Risk Of Stunting Research Articles

Risk factors associated with under-five stunting, wasting, and underweight in four provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo: analysis of the ASSP project baseline data

BackgroundDetermining the magnitude and risk factors of undernutrition in a country that has one of the highest prevalence of undernutrition in the world is paramount for developing contextual interventions.MethodsThis study used baseline data from the ASSP project to estimate prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight in four provinces of DRC. It involved 3911 children aged 0–59 months old and mother pairs. Height-for-age Z scores, Weight-for-height Z scores, and Weight-for-age Z scores were calculated and used to classify child stunting, wasting and underweight respectively, based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to identify risk factors associated with stunting, wasting and underweight. All analyses were conducted using STATA 15.1, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 42.7%, 21.9% and 8.2% respectively. Increasing child’s age was a risk factor associated with stunting and underweight, while sex was not associated with the 3 indicators of undernutrition. Low levels of mother’s education, mothers working in the last 12 months prior to the survey, children living in the province of Kasai occidental, children born at a health facility, children perceived by their mothers to be born very small were associated with higher risks of stunting. Factors associated with underweight were children from the province of Kasai occidental, mothers who worked in the last 12 months prior to the survey, and children perceived to be born very small or small by their mothers. Children born to mothers aged 35–49 years and children breastfed in combination with drinking water were at higher risk of wasting.ConclusionPrevalence of undernutrition in DRC is high. This study has identified certain modifiable risk factors associated with stunting, wasting and underweight. To reduce the burden of undernutrition in DRC, authorities should target factors at individual and community levels by improving women’s education, child feeding practices and promoting agriculture.

Factors Related to the Event of Stunting in Toddlers Aged 24 – 59 Months in the Work Area of the Katobu Community Health Center, Muna Regency

One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to end hunger and all types of malnutrition by 2030 and to ensure that everyone has access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Stunting, a developmental delay that often manifests itself in children older than 2 years old, is caused by persistent malnutrition throughout pregnancy and the first few years of life. In 2018, 27.7% of toddlers in Southeast Sulawesi were stunted, making it a significant public health issue. The goal of this study is to identify risk factors for stunting among children between the ages of 24- and 59-months old living in the catchment area of Katobu Health Center. Research method combining analytical observing with a case-control setup. Information collected via surveys, in-person interviews, the use of a height chart for children, and files from Katobu Health Center were analyzed. Birth weight and maternal upper arm circumference (LiLA) during pregnancy were not associated with a higher risk of stunting (each p value = 0.5). However, the odds ratio for stunting was significantly lower among children who were exclusively breastfed (p = 0.03). One of the ways to prevent children from becoming too short is to nurse them exclusively. Therefore, promoting advice on exclusive breastfeeding is important to improve toddlers' nutritional condition.

Knowledge of Mother About Nutrition Fulfillment and Stunting Incidence in Pasirbatang Village, Tasikmalaya

The role of parents, particularly mothers, is very important in the process of child development. Limited knowledge of mothers can affect the nutritional status of infants and increase the risk of stunting. This study aims to determine the relationship between mothers' knowledge of balanced nutritional food and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Pasirbatang Village, Tasikmalaya Regency in 2022. This is a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach with a sample of 70 mothers with toddlers. Sampling in this study was stratified random sampling. The variables studied were mother's knowledge and the incidence of stunting, with the research instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between mother's knowledge about infant nutrition fulfillment and the incidence of stunting in Pasirbatang, Tasikmalaya Regency, 2022 because the &lt;p-value (0.05 &lt;0.769). This is possible because there are other variables that influence the incidence of stunting such as parenting style, exclusive breastfeeding and infectious diseases. Parents must equip themselves with the knowledge and skills to meet the nutritional needs of their babies so as to avoid the risk of stunting

