongue cancer (TC) risk, survival of patients in relation to risk and clinical factors, gender wise (excepting for estimating hazards ratio [HR]), using Fisher's Exact Test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox-proportional hazards models. The exonic polymorphism increased BMC and TC risk in males by 2-4-fold. The IVS3+40-41ins16 was protective against BMC and TC in both genders, whereas IVS6+62G>A protected only males against TC. Genotype combinations and haplotypes which altered the risk of cancers in males and females were different. TC males, aged 40-44 years and females, aged 55-59 years survived better than BMC patients. The IVS3+40-41ins16 polymorphism differentially impacted survival of female patients exposed to tobacco. TC patients with EX4 215GC with lymphovascular spread (LVS) and metastasis exhibited higher HR while, patients with EX4 215CC and perineural invasion (PNI) showed lower HR. Impact of the intronic variants along with clinical parameters on survival and HR estimates varied between BMC and TC. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of CTCF binding site within TP53 gene. In conclusion, the polymorphisms altered risk and survival of BMC and TC in a gender specific manner, which varied with mode of tobacco and/or alcohol use. The current study, therefore underscores strong need for research, stratified by tumor site and gender. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Periodontal diseases and cancer

Chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis are inflammatory forms of periodontal disease (figure) caused by microorganisms from plaque biofilm that forms around the teeth. Chronic inflammation of the periodontium results in continuous release of cytokines, prostaglandins, bacterial toxins, and many other destructive enzymes from cells in the area. This chronic process leads to formation of periodontal pockets and progressive destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone. 1 Pihlstrom B Michalowicz B Johnson N Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1809-1820 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2535) Google Scholar Chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis are the most common causes of tooth loss in adults. Many studies have shown an association between periodontal diseases and systemic manifestations of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature low-weight birth. 1 Pihlstrom B Michalowicz B Johnson N Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1809-1820 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2535) Google Scholar However, there is no evidence for a causal effect. A recent study assessed periodontitis and premature death in young adults in urban regions of Sweden. 2 Söder B Jin L Klinge B Söder P Periodontitis and premature death: a 16-year longitudinal study in a Swedish urban population. J Periodontal Res. 2007; 42: 361-366 Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar The findings showed that young individuals with periodontitis and missing molar teeth, compared with those with no periodontitis, had increased risk of premature death because of cancer, circulatory, and digestive diseases. In this issue of The Lancet Oncology, Michaud and colleagues 3 Michaud DS Liu Y Meyer M Giovannucci E Joshipura K Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk in male health professionals: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9: 550-558 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (261) Google Scholar present important data from a prospective study that shows an increase in cancer risk in a large population of well-characterised US male health professionals who self-reported having periodontal disease with alveolar bone loss. Their findings showed a significant association between periodontal disease and haematological, kidney, and pancreatic cancer. The cancer risk persisted in individuals who never smoked. In a previous study, 4 Michaud D Joshipura K Giovannucci E Fuchs C A prospective study of periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in US male health professionals. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007; 99: 171-175 Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar Michaud and co-workers suggested an association between periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in the same population of health professionals. They concluded that plausible biological mechanisms, such as systemic inflammation or increased concentrations of carcinogenic compounds (or both) as a result of bacteria in the oral cavity of those with periodontal disease, could be involved in the development of cancer. Furthermore, a recent case–control study suggested that chronic periodontitis is associated with increased risk of developing tongue cancer. 5 Tezal M Sullivan M Reid M et al. Chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007; 133: 450-454 Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar However, other researchers believe that the association between periodontal disease and cancer might be spurious. 6 Hujoel P Drangsholt M Spiekerman C Weiss N An exploration of the periodontitis-cancer association. Ann Epidemiol. 2003; 13: 312-316 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar Therefore, future studies that assess in more detail potential mechanisms for the association between periodontal diseases and cancer are warranted. (A) Diagnosis should include clinical presentation, periodontal pocket probings, and radiographical assessment of bone levels. Note that the gingival tissues are red and swollen, and the level of the gingival margins is irregular. (B) Radiograph of top teeth shows only the tips of the roots inserted in alveolar bone (arrow). Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk in male health professionals: a prospective cohort studyPeriodontal disease was associated with a small, but significant, increase in overall cancer risk, which persisted in never-smokers. The associations recorded for lung cancer are probably because of residual confounding by smoking. The increased risks noted for haematological, kidney, and pancreatic cancers need confirmation, but suggest that periodontal disease might be a marker of a susceptible immune system or might directly affect cancer risk. Full-Text PDF

Chronic Periodontitis and the Risk of Tongue Cancer

To assess the association between the history of chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer. Case-control study using preexisting data from patients admitted between June 15, 1999, and November 17, 2005. Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Prosthetics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY. The cases comprised 51 non-Hispanic white men newly diagnosed as having primary squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, and the controls, 54 non-Hispanic white men evaluated during the same period but with negative results for malignancy. Children (aged <21 years), edentulous or immunocompromised patients, and those with history of any cancer were excluded. History of periodontitis was assessed by alveolar bone loss measured from panoramic radiographs by 1 examiner blind to cancer status. Incidence of tongue cancer obtained from the RPCI Tumor Registry. After adjusting for the effects of age at diagnosis, smoking status, and number of teeth, each millimeter of alveolar bone loss was associated with a 5.23-fold increase in the risk of tongue cancer (odds ratio, 5.23; 95% confidence interval, 2.64-10.35). This study suggests an association between chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer in men, independent of smoking status, age, race, ethnicity, and number of teeth. This association needs to be confirmed by larger studies using quantitative assessment of lifetime tobacco exposure. If this association is confirmed, it has a potential impact on understanding the etiology of oral cancer as well as on its prevention and control.

Risk of tongue cancer associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption: a case-control study

Recent studies indicate that cancer of the tongue is increasing rapidly among the younger population in many parts of the world. Few studies, however, have directly examined the risk factors for the disease. A case-control study was conducted in Beijing, China to investigate risk factors for tongue cancer. A total of 111 cases and 111 controls aged 20-80 years were included in this study. The results show that risk of tongue cancer is significantly elevated among ex-smokers (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.09-4.62) and among current smokers (OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.26-5.91). The risk increases with increasing tobacco consumption, as reflected by both cigarette equivalents smoked per day and lifetime pack-years of tobacco smoking. Quitting smoking was associated with a reduction of the risk of tongue cancer. The numbers of cases in the study, however, is small, preventing further analyses during the years after quitting smoking. Overall, alcohol drinking was not found to be significantly associated with the risk of tongue cancer in this study (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.58-2.50 for current drinkers). However, a marginally significant association was found for those who drank spirits at least 5 days a week (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 0.90-6.06). A suggestion of effect modification for smoking and alcohol drinking was observed in this study.