Risk Of T2DM Research Articles

Influence of consuming coffee and other beverages in adolescence on risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

Dietary strategies for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prevention have mainly focused on solid foods and nutrients. Emanating evidence suggests that beverage consumption in adulthood may also influence T2DM development, whereas the role of beverages during adolescence remains unknow. To examine adolescent beverages consumption, and their changes from adolescence to adulthood in relation to T2DM risk in adulthood. This prospective cohort study, conducted within the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), enrolled 41,317 women who completed a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) regarding their diet in high school and had no diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline (1997). Beverage consumption including coffee, tea, regular or diet soda, fruit juice or milk, was assessed using the FFQ. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between beverage consumption in adolescence and risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adulthood, adjusting for potential confounders. During 725,650 person-years of follow-up, 2,844 participants developed T2DM. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle and dietary risk factors, comparing ≥ 1 serving/day with non-consumers, adolescent coffee [HR, 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.75 to 0.98); P-trend = 0.02)] and orange juice [HR, 0.83 (0.71 to 0.96); P-trend = 0.0008)] consumption was associated with lower T2DM risk, whereas, regular soda [HR, 1.37 (1.20 to 1.57); P-trend < 0.0001)] and iced tea [HR, 1.41 (1.21 to 1.65); P-trend < 0.0001)] intake was associated with higher T2DM risk. Increased coffee intake from adolescence to adulthood in 1991 was associated with a lower T2DM risk [HR, 0.70 (0.61 to 0.80); P-trend < 0.0001), comparing ≥ + 3 servings/day with no change], whereas the opposite was observed for increased regular soda [HR, 1.20 (1.06 to 1.35); P-trend = 0.004), comparing ≥ + 1 or more servings/week with no change)] and diet soda consumption [HR, 1.59 (1.41 to 1.80); P-trend = 0.0002), comparing ≥ + 2 servings/day with no change]. Adolescent consumption of coffee or orange juice intake was associated with a lower risk of T2DM, whereas the opposite was observed for intake of regular soda or iced tea. In addition, increased coffee intake was associated with a lower diabetes risk, whereas the opposite was observed for regular or diet soda intake. These data highlight a potentially important role of beverage intake at early life in the etiology of diabetes during adulthood.

Osteocalcin and Chinese visceral adiposity index are associated with the risk of ASCVD and arterial stiffness in patients with T2DM

This study aims to discover the association between serum osteocalcin, the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, and their impact on arterial stiffness in T2DM patients. We included 639 T2DM patients aged 30 and older who received the assessment of ASCVD risk using the China-PAR equation, Osteocalcin and arterial stiffness in this cross-sectional study. We found that osteocalcin and CVAI as independent risk factors for both medium–high-risk ASCVD (osteocalcin: men, OR,0.96, 95% CI 0.92, 1.00; women, OR, 0.93, 95% CI 0.8, 1.08, respectively)(CVAI: men, OR,1.01,95% CI 1.00,1.02; women: OR, 1.08, 95% CI 1.02,1.14, respectively) and arterial stiffness (osteocalcin: men, OR, 0.98, 95% CI 0.94,1.01; women, OR, 0.98, 95% CI 0.90,1.06, respectively)(CVAI: men, OR,1.0, 95% CI 0.99,1.01; women, OR, 1.02, 95% CI 1.00,1.04, respectively) in both men and women patients with T2DM. Combining osteocalcin levels and CVAI improved the prediction accuracy of arterial stiffness in men patients with T2DM (difference of AUC(Model 4 vs. Model 1):1.5%, NRI: 0.06 [0.0,0.4]). All P-values were < 0.05. The results suggested that osteocalcin levels and CVAI are independent risk factors for ASCVD risk and arterial stiffness in T2DM. Combining osteocalcin and CVAI can enhance the early detection of atherosclerosis through male patients with T2DM.