Coverage of vitamin A supplementation, deworming and immunisations: Associations with nutritional status among urban children younger than 5 years in Nelson Mandela Bay, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Background. Even though immunisation coverage is tracked through the district health system in South Africa (SA), limited information is available regarding interventions linked to the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) and the impact on the nutritional status of children &lt;5 years of age. &#x0D; Objectives. To describe coverage of immunisations, vitamin A supplementation and deworming among children &lt;5 years old in an urban area of Nelson Mandela Bay, Eastern Cape Province, SA. A secondary objective was to investigate whether a history of missed immunisations, vitamin A supplementation or deworming was associated with wasting or stunting in children. &#x0D; Methods. A descriptive study was conducted between September 2015 and February 2016, where cross-sectional anthropometrical data were collected from 1 513 children in 32 pre-schools, together with a retrospective analysis of the participants’ Road-to-Health/clinic cards to collect data on immunisation, vitamin A and deworming. Participants were categorised into 3-month age intervals to facilitate data analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Nelson Mandela University Research Ethics Committee (Human). &#x0D; Results. Data of 1 496 children were included in the analysis. The prevalence of underweight was 2.5% (n=37), while 11.2% (n=167) were stunted and 1.1% (n=16) were wasted. There were associations between age category and delayed vitamin A supplementation (χ2=32.105; df=19; n=836; p=0.03) and deworming (χ2= 45.257; df=17; n=558; p&lt;0.001), but there was no association between delayed vaccinations and age category. There were no significant differences in anthropometrical indicators for children with delayed vitamin A supplementation, deworming and vaccinations compared with children in this sample who were up to date regarding the relevant indicators. However, weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores and stunting risk were associated with low birthweight (LBW) (odds ratio (OR) 4.658; p&lt;0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion. Coverage of vitamin A supplementation and deworming but not immunisations was poorer among children in older age categories. A history of delayed vitamin A, deworming and vaccinations was not associated with the anthropometrical status of children. Children with LBW should be considered for more rigorous follow-up, as they are at higher risk of stunting.

The Effect of Sanitation on Stunting Prevalence in Indonesia

Preparing children from birth can boost productivity and competitiveness later in their lives. However, the occurrence of malnutrition and stunting during childhood period will reduce their productivity and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases later in their lives. This study examines the effect of sanitation, drinking water sources, and drinking water treatment on stunting in Indonesian children (0-59 months). This study analyses cross- sectional data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 with 3,834 children living with their biological mothers. The Logistic Regression to estimate the coefficients is applied here. The results show that the variables of sanitation, drinking water sources, and drinking water treatment before consuming affected stunting. Children who consume tap water are less likely to be stunted (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.66-0.99). Birth weight, economic conditions, and mother’s level of education also affect risk of stunting. Hence, to overcome the risk of stunting, the government have to accelerate the supply of basic sanitation, to protect the good quality of drinking water sources, and to promote the awareness of boiling water before consumption.

Key predictors of undernutrition among children 6–59 months in the Buea Health District of the Southwest region of Cameroon: a cross sectional community-based survey

BackgroundAccording to the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey, undernutrition remains a public health problem among Cameroonian children under-five. This varies across the country, greatest in areas with ongoing humanitarian crisis, such as the Southwest region. However, data on the burden of undernutrition in the Southwest region is sparse. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of undernutrition among children under-five in the Buea health district of the Southwest region of Cameroon.MethodsThis was a community based cross-sectional study of 321 children under-five/caretaker pairs, surveyed from households selected using multistage randomized sampling. Data were collected by trained data collectors, with the aid of a structured, pre-tested questionnaire that captured information on sociodemographic characteristics, food security, dietary diversity and anthropometric measurements. The weight, height/length and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) were measured using standardized instruments. Stunting, Wasting and Underweight of children were calculated from Z-scores of Height-for-age (HAZ), Weight-for-height (WHZ) and Weight-for-age (WAZ) based on 2006 WHO standards. Data was analysed using SPSS version 27.0. Predictors of malnutrition were obtained using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsOverall, 31.8% (102/321) of the children were undernourished (26.5% stunted, 1.6% underweight, 3.7% wasted). Drinking water from inappropriate sources (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.30–4.15) and a Dietary Diversity Score < 4 (OR: 2.59, 95%CI: 1.46–4.61) were independently associated with increased risk of stunting. Children of the male sex were more likely to be wasted than females (OR: 5.34, 95%CI: 1.09–26.14).ConclusionChildhood undernutrition, particularly stunting is common in the Buea Health District. Risk factors of undernutrition identified are potentially modifiable, highlighting the need for nutrition specific and sensitive interventions to improve dietary diversity, and the need to improve access to safe drinking water, and educate caretakers on the importance of clean potable water, good sanitation and hygiene for the proper growth and development of their children.

Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status in Children under Five Years Old: A Systematic Review.

Intestinal parasitic infections are common infectious diseases causing many health problems and impaired growth and physical development.. Children under five years old are the most vulnerable to infections, due to their immature immunity and feeding and exploratory behaviours. This systematic review aimed to assess the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections and undernutrition among children under 5 years old. Fifteen studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were classified as high-quality studies. Twelve parasites were reported, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Cryptosporodium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, hookworm, Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides sterocalis, Taenia spp. and Trichuris trichuria. Ascariasis is the most reported infection, with a prevalence ranging from 10.77% in Ethiopia to 57.14% in Malaysia, and is correlated with stunting (OR 2.17 (95% CI 1.14, 4.13), p = 0.02). Giardiasis is the second most reported infection, with a prevalence ranging from 4.43% in Ethiopia to 66.33% in the Central African Republic, and is related to an increased risk of stunting (OR 2.34 (95% CI 1.07, 5.10), p = 0.03)), wasting (OR 2.90 (95% CI 1.12, 7.49, p = 0.03)), and being underweight (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.02, 2.29, p = 0.04)). The third and fourth most prevalent infections are T. trichiura and hookworm infections. Intestinal parasitic infections can occur very early in life and cause significant growth retardation. It is important to understand the prevalence and effects of infection based on the parasite species in order to implement therapeutic interventions and prevention controls.

Sanitasi rumah dan stunting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Labuan Kabupaten Donggala

Poor home sanitation can increase the risk of stunting in children. The study aims to analyze the risk factors for stunting based on house conditions, sanitation facilities, and occupant behavior. Observational research using a case-control study design was carried out in September–December 2020. The sample size was 60 toddlers (30 cases and 30 controls) taken randomly by simple arithmetic. Case samples are stunted toddlers based on e-PPGBM data. The control sample is a typical toddler who is the closest neighbor to the case with age equivalence. Respondents were mothers of toddlers. Data on the physical condition of the house and sanitation facilities were obtained through direct observation, while data on the behavior of the house occupants were obtained through interviews. Data processing was carried out by cleaning and editing, coding for categorical variables, entry and data processing. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and odds ratio at 95% CI. The house's physical condition (p= 0,058; OR= 8,83) and the behavior of the householder in managing sanitation are risk factors for stunting (p= 0,002; OR= 6,91). In conclusion, toddlers who live in houses with physical conditions that do not meet health requirements are at risk of experiencing stunting 8,83 times. Residents of houses whose behavior does not meet sanitation requirements risk 6,91 times experiencing stunting in toddlers.

DETERMINANT OF STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN 15-49 MONTHS IN ZAMBIA (ZAMBIA DHS ANALYSIS 2018)

One of the countries with a high prevalence of stunting in East Africa is Zambia. Globally, 22% of children under 5 years old are stunted or 149.2 million children in 2020. Stunting prevalence in Zambia remains above 35% in children under 5 years old at the national level. Research in Zambia about determine of stunting is still few and limited. The aim of this study was to identify determine with stunting in children aged 0-59 months in Zambia. The method used is observational in secondary data from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Zambia. Mothers of toddlers are Respondents aged 15 - 49 years and having toddlers aged 15 - 49 months. The sample size used in this study was 3804 mothers with children under five. Bivariate analysis using Chi-Square test and multivariate analysis using Multiple Logistic Regression. The results showed that the factors related to stunting were maternal age (p=0.164), marital status (p=0.187), wealth index (p=0.149), age of children under five (p=0.164) and order of children (p=0.077). Marital status OR 2.724 (0.846-8.769) the most influence the occurrence of stunting in children under five. The implication of this study is the more mothers who never married, the greater the risk of stunting.

Household air pollution and childhood stunting in China: A prospective cohort study.

Exposure to air pollution, especially indoor air pollution, was associated with an increased risk of childhood stunting. However, few longitudinal studies have explored the long-term impacts of indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use on child growth. We aimed to investigate the association between household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use and childhood stunting in Chinese children. The longitudinal data from the Chinese Family Panel Study over 2010-2018 were included in this study with a total of 6,013 children aged 0-15 years enrolled at baseline. Exposure to HAP was measured as solid fuel use for cooking, while solid fuel was defined as coal and firewood/straw according to the questionnaire survey. Stunting was defined as-2SD below the height-for-age z-score (HAZ) of the reference children. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposures were employed to estimate the association between childhood stunting and HAP exposure. At baseline, children with exposure to HAP from combusting solid fuels had a relatively higher risk of stunting [OR (95%CI): 1.42 (1.24-1.63)]. Among children without stunning at baseline, those living in households with solid fuel use had a higher stunting risk over an 8-year follow-up [HR (95%CI): 2.05 (1.64-2.57)]. The risk of childhood stunting was increased for those with HAP exposure from firewood/straw combustion or with longer exposure duration [HR (95%CI): 2.21 (1.74-2.79) and 3.01 (2.23-4.08), respectively]. Meanwhile, this risk was significantly decreased among children from households switching from solid fuels to clean fuels [HR (95%CI): 0.53 (0.39-0.70)]. Solid fuel use was suggested to be a mediator of the relationship between poor socioeconomic factors (i.e., household income and parental education level) and childhood stunning, with a mediation effect ranging from 11.25 to 14.26%. HAP exposure from solid fuel use was associated with childhood stunting. Poor parental education and low household income might be socioeconomic factors contributing to solid fuel use. Therefore, household energy policies to facilitate access to clean fuels are urgently needed, especially for low-income and low-educated households.

The Role of Village Midwives in Reducing Stunting Rates in Children Under Two Years Old (BADUTA)

On the empirical fact that Gampong Ara succeeded in reducing the stunting rate in badutanya, in 2017, there were 13 cases and decreased to 4 cases in 2019 and in 2020 there were no more. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of village midwives in reducing stunting rates in children under two years old (baduta) in Gampong Ara, Kembang Tanjong District, Pidie Regency. This research uses a qualitative type of research with a case study design. The sample informants were 6 people, namely the Midwife of Ara Village, the Village Head or Keuchik Gampong Ara, the Cadre of the Gampong Ara Posyandu, 2 beneficiary communities (1 person with a history of stunting children and 1 more person with the risk of stunting) plus the Head of the Kembang Tanjong Health Center. The research time was held in April 2022. The results showed that village midwives in Gampong Ara have carried out their role in reducing stunting rates, but there are several aspects that are still not met. The conclusion is that the village midwife has carried out her role as an executor, manager, educator and researcher in the stunting reduction program in Gampong Ara, but not all of them are like helping childbirth, because the village midwife does not live in place and holds 3 villages as her midwife. Advice to policymakers, can work on development for the residence of village midwives in Gampong Ara, so that village midwives can carry out their total roles such as helping childbirth and allocating other village midwives so that Gampong Ara village midwives no longer hold 3 villages as their midwives, so that they can focus more on carrying out their role as village midwives in Gampong Ara. The midwife of Gampong Ara village is expected to continue to increase her role as a midwife.

Associations between Parenting Style and Nutritional Knowledge on Stunting in Children Aged 24-60 Months in Ketang Health Center, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Background: Stunting is a condition of children under five with a z-score of less than -2 standard deviation (stunted) and less than -3 standard deviation (severely stunted). Interventions to accelerate stunting prevention require intervention and coaching, such as knowledge and parenting of toddlers in the community. This study aimed to determine the relationships between knowledge, and stunting in children aged 24-60 months.Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Ketang Health Center, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. A total of 60 children aged 24-60 months and their mothers was selected using purposive sampling. The independent variables were parenting and nutritional knowledge. The dependent variable was stunting. The instruments of this study were height measurement tools, knowledge, and parenting questionnaires. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.Results: Children who have mothers with poor parenting are 0.15 times more stunted than mothers with good parenting. Nutrition knowledge is 0.04 times less likely to be stunted than mothers with good nutrition knowledge.Conclusion: Mothers with poor parenting and nutritional knowledge increase the risk of stunting. Keywords: Nutritional knowledge, parenting, stunting. Correspondence:Heribertus Handi. Nursing Study Program, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Santu Paulus Ruteng. Jl. Jenderal A. Yani No. 10, Langke Rembong, East Nusa Tenggara. Email: herihandi84@gmail.com. Mobile: 085236119205.

PENDAMPINGAN LITERASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENANGANAN STUNTING DAN WASTING DI DESA BESUK KECAMATAN KLABANG KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO

Lack of nutritional intake in pregnant women can result in low birth weight babies (LBW) and had an impact on malnutrition in toddlers. The problem lies in inadequate food intake, high poverty rates, low environmental sanitation, lack of food availability, poor parenting, and suboptimal health services which were the causes of inhibiting growth and development of infants and toddlers that are not in accordance with their age or called stunting. (short) and wasting (thin). This assistance involved the Besuk community, Bondowoso Regency, focusing on nutritional improvement-oriented counseling, as an effort to improve nutritional quality and bridge the understanding of parents in better parenting so as to reduce the risk of stunting and wasting. The lecture, discussion, question and answer method, practice and Problem Based Learning (PBL) models are applied as a step to invite active-creative foster partners to be innovative in handling foster babies, so that they have the competence and performance to face actual problems and or the reality of handling nutrition, infants, and children. pregnant women who are oriented towards parenting in a healthy environment. The results of the implementation of the service as a whole went smoothly and got a good response, so that the final achievement was that 12 foster caretakers (88.2%) understood the essentials of stunting and wasting, the remaining 11.75 needed guidance.

Pengaruh Media Video GIZTING terhadap Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Keluarga Balita Stunting

Background: The incidence of short toddlers or commonly referred to as stunting is a chronic nutritional problem because of malnutrition that has accumulated over a long period of time. Chronic malnutrition occurs from infancy in the womb until the age of two. Data on the prevalence of stunting under five collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that Indonesia is included in the third country with the highest prevalence in the Southeast Asia region / South-East Asia Regional (SEAR). Currently the most important thing to reduce the risk of stunting in toddlers is to provide health education to parents through Video GIZTING, where parents with low education generally trigger stunting in children twice as high as parents with higher education.Objective: To give influence of video media "GIZTING" on knowledge and behavior families of stunting toddlers.Method: This study used a method Quasy experimental with two groups of pre-test post-test design with control and methods of data collection with repeated measurements (pre-test-post-test field trial). Data analysis: Data analysis using computer-assisted SPSS 16 statistical test using independent t test and dependent t test. The results are accepted if p 0.05.Results: The results showed that the difference in the increase in the average score of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of mothers with stunting toddlers after being given stunting prevention education in the stunting video media group and the control group was knowledge of attitudes and behavior. The results of the statistical test of knowledge with p-value = 0.0001 attitude with p-value = 0.0001 and behavior with p-value = 0.0001Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the video gizting media group and the control group after being given education. It is hoped that health education training will be held using video gizting media for mothers with stunting toddlers in increasing knowledge, attitudes and behavior about stunting and one of the efforts to reduce stunting incidence in toddlers.

Labour-saving technologies mitigate the effect of women’s agriculture time-use constraints on stunting in rural Uganda

Women’s time allocation is a dimension of women’s empowerment in agriculture, and is recognised as a pathway through which agriculture can affect child nutritional status in developing countries. Longer hours of farm work can potentially increase women’s time constraints, reducing the time allocated to child-caring responsibilities and raising the risk of poor child nutritional status. Using a three-wave household panel dataset from the Feed the Future Innovation Lab on Nutrition surveys in the north and southwest of Uganda, we tested the hypothesis that the negative effect of women’s agriculture time-use constraints on child stunting is mitigated for households that use labour or timesaving agricultural technologies (LSATs). The results show a positive and significant association between the number of hours per day that women spend on agricultural work and the risk of stunting in children aged zero to 23 months who live in households that do not use animal traction for ploughing. However, this association is statistically insignificant, and even turns negative for households that adopted the labour-saving technology. Our findings indicate that LSATs have the potential to lessen a household’s agricultural workload, giving mothers more child-caring time, and hence improving child nutritional status. Therefore, agriculture could have better nutritional outcomes if policies and programmes were designed to have interventions that reduce the workload in farming activities and thus reduce pressure on women’s time.

Associations of Complementary Feeding Practice History and Protein Adequacy Level with Childhood Stunting in the Working Area of Puskesmas Bantaran in Probolinggo Regency

Stunting is often associated with too early complementary feeding time and inadequate protein intake. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the practice of complementary feeding and the level of protein adequacy with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of Puskesmas Bantaran Probolinggo regency, East Java. Research used observational analytic with retrospective case control design. The sample were 22 stunted group and 22 non-stunted control group who met the inclusion criteria, and taken by simple random sampling. The sample was a stunting locus village toddler in the working area of Puskesmas Bantaran, Probolinggo Regency with mother as respondents. Data collection instruments included questionnaires of characteristic, SQ-FFQ to assess protein adequacy, and microtoise to measure height. Analysis using Chi-Square and Spearman test. The results showed that stunted toddlers get inappropriate complementary feeding (81.8%) and deficit of protein intake (81.8%). Non-stunted toddlers get the right complementary feeding practices (63.6%) and adequate protein intake (59.1%). There is a relationship between the practice of complementary feeding (p=0.002, OR=7.87) and the level of protein adequacy (p=0.005, OR=6.5) with the incidence of stunting in toddlers. The conclusion of this study is that toddlers with improper complementary feeding practices are 7.87 times higher risk of stunting and toddlers with adequate levels of protein deficit are 6.5 times higher risk of stunting. Mothers should be able to increase the amount of protein intake and proper complementary feeding.

Teenage Pregnancy in Malang: The Analysis on Stunting Incidence in Toddler Aged 24-59 Months

Background: Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem characterized by short stature. Stunting toddlers are generally susceptible to disease, have a below normal level of intelligence and low productivity. The high prevalence of stunting in the long term will have an impact on economic losses for Indonesia, which one of the causes of it is early pregnancy. The aim of this study was to described teenage pregnancy with the incidence of stunting in 24-59 months toddlers. Subjects and Method: This research was a cross-sectional study. Sampling was carried out by a two-stage cluster sampling method using purposive sampling. 96 stunted toddlers were obtained. The dependent variable was mother's age at first pregnancy. The independent variable was stunting incidence. Data was collected using questionnaire data, body length, and weight measurements. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis using SPSS Statististic 20. Results: 51.6% stunted toddlers were born by &lt;20 years old mother at the time of first pregnancy. Almost all stunted toddlers were in the moderate stunting category (92.5%). 65.6% stunted toddlers didn’t get exclusive breastfeeding. 5.4% of 7.5% severe stunted toddlers were born by &lt; 20 years old- mother at the time of first pregnancy. Conclusion: Pregnancy in teenager, when the mother herself is still growing, increases the risk of stunting. Stunting can also occur due to the lack of breastfeeding. It is necessary to make efforts to mature early marriage because it has an impact on unfavorable outcomes. Keywords: 24-59 months, pregnancy, stunting, teenage, and toddlers. Correspondence:Didien Ika Setyarini. Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Malang. Jl. Besar Ijen No. 77C Malang 65119, East Java, Indonesia. Email:didien_ika@poltekkes-malang.ac.id. Mobile:08164- 296003

Literature Review: Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai Makanan Sehat Pelengkap Nutrisi 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan

Stunting is a growth disorder in toddlers as a result of chronic malnutrition so the child's height does not match their age based on the index of height for age (TB/U) with limits (z-score) is less than -2 Standard Deviation. The impact of stunting causes irreversible disruptions to the physical development of children, which causes a decrease in children's cognitive and motor skills, as well as increased susceptibility to suffering from a disease. One way to overcome malnutrition that occurs in children under five needs to be supplemented with supplementary feeding (PMT). Providing balanced nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life (HPK) can meet the needs of macro and micronutrients to avoid or reduce the risk of stunting. High amounts of protein, iron, calcium, and carotenoids are important for the growth and development of children, especially in preventing stunted growth and malnutrition of protein energy. Moringa leaves are reported to have quite a few nutrients, namely, 10 times the vitamin A found in carrots, 17 times calcium milk, 9 times the protein of yogurt, and carotenoids which are more than oranges, carrots, and melons. Moringa oleifera can be used to treat malnutrition and strengthen complementary foods with local plants that are rich in protein and micronutrients. Processed Moringa leaves can be consumed in dry or wet form and mixed in other foodstuffs with minimal costs. This menu can be a complementary food to fulfill the nutritional needs of 1000 HPK.

PREVALENCE OF STUNTING EVENTS IN CHILDREN AGED 6-59 MONTHS: A METHA ANALYSYS

Stunting becomes a very serious problem because it is associated with a greater risk of pain and death, obesity, and future non-communicable diseases, short adults. Stunting is an intergenerational problem in the world. This study is a meta-analysis study and a systematic study. Researchers defined the feasibility criteria using the PICO model: the population of children is 6-59 months, intervention is non-exclusive breastfeeding, comparison is exclusive breastfeeding and outcome is stunting. The articles used were obtained from several electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct and google Scholar. The articles used in this study are articles that have been published from 2018-2022. The process of searching for research data using the search words Exclusive breastfeeding AND Stunting AND 6-59 months AND Cross-Sectional AND Adjusted Odds Ratio Articles were collected using prisma diagrams and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 application. The results of the meta-analysis study in this study there are 3 articles consisting of the State of Ethiopia. Breastfeeding cannot exclusively increase the risk of stunting in children (aOR= 1.20; CI 95%= 0.49 to 2.91; I2= 89%) exclusive breastfeeding affects the incidence of stunting in children aged 6-59 months.

Determinants of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years in the Gambia; evidence from 2019/20 Gambian demographic health survey: application of multivariate binary logistic regression model

BackgroundMalnutrition happens when there are insufficient amounts of nutrients and energy consumed improperly. Included are both undernutrition and overnutrition. This study is aimed to evaluate the relationship among undernutrition indicators of stunting, underweight, and wasting among those under 5 years given other predictors.MethodsThe data were obtained from the measure of DHS program. A total of 2399 under-five children were involved in this study. A multivariate binary logistic regression model is used to assess the association between stunting, wasting, and being underweight given the effect of other predictors.ResultsOf the 2399 under-five children considered in this study, 13.5, 18.7, and 5.9% of them suffered from stunting, underweight, and wasting, respectively. The majority of children (40.1%) were obtained from the Brikama local government area of Gambia; more than half of the children (52.9%) were male, and 63.3% of children lived in urban areas. The association between stunting and underweight, underweight and wasting, and stunting and wasting was measured by the odds ratio (OR) of 15.87, 46.34, and 1.75, respectively, given the other predictors. The estimated odds ratio for children who had an average birth size to become stunted, underweight, and wasted were 0.965, 0.885, and 0.989 times the estimated odds ratio of children who had a small birth size, respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of stunting and wasting for under-five children in Gambia was lower than the world prevalence, but the prevalence of being underweight was higher. Children who are underweight have a significant association with both stunting and wasting. The age of the child, the child’s anemia level, and the birth type of the child are the common important determinants of stunting and underweight. The small birth size of a child was highly associated with a higher risk of stunting, underweight, and wasting among under five-year-olds.