Protective Effect of High Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on the Risk of Incident Type-2 Diabetes in Subjects with MAFLD: The Di@bet.es Study

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) increases the risk of Type-2 Diabetes (T2DM). The Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown advantages in the management of MAFLD and preventing co-morbidities; however, its relationship with T2DM development in MAFLD has been less investigated. We aimed to evaluate the association of MD adherence with the risk of incident T2DM in the Spanish adult population with MAFLD and according to their weight gain at 7.5 years follow-up. Methods: A cohort of 714 participants (without weight increment: 377; with weight increment: 337) from the Di@bet.es cohort study with MAFLD and without T2DM at baseline were investigated. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, clinical data, and a survey on habits were recorded. OGTT and fasting blood biochemistry determinations were made. Baseline adherence to MD was estimated by the adapted 14-point MEDAS questionnaire and categorized as high and low adherence. Results: In total, 98 people developed T2DM at follow-up. The high adherence to MD was inversely associated with the development of T2DM in both the overall population (0.52 [0.31–0.87]) and subjects without weight gain at follow-up (0.35 [0.16–0.78]). Conclusions: Our results suggest the protective effect of high adherence to MD regarding the risk of T2DM in subjects with MAFLD, with this health benefit being more evident in men with the absence of weight gain. These results support the recommendations for MD use in these patients.

Association of antipsychotic drugs on type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort and in vitro glucose homeostasis-related gene expression study

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related complications are associated with schizophrenia. However, the relationship between antipsychotic medications (APs) and T2DM risk remains unclear. In this population-based, retrospective cohort study across the country, we investigated schizophrenia and the effect of APs on the risk of T2DM, and glucose homeostasis-related gene expression.MethodsWe used information from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database of Taiwan for individuals newly diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 4,606) and a disease-free control cohort (N = 4,606). The differences in rates of development of T2DM between the two cohorts were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. The effects of APs on the expression of glucose homeostasis-related genes in liver and muscle cell lines were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR.ResultsAfter controlling potential associated confounding factors, the risk of T2DM was higher in the case group than that in the control group [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.80, p < 0.001]. Moreover, the likelihood of T2DM incidence in patients with schizophrenia without AP treatment (aHR, 2.83) was significantly higher than that in non-schizophrenia controls and those treated with APs (aHR ≤ 0.60). In an in vitro model, most APs did not affect the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis genes but upregulated those beneficial for glucose homeostasis in muscle cells.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the impact of schizophrenia and APs and the risk of developing T2DM in Asian populations. Unmeasured confounding risk factors for T2DM may not have been included in the study. These findings may help psychiatric practitioners identify patients at risk of developing T2DM.

Ultra-processed food intake and type 2 diabetes: A dose-response meta-analyses of prospective studies

Abstract Studies suggested a positive association between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, the magnitude of association varies across studies due to differences in population characteristics and methodological issues. It is also unclear about the exact shape of the association and whether the association is independent of diet quality and adiposity. We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies to summarize the association between UPF intake and T2DM risk. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched through Jan. 2024 to identify relevant studies. Using random-effects models, summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each of the following unit increment in UPF intake: 10% (of total g/d), 100-g/d, and 1-serving/d. A non-linear dose-response meta-analysis was conducted using restricted cubic spline analysis. After screening 569 publications, 12 prospective cohort studies were included in this study. The summary RRs associated with every 10%, 100-g, and 1-serving increment in UPF intake were 1.13 (95% CI = 1.10-1.16), 1.05 (95% CI = 1.03-1.06), and 1.04 (95% CI = 1.03-1.05), respectively. The positive associations remained statistically significant after additional adjustment for diet quality, BMI, and total energy intake. The dose-response curve for g/d of UPF intake suggested evidence of nonlinearity (p-nonlinearity=0.0005), showing a steeper increase in risk at UPF intake &amp;gt;300 g/d. However, evidence for non-linearity was not observed with % and serving/d of UPF intake. The association did not significantly vary by method and timing of UPF assessment. Higher summary RRs were observed among studies from Europe and North America compared with those from other countries (p-heterogeneity=0.048). Our data suggest that higher UPF intake may increase T2DM risk, independent of diet quality and adiposity. Key messages • Higher intake of ultra-processed food is positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. • Public health strategies should encourage healthier dietary choices by emphasizing reduction of UPF intake in dietary guidelines and implementing regulations on manufacturing and labeling of UPF.

Enzalutamide versus abiraterone acetate in the development of new-onset or worsening type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: EVADE study

PurposeTo determine new-onset or worsening T2DM risk in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving abiraterone acetate (AA) vs. enzalutamide (ENZA) in England.MethodsRecords of patients on AA and/or ENZA (2015−2021) were analysed retrospectively from UK- or England-wide databases and data sets. The primary endpoint was new-onset or worsening T2DM, analysed using a Cox model.ResultsOf 1382 patients, 84 (6.1%) met the primary endpoint; 42 of 826 patients (5.1%) received ENZA and 42 of 556 patients (7.6%) received AA. Among patients without baseline T2DM (n = 1049), 50 developed new-onset T2DM: 24 (3.9%) on ENZA and 26 (5.9%) on AA. Among patients with baseline T2DM (n = 333), 34 (10.2%) had worsening T2DM: 18 (8.3%) on ENZA and 16 (13.8%) on AA. Patients on ENZA had longer median follow-up (445 vs. 408 days) and treatment duration (164 vs. 139 days) than those on AA, who were also more likely to have new-onset or worsening T2DM than those on ENZA (HR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.4–2.7; P = 0.0101). The number needed to harm for an additional patient to experience new-onset or worsening T2DM when receiving AA instead of ENZA was 40 overall, 50 in patients without baseline T2DM, and 18 in patients with baseline T2DM.ConclusionPatients with mCRPC receiving AA were more likely to experience new-onset or worsening T2DM than those on ENZA, despite having a shorter treatment duration. Further research is required to substantiate these findings in earlier disease settings with longer treatment duration.

A comprehensive lifestyle index and its associations with DNA methylation and type 2 diabetes among Ghanaian adults: the rodam study

BackgroundA series of modifiable lifestyle factors, such as diet quality, physical activity, alcohol intake, and smoking, may drive the rising burden of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among sub-Saharan Africans globally. It is unclear whether epigenetic changes play a mediatory role in the associations between these lifestyle factors and T2DM. We assessed the associations between a comprehensive lifestyle index, DNA methylation and T2DM among Ghanaian adults.MethodsWe used whole-blood Illumina 450 k DNA methylation data from 713 Ghanaians from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study. We constructed a comprehensive lifestyle index based on established cut-offs for diet quality, physical activity, alcohol intake, and smoking status. In the T2DM-free discovery cohort (n = 457), linear models were fitted to identify differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with the lifestyle index after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and technical covariates. Associations between the identified DMPs and the primary outcome (T2DM), as well as secondary outcomes (fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c), were determined via logistic and linear regression models, respectively.ResultsIn the present study population (mean age: 52 ± 10 years; male: 42.6%), the comprehensive lifestyle index showed a significant association with one DMP annotated to an intergenic region on chromosome 7 (false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.024). Others were annotated to ADCY7, SMARCE1, AHRR, LOXL2, and PTBP1 genes. One DMR was identified and annotated to the GFPT2 gene (familywise error rate (FWER) from bumphunter bootstrap = 0.036). None of the DMPs showed significant associations with T2DM; directions of effect were positive for the DMP in the AHRR and inverse for all the other DMPs. Higher methylation of the ADCY7 DMP was associated with higher FBG (p = 0.024); LOXL2 DMP was associated with lower FBG (p = 0.023) and HbA1c (p = 0.049); and PTBP1 DMP was associated with lower HbA1c (p = 0.002).ConclusionsIn this explorative epigenome-wide association study among Ghanaians, we identified one DMP and DMR associated with a comprehensive lifestyle index not previously associated with individual lifestyle factors. Based on our findings, we infer that lifestyle factors in combination, affect DNA methylation, thereby influencing the risk of T2DM among Ghanaian adults living in different contexts.

Relationship between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes in different ethnicity: a prospective cohort study in southwest China

BackgroundTo estimate and compare the association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among different ethnic groups in southwest China, while also exploring possible ethnic differences.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study of 6,820 participants in Southwest China. MHO was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 and the presence of ≤ 1 component of metabolic syndrome. Cox proportional risk models were utilized to analyze the association between MHO and the risk of T2DM.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 6.58 years, during which 708 new cases of T2DM were diagnosed. In the total population, after adjusting for confounding factors, MHO was found to increase the risk of T2DM compared to metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) individuals (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.15–1.93). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that, MHO increased the risk of T2DM in the Han population (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21–2.23), however, the difference was not statistically significant in the ethnic minority population.The results of sensitivity analysis further supported the robustness of these findings. Meanwhile, stratified by sex, age, and urban/rural, it was found that ethnic differences in the association between MHO and T2DM still existed, however, it is important to note that the association between MHO and T2DM was not statistically significant in the Han population subgroup aged ≥ 45 years (p > 0.05).ConclusionMHO was associated with an increased risk of T2DM compared to MHNW, and there are ethnic differences. Future interventions need to be strengthened for Han Chinese key populations to reduce the risk of T2DM.

Toxic Metals Impact Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Risk in Five African-Origin Populations.

Exposure to toxic metals impacts obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Gut microbiota has been strongly associated with progression of cardiometabolic risk. To determine whether high metal exposures and gut dysbiosis interact to promote metabolic dysregulation and cardiometabolic risk, we assessed relationships between these factors. We analyzed cross-sectional associations between arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, and cardiometabolic health markers in 178 randomly selected African-origin adults (52% female, 51% obese, mean age=43.0±6.4 years) from Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica, and USA. Metal levels were dichotomized to high or low at the median level of each metal. We analyzed associations between gut microbiome taxa, metal levels, clinical measures (BMI, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure) and diagnoses (hypertension, obesity, and diabetes status). High vs. low lead and arsenic exposures had a significant effect on beta diversity (p <0.05). 71 taxa were associated with high lead levels: 30 with elevated BMI, 22 with T2DM, and 23 with elevated fasting blood glucose (p<0.05). 115 taxa were associated with high arsenic levels: 32 with elevated BMI, 33 with T2DM, and 26 with elevated blood glucose (p<0.05). Of the taxa associated with high lead and arsenic exposure and either elevated BMI or fasting blood glucose, porphyrin metabolism was the most enriched metabolic pathway. These data collectively provide the first findings in a human study that the gut microbiome may drive the association between lead and arsenic exposure and obesity and T2DM risk.

Risk factors of type II diabetes among bankers of Kathmandu Metropolitan city: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Identifying the risk factors of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among the most vulnerable people is crucial as it helps to prevent complications and improve health outcomes. The job of bank employees is both sedentary and accompanies high levels of mental stress, making them more susceptible to non-communicable disease like diabetes. This study aims to identify the prevalence of risk factors of T2DM among bank employees. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 bank employees from selected banks of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, the largest and capital city of Nepal from October to December 2020. Pre-tested, self-administered structured questionnaire based on the WHO STEP Instrument and Perceived Stress Scale was used for the data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 software. Results: The mean age of respondents was 34.8±8.9 years. At least, one risk factor was present among all the respondents, whereas 22.4% having had over four risk factors. The most common risk factor was improper dietary habits (99.4%). Similarly, 84.2% of the respondents had moderate to high levels of perceived stress. Factors like age, gender, level of education, marital status, socio-economic status, and family history were associated with the risk factors of T2DM. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that bankers were at high risk of T2DM. This study showed an urgent need to bring the attention of the concerned authorities to promote a healthy lifestyle, create a stress-free work environment, and awareness about the risk of T2DM among bankers, coming up with public health strategies for its prevention.

Polymorphism of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase -1(OGG1)in Iraqi Patients with Type2 Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to elevated oxidative stress. As a consequence , the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)may cause additional damage to various biological macromolecules, including DNA. Several studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of polymorphisms of 8- oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1(OGG1) repair gene polymorphism to the susceptibility of type 2 DM in an Iraqi population with T2DM patients from Wasit Province. All samples were collected from the local community of Wasit province, Iraq. Forty five type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (22 males and 23 females) and 35 healthy controls (17 males and 18 females) were genotyped for 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1(OGG1) using PCR- RFLP technique. In both patients and control groups, the distribution frequencies of genotypes and alleles of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1(OGG1) A/G was inconsistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in T2DM patients(χ2=49.542,P=(0.00001); χ2=82.0185,P=(0.0001) respectively. The Cys/Cys(mt/mt) OGG1 genotype was significantly higher in patients than controls(mt/mt;33(37%)vs,0.00 in controls. The Ser/Cys (wt/mt) was 7(16%) and 6(17%) in patients and controls respectively and Ser/Ser genotypes wt/wt; decreased significantly in patients 5(11%) vs,29(83%) in controls. The wt and mt allele frequencies of OGG1were highly significant between the two groups P=0.00001. The wt allele was the major one in control group with a percent of (90.28) vs. (18.89) in patients group. Whereas the mt the frequent allele in patients with a percent of (81.11) vs. (18.89).This further analysis showed that the individuals carrying the homozygous Cys/Cys(mt/mt) genotype were more likely to have increased the risk of T2DM very significantly with OR= 190.02800 (CI95% 10.8329 to 3342.2603) ,P=0.0003. The genotypes Ser/Ser( wt/wt) and Ser/Cys(wt/mt) decrease the association with T2DM with OR=0.0259 (CI95% 0.0072 to 0.0930), and 0.8904 (CI95% 0.2701 to 2.9347 )respectively, P= 0.0001 and 0.08486 for each genotype respectively, These results suggest that mt allele may be considered as risk allele of T2DM whereas the wt allele is protective agent T2DM.Association analysis showed that the type2 diabetes mellitus risk of females with OGG1 gene Cys/Cys( mt/mt) genotype was highly significant 81.4000 fold higher than that in controls OR= 81.4000 (CI 95% 4.3089 to 1537.7322), P= 0.0033.Ser/Cys( wt/mt) genotype increase the probability of the disease with OR = 1.7647 (CI 95% 0.3745 to 8.3154), P = 0.4727.Similary,Ser/Ser(wt/wt) genotype decrease the association with T2DM with OR= 0.0091 (CI95% 0.0009 to 0.0959), P = 0.0001.Type2 diabetes mellitus patients particularly with Cys/Cys(mt/mt) genotype increases the association about more than 111 times in males patients than that in controls OR= 111.3636 ( CI95% 5.7135 to2170.6226), P = 0.0019 While, genotypes Ser/Cys(wt/mt) and Ser/Ser (wt/wt) reduce the likelihood of T2DM with OR= 0.2222 ( CI95% 0.0209 to 2.3585),P = 0.2120 and 0.0476( CI95% 0.0091 to 0.2484), P= 0.0003 respectively. the genetic model for OGG1 in comparison between T2DM patients and controls . The dominant model indicated that patients and controls of (wt/mt+mt/mt) genotype increased significantly the association with T2DM in patients: (5/7 and 33) comparing with control (29/6 and 0.00) with OR (38.666),P=0.0001.The recessive model revealed that patients carrier the genotype (wt/wt+wt/mt) declined significantly the association with the disease :(33/5 and 7) in patients versus (0.00/29 and 6) in controls,OR=0.0053,P=0.0003.The Over-dominant model showed that patients with the genotype (wt/wt+mt/mt) in creased non-significantly the association with the disease when compare patients (7/5 and 33) with controls(6/29 and 0.00) ,OR=1.123,P=0.848

Motivational stage and food consumption among adults at high risk of T2dm: A cross-sectional analysis from the PROVEN-DIA pilot study

Motivational stage and food consumption among adults at high risk of T2dm: A cross-sectional analysis from the PROVEN-DIA pilot study

Association between diabetes mellitus and miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage: A meta-study.

Previous studies provided inconsistent associations between diabetes mellitus (DM) and miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage (RM). Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the association between DM and miscarriage, specifically RM, through a meta-analysis approach. We searched for articles published before July 2023 in PubMed and Web of Science databases. STATA 12.0 software was used to compute all the results collected from included studies. DM was associated with a higher risk of miscarriage, RM (miscarriage: odds ratio [OR]/relative risk [RR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13 to 1.34; RM: OR/RR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.94). T1DM was associated with a higher risk of miscarriage (OR/RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.26). Similarly, T2DM showed a higher risk of miscarriage (OR/RR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.68). Miscarriage, RM were associated with a higher risk of DM (miscarriage: OR/RR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.19; RM: OR/RR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.20). Furthermore, miscarriage was found to be associated with a higher risk of T2DM (OR/RR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.11). In conclusion, our meta-analysis findings indicate a significant association between DM and miscarriages as well as RM. As a result, women with a history of miscarriage should consider regular monitoring of their metabolic health as a potential benefit. Nevertheless, it is important to note that further research is needed to validate the results of our study and shed light on the biological mechanisms underlying these associations.

Pharmacogenetics of Metformin Monotherapy: GSTM1/T1 Polymorphisms and T2DM Risk

Introduction: Metformin is a key treatment for type 2 diabetes, often linked to oxidative stress and genetic factors like GSTM1 and GSTT1 variations Method: We studied 150 subjects, examining how their deletion polymorphisms in these genes correlate with Met treatment response. Those with GSTM1/T1 deletions (-/-) had a higher T2DM risk (2.71-fold, P=0.005). Result: Met responders with GSTM1(16bp) deletions had lower glucose levels compared to non-responders (P&lt;0.0001), and similar trends were observed with GSTT1(54bp) deletions. Responders with both deletions also managed lipids better (P=0.0256; P=0.0151). Non-responders with GSTM1/T1 null genotypes had better HDL management (P=0.007). Conclusion: These findings suggested that GSTM1 deletion could predict T2DM susceptibility and Met response.

An evidence-based assessment of the nutritional recommendations for thepreventionof diabetes mellitus.

Thissystematic review presents the most recent scientific knowledge concerningdietary recommendations for T2DM published in the English language by various scientific societies during the past 10years. The recommendations are herein presented and discussed in the light of a critical, evidence-based appraisal aiming to provide a comprehensive guide for the clinician in daily practice. In the case of overweight or obesity, the cornerstone of the primary prevention of T2DM is the combination of a healthy body weight (body mass index < 25kg/m2) or a reduction of fat byat least 7% and the implementation of at least 150min of moderate physical activity per week. Restriction of calories and of dietary fat is recommended, the latter as well as several dietary patterns providing a holistic approach to dieting andall havingbeen correlated with decreased risk of T2DM. Among these dietary patterns are the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), the low-glycemic diet, and the HEI-Healthy Eating Index and AHEI-Alternative Healthy Eating Index. Micronutrient deficiencies of, for example, vitamin D, chromium and magnesium, may be associated with insulin resistance in T2DM. Overall, the combination of nutrition through dietary patterns that are mainly plant-based and which emphasize wholegrains, legumes, nuts, fruits, and vegetables and that include only small percentages of refined and processed foods, together with physical activity, has been associated with decreased T2DM risk.

Fine mapping-based multi-omics analysis interprets the gut-lung axis function of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Currently, Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors demonstrate additional effects beyond glucose control on the gut microbiota and circulating metabolites. The gut microbiota and metabolites have been found to be useful in elucidating potential biological mechanisms of pulmonary diseases. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the effects of gut microbiota and metabolites mediating SGLT2 inhibition in 10 pulmonary diseases through Mendelian randomization (MR) research. We conducted a two-sample, two-step MR study to assess the association between SGLT2 inhibition and 10 pulmonary diseases and to investigate the mediating effects of gut microbiota and metabolite. Gene-fine mapping and annotation of mediators by FUMA and Magma analyses were performed, and causal associations of mapped genes with diseases were assessed by muti-omics MR analyses. Possible side effects of SGLT2 inhibition were assessed by PheWAS analysis. SGLT2 inhibition was linked to a reduced risk of T2DM, Interstitial lung disease (ILD), Pneumoconiosis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, and Asthma(OR=0.457, 0.054, 0.002, 0.280, 0.706). The family Enterobacteriaceae and order Enterobacteriales were associated with SGLT2 inhibition and ILD(95% CI:0.079-0.138). The family Alcaligenaceae and X-12719 were linked to pneumoconiosis (95% CI: 0.042-0.120, 0.050-0.099). The genus Phascolarctobacterium was connected to pulmonary tuberculosis (95% CI: 0.236-0.703).The degree of unsaturation (Fatty Acids), ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to total fatty acids, and 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 2, were associated with asthma(95% CI: 0.042-0.119, 0.039-0.101, 0.181-0.473). Furthermore, Fuma and Magma analyses identified target genes for the four diseases, and proteomic MR analysis revealed six overlapping target genes in asthma. PheWAS analysis also highlighted potential side effects of SGLT2 inhibition. This comprehensive study strongly supports a multi-omics association between SGLT2 inhibition and reduced risk of interstitial lung disease, tuberculosis, pneumoconiosis, and asthma. Four identified gut microbiota, four metabolites, sixteen metabolic pathways, and six target genes appear to play a potential role in this association. The results of the comprehensive phenome-wide association analysis also identified the full effect of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Effects of Purified Vitexin and Iso-Vitexin from Mung Bean Seed Coat on Antihyperglycemic Activity and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Individuals' Modulation.

Exceeding a healthy weight significantly elevates the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A commercially available singular constituent, available as either purified vitexin or iso-vitexin, has been associated with a decreased risk of T2DM, but its synergistic effect has not been reported yet. Vitexin and iso-vitexin were extracted using an ethanol-based solvent from mung bean seed coat (MBCE) and subsequently purified using preparative liquid chromatography (Prep-LC). Eleven mixture ratios of vitexin and/or iso-vitexin were determined for their antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. The 1:1.5 ratio of vitexin to iso-vitexin from MBCE demonstrated the most synergistic effects for enzyme inhibition and glucose uptake in HepG2 cells within an insulin-resistant system, while these ratios exhibited a significantly lower antioxidant capacity than that of each individual component. In a gut model system, the ratio of 1:1.5 (vitexin and iso-vitexin) regulated the gut microbiota composition in overweight individuals by decreasing the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae, while increasing in Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. The application of vitexin/iso-vitexin for 24 h fermentation enhanced a high variety of abundances of 21 genera resulting in five genera of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Roseburia, Enterocloster, and Peptacetobacter, which belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, exhibiting high abundant changes of more than 5%. Only two genera of Proteus and Butyricicoccus belonging to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes decreased. The findings suggest that these phytochemicals interactions could have synergistic effects in regulating glycemia, through changes in antihyperglycemic activity and in the gut microbiota in overweight individuals. This optimal ratio can be utilized by industries to formulate more potent functional ingredients for functional foods and to create nutraceutical supplements aimed at reducing the risk of T2DM in overweight individuals.

The Impact of Genetic History on the Risk of Developing Type II Diabetes

Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global health issue with a growing prevalence due to both environmental and genetic factors. Genetic predisposition is a critical determinant of risk, with heritability studies revealing that 40-80% of T2DM risk can be attributed to genetic factors. Key genetic variants, such as those in TCF7L2, PPARG, KCNJ11, and FTO, have been associated with increased risk, impacting pathways related to insulin secretion and resistance. Monogenic forms of diabetes like Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) highlight the role of single-gene mutations in early-onset diabetes. Familial aggregation studies highlight the significant role of genetic predisposition, with individuals having a family history of T2DM at a markedly higher risk. Epigenetic mechanisms further complicate this risk by introducing heritable changes in gene expression influenced by environmental factors. Genetic testing, including Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS), aids in identifying individuals at increased risk, but their predictive power is limited by the polygenic nature of T2DM. Personalized prevention and management strategies are crucial, utilizing genetic information to tailor interventions and pharmacogenomics to optimize treatment. Culturally sensitive support and education are also essential for managing T2DM. Future research directions include leveraging advanced genomic technologies to further elucidate T2DM’s genetic basis and improve personalized medicine approaches. Keywords: Genetic History, Risk, Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

The associated risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults: a cross-sectional study using electronic medical records in the Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a high prevalence in Qatar, necessitating a thorough understanding of its risk factors. This study explored the associations between specific risk factors and T2DM among adults attending Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC) centers in Qatar.MethodsEmploying a cross-sectional study design, data were extracted from the electronic medical records of individuals aged 18 years and older who visited the PHCC health centers during the year 2017. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multiple regression models.ResultsThe study included 127,941 participants, 33% of whom were diagnosed with T2DM. Age was the most significant risk factor, with individuals aged 60 years and older having an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 7.53, and those aged 40–59 years having an aOR of 3.55. Sex was also found to influence T2DM risk, as males had an aOR of 1.47. Nationality also played a role, as individuals of southern Asian descent exhibited an increased risk of T2DM, with an aOR of 2.40, while Qataris had an aOR of 1.55. Having high blood pressure was associated with more than doubling the risk of developing T2DM.ConclusionThis study provides essential epidemiological insights that can inform decision-making related to T2DM in Qatar. Our findings highlight that males over the age of 40, particularly those of South Asian descent with high blood pressure are at increased risk of T2DM. Identifying the major risk factors is essential for the prevention and management of T2DM.

Effects of Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance on Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Scores in Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Background: An elevated lipoprotein insulin resistance (LP-IR) score corresponds to insulin resistance in adults with overweight and obesity, yet data are lacking regarding the impact of exercise interventions on LP-IR. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the effects of a weight loss and weight maintenance intervention on LP-IR score in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods: Thirty sedentary adults with overweight and obesity completed a 10-week OPTIFAST® weight loss program with supervised aerobic exercise to achieve clinical weight loss (CWL) (≥7% from baseline). Aerobic exercise volume increased weekly until 700 MET min/week was reached. Participants who reached CWL were randomized to groups at volumes at either physical activity (PA-REC) or weight maintenance (WM-REC) recommendations (weeks 11-28). Plasma blood samples were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline, after weight loss (week 10), and following weight maintenance (week 28). Results: Following the weight loss phase, on average, participants significantly (p < 0.001) reduced LP-IR score (-12.1 ± 13.5), body weight (-8.9 ± 2.7%), and waist circumference (-7.7 ± 4.1 cm). During the weight maintenance phase, there were no changes in LP-IR score between exercise groups (PA-REC: 4.1 ± 13.6; WM-REC: -2.0 ± 11.2; P = 0.7). The PA-REC group had improvements in LP-IR score from baseline (49.8 ± 24.6 to 36.6 ± 27.6, P < 0.001), yet there were no within-group changes during the weight maintenance phase (P > 0.05). Conclusion: LP-IR score improved during weight loss in adults with overweight and obesity and were sustained during the weight maintenance phase in the PA-REC group. Aerobic exercise at least at minimum guidelines following CWL can preserve LP-IR score improvements and may indicate a reduced T2DM risk in adults with overweight and obesity